نشریه توسعه محلی (روستایی - شهری)
پیاپی 1 (پاییز و زمستان 1388)

In this essay after reviewing studies on rural communities with historical and documentary methods, the process of emerging rural studies have been analyzed in three groups. The first group includes monographs and writings which studied the rural society generally. These studies dont have theoretical orientation to rural society and can be dividing into two categories as general and special. However, monographic reports are two groups. Some of them are supplements to socioeconomic studies that have been conducted in rural areas and others are independent reports. The second group is historical and theoretical studies. They have theoretical orientation; methodology based on historical documents historical analysis, and often had been affected by ideological values.. .....

The need of rural areas to energy, the value of fossil resources, fossil fuels shortage, environmental effects, problems in transporting fuels, and dispersion of villages across the country, are necessities for attention to prepare the energy from local and renewable resources for rural areas. One of the important actions in using renewable energy is the solar water heater and bathrooms installation in rural areas. The main issue in spreading of these equipments is villager's acceptance. This research used survey method in studying Bardaskan villages in the Khorasan Razavi Province. Among all considered variations (age, education, amount of income, attitude on technology, attitude on living in village, access to credits and relative advantage of domestic solar water heaters) the amount of income and relative advantage are the main factors for villager's acceptance.

Local councils such as city and village councils with horizontal structures play a main role in advancement of development programs. Village Councils are local councils which are elected by public vote in all villages throughout Iran. Council members in each village are elected by direct public vote for a 4-year term. These councils are the newest agents in the local management of Iran. Although councils have a long past in contemporary history of Iran, considering Baladieh (Municipal) and city councils, they hadnt institutionalization and strong and effective social roots. Therefore, they couldnt have an effective role in sustainable development programs. Village councils can play a major role in rural development, but they have been less noted than city councils with an analytical approach. This documentary article studied official documents and research reports in the field of Islamic village councils in Iran.. ........

Collective struggle which is ancient phenomena, exits in some small communities and villages as a social problem, yet. In this article we try to analysis the issue from a sociological perspective and show the role of social phenomena in forming it. Our case studies in two village shows: (1) in a village with many collective struggles, there are diverse social groups which their competition to access authority status and scarce resources (land and water), leads to collective struggle, (2) in a village without collective struggle, there are not diverse social groups. Instead, there is a tight network of kinship relations that led to a social solidarity and absent of collective struggle.

Participation is one of the main factors of development, especially of sustainable development. But in Developing countries plans and projects of rural development has failure because of not considering this fact. We studied the social attitudes and their effects on the rate of social participation by using survey method. We chose randomly 190 head of the families of Desheh by using Cochran Formula. To collect the needed data, we have applied questionnaires', interviews and using Spss and descriptive and interpretive statistics proportional with the levels of studied variables and data to analyze. In the finding section, we have measured indicators of social participation in subjective and objective levels along with the social attitudes including:. ...

Regional rural development in border of rivers, bed of flood plains without attention to rivers Hydrologic and Dynamic in basin topside, incentive increase of flood danger, bane, financial and infrastructure damage in rural region. Therefore, significance of flood zoning map provision in flooded plain management delineated. In this article with attention to climate characters, topographic profile in flood plains, rainfalls sustain time and flood recurrence period, appoint to flood zoning in course of Gorganrud River for identity of rural point in flood hazard. This way could aid planers to think a necessary planning and management scheme for danger reduction before flood occurrence in rural area and rural flood hazard suppression to minimum limit. For achieve this result, use of HEC-GeoRAS model in GIS sphere and LANDSAT ETM+ satellite images, DTM and etc. result show that used model is a useful and appropriate tools for flood management in rural area.