نشریه توسعه محلی (روستایی - شهری)
سال دهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 19، پاییز و زمستان 1397)

Risk management and risk-taking play a key role in development of local enterprises. In this study we investigate the “Risk of Business” among small and medium-sized enterprises located in 12th region of Tehran. We applied grounded theory method in this research and used interview technique for data gathering. We analyzed raw data in three steps on the basis of grounded theory scheme. Our findings show that risk has multiple causes and we can categorize them in three groups named: institutional inefficiency, resource devastation and finally, incompatibility of supply and demand. People who work in the enterprises have three strategies towards risk of business. These strategies are: resource management, market management and eventually, exchange management. The so-called strategies have three consequences at individual, organizational and production levels. The main finding of this research is to depict the role of social and cultural factors in risk management in small and medium-sized enterprises.

This article is a qualitative research for the sociological analysis of the contextual, causual and interventional conditions, as well as the unwanted and unwanted consequences and strategies of the phenomenon and central core of the article, namely, "unsustainable development of the border regions of the western country." The methodology of the paper which has been used for collecting data from individual and group interviews with the border dwellers as main actors, elites and some local development agents was qualitative. For data analysis, the grounded theory method has been used. The findings show that the consequences of various factors such as the formation of the field, the initial causative factors, interfering factors and some of the strategies that make up the phenomenon of "instability and degradation" of development in the western border regions of the country can be referred to as "instable Livelihoods of the Boundaries. Coolbari and related issues are only part of the seemingly unsustainable livelihood of the Boundaries. Examples include the rate of school dropout, internal and external migration, the prevalence of forms of exchange and risk trading transactions for example; distribution and sale or assistance in the transit of narcotic drugs, changing norms related to the family system, raising divorce rates And social damages, which are manifestly contradictory to the system and normative patterns of the most traditional society - marginalization in the cities and provincial centers, and so on. In fact, the various consequences of the unstable conditions of development in the studied border regions are mutually exclusive. For example, the unsustainability of livelihoods has a direct relation with the spread of poverty, rising unemployment, and false employment, and at the same time it is the cause and effect of the phenomenon of unsustainable development. The core of the research is formulated in relation to other issues under the title "unsustainabl and out- shaped development" in the western border regions of the country.

The purpose of the present study is to analyse the narration of interest groups about social capital collapse among entrepreneurship of rural production in Kurdistan province. Based on this, using the theories of Coleman, Putnam Bourdieu as prominent thinkers in the field of social capital and inferiority, and Nahapiet and Ghoshal as prominent thinkers of institutional and organizational context of this concept, we have tried to explain the conceptual framework of social capital to answer the questions and research goals. These theorists emphasize the relationships and connections in society and organizations and give social capital a collective and transpersonal character. According to the fundamental proposition of research, research is conducted in qualitative tradition, and for data production, participatory observation, deep interview and group discussion have been used. In the analysis of data, we used the method of narrative analysis. Sampling was purposeful sampling, theoretical and sampling with maximum diversity. Accordingly, based on theoretical content saturation, 9 group discussions and 43 deep structured interviews were conducted with co-operative directors, board members and members of the nine production cooperatives. In total, data generated in the form of the first 65 primary concepts, four major categories and a central core are coded and analysed. Major categories derived from narratives include: decline in trust in cooperatives, undesirable participation, social indifference and organizational inefficiency, and reduction of social solidarity. The findings of the narrative analysis of the interest groups of rural production cooperatives show that social capital among these organizations in recent years has not only eroded but collapsed , due to lack of government support, the involvement of the rural cooperative organization in the process and the selection of cooperative bodies, especially the manager, the laws and rigid frameworks, similar unsuccessful experiences, the establishment of rural social order, the emergence of new administrations in the administration of rural public affairs, parallel institutions and co-operatives, and lack of transparency in the financial and management issues of these cooperatives and erosion of social capital among interest groups. This has altered the existential nature of production cooperatives in the rural areas studied, and has strengthened distrust and lack of participation among the villagers.

Displacement is one of the phenomena which are considered in residential areas. Such phenomenon is often implemented after occurring the natural or human disasters. Undoubtedly, the residential displacement, which involves the displacement of a population from a location to another location, has a desirable and undesirable consequence, that affects the various aspects of the life of the target group. Accordingly, identifying the consequences of displacement processes plays an important role in managing these processes. In this regard, the main purpose of this study was to analyze the consequences of residential displacement in Gorazi village, located in Bakherz district in Khorasan Razavi province. This qualitative study employed the critical ethnographic methodology. The population of the study was consisted of the residents of Gorazi village who have experienced the residential displacement. Data were collected through purposive sampling to reach theoretical saturation. Individual semi-structured interviews technique and participant observation were employed to data collection. Generally, the results showed that the consequences of residential displacement in the Goriza village consisted of physical, social and economic dimensions. Ignore to the social and physical contexts of the former village, has caused the adverse social consequences and then has changed the job structures. In fact, the adverse consequences have caused social consequences, such as social conflictions, and economic consequences, such as increased debt levels.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effective dimensions and indicators of Rasht walkway vitality from the perspective of users. This research method used in this study in terms of the subjectives is applied and in terms of type is descriptive-field survey. The dimensions and the indicators of vitality assessing have been selected base on library studies and literature review and then citizens' views have been gathered by questionnaire. Statistical population was unlimited and sample size had been chosen 233 individual by unlimited population method. Data analysis method was second step of confirmatory factor analysis in Lisrel software. Results indicate that in dimension of physical view, attractiveness and comfort ability indicators have the highest ratio, safety, readability and accessibility indicators have next place, respectively. In dimension of social view integrity, transaction, security and equity respectively, have the most impact and in dimension of activity, density and diversity of activities had the most impact.

Climate change is a threat to water security, water resources and access to water, and thus considered as one of the major threat to the agricultural sector. Farmers have different ability to implement adaptation strategies and that pecuniary and non-pecuniary costs affect human behavior. This study aimed to assess the factors influencing farmers’ adaptation to climate change in Shushtar County. The population of interest consisted of farmers in Shushtar County. According to Bartlett table, a total of 251 farmers were estimated as a sample size. Random sampling was used to draw a sample of farmers from the study area. Data were collected through personal interviews based on a structured questionnaire. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts. The reliability of the main scales of the questionnaires was examined by Cronbach Alpha coefficients, which ranged from 0.43 to 0.73. The results showed that the variable of self-efficacy and risk perception have a direct and positive effect on the variable of adaptation behavior. The results showed that the variable of self-protection has a direct effect on the variable of adaptation behavior. The variables of risk perception and self-efficacy have an indirect effect on the variable of adaptation behavior. Collectively, the suggested model is capable predict 35 percent of the variability adaptation behavior.

The article studies different kinds of divergent actions (DAs) between immigrants and residents of neighboring villages in Aligudarz. DAs are in-groups actions and the people who believe them refuse to interact with people from other groups. They prevent social trust, cooperation and collaborations. The main question of the research is why after three decades of settling in the neighboring villages of Aligudarz, we still observe various local conflicts and divergent actions between local and migrants. After exploratory studies, we used analytic theory of action to answer the question. Research data indicated that ethnic background was the main factor for ethnic divergent actions, but interactions and exchanges in different action spheres were limited too. After three decades, therefore, convergent actions didn’t develop and there are obstacles for community development.  The most important recommendation of the paper for policy making is strengthening of those public mechanisms that enhance empathy, coordination and collaboration. They are requirements for development of local community.