International Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume:6 Issue: 7, Jul 2015

Cancer is a fatal disease and is on the rise across the globe. In India, breast, cervix and the oral cavity are the leading cancer sites, but, unfortunately, in‑spite of availability of screening tools, there is no organized cancer screening program in India. The main objective of this study was to review the performance of various cancer screening modalities in a resource poor setting. MEDLINE and web of science electronic database was searched from January 1990 to December 2013, using keywords such as “breast cancer, cervical cancer, oral cancer and their corresponding mesh terms were also used in combination with Boolean operators OR, AND.” Two authors independently selected studies published in English and conducted in India. A total of 16 studies was found relevant and eligible for the review. The data on sensitivity and specificity of various screening tool was extracted and analyzed. Most of the reported screening trails in India are on cervical cancer and few on breast and oral cancer screening. The pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity of cervical cancer screening test such as visual inspection with acetic acid, magnified visual inspection with acetic acid, visual inspection with Lugol’s iodine, cytology (Papanicolaou smear) and human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid was found to be 68.76% and 84.02%, 63.27% and 85.43%, 81.86% and 87.03%, 63.25% and 93.17% and 75.04% and 91.66%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of clinical breast examination wasfound to be 94.30% and 94.30%, respectively. Oral cancer screening through visual inspection by trained health care worker was found to have 87.90% sensitivity and 92.05% specificity. Our study highlights the availability and success of visual screening tools in early detection and mortality reduction of major neoplasia in resource‑poor health care settings and recommends implementation of oral and cervical cancer screening as part of assured primary health care package in developing countries.

The most reliable indicator of Vitamin D status is circulating concentration of 25‑hydroxycalciferol (25(OH) D) routinely determined by enzyme‑immunoassays (EIA) methods. This study was performed to compare commonly used competitive protein‑binding assays (CPBA)‑based EIA with the gold standard, high‑pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Concentrations of 25(OH) D in sera from 257 randomly selected school children aged 9–11 years were determined by two methods of CPBA and HPLC. Mean 25(OH) D concentration was 22 ± 18.8 and 21.9 ± 15.6 nmol/L by CPBA and HPLC, respectively. However, mean 25(OH) D concentrations of the two methods became different after excluding undetectable samples (25.1 ± 18.9 vs. 29 ± 14.5 nmol/L, respectively; P = 0.04). Based on predefined Vitamin D deficiency as 25(OH) D < 12.5 nmol/L, CPBA sensitivity and specificity were 44.2% and 60.6%, respectively, compared to HPLC. In receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the best cut‑offs for CPBA was 5.8 nmol/L, which gave 82% sensitivity, but specificity was 17%. Though CPBA may be used as a screening tool, more reliable methods are needed for diagnostic purposes. Keywords: Competitive protein-binding assays, high-pressure liquid chromatography, Vitamin D deficiency, Vitamin D measurement

Although the frequency of self-medication has been well-documented in the public health literature, but no study has examined the relationship between health literacy and selfmedication yet. This study was aimed to investigating the relationship between health literacy and self-medication in a community-based study. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 924 adults to survey association between health literacy and self-medication among peoples in Ardabil city in 2014 who were selected using a multistage random sampling method. Health literacy was measured by the test of functional health literacyin adults and general health status was measured by the 12-item General Health Questionnaire, and self-reported self-medication (overall, sedative, antibiotic and herbal) in last 3 months was assessed. All statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS version 18 and a P < 0.05 was considered significant. The mean age and weight of respondents were 37 years and 74.7 kg, respectively. The prevalence of self-medication was 61.6%, and the percentage of self-administering antibiotics, sedative, and herbal medicines were 40%, 54.4%, and 59.1% in the last 3 months, respectively.Significant relationship was found between of total health literacy and general health status with self-medication. The prevalence of self-medication among participants with poor and very poor self-rated physical and mental health was significantly higher than other participants (P < 0.001). Self-medication had a significant relationship with health literacy and health status. Therefore, the design and implementation of training programs are necessary to increase the perception on the risk of self-medication.

Vitamins A and E deficiency is prevalent in developing countries, and plasma levels are low in pregnancy. This study was undertaken to determine the serum VitaminsA and E status among pregnant women attending antenatal care at a General Hospital in Dawakin Kudu, Kano and to provide the necessary information needed to suggest the supplementation of Vitamins A and E during pregnancy. The study was done in General Hospital Dawakin Kudu Local Government Area. Dawakin Kudu, a rural community in Kano State is about 12 km from Kano metropolis which is the most populous city in Nigeria and commercial nerve center of Northern Nigeria. Most of the women are housewives, however, some engage in subsistent farming and petty trading. This was a prospective study of 200 pregnant women at various maternalages, gestational ages, and parities. Informed consent was obtained from the participants. Research structured questionnaire was administered to 200 respondents which showed age and parity distributions. Determination of Serum Vitamins A and E was done using methods of Bessey, et al. and Tsen. Ethical approval for the research was obtained from General Hospital, Dawakin Kudu, Kano. Statistical Analysis Used: Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 17 statistical software (SPSS Inc., IL, Chicago, USA). Descriptive statistics was done. Mean serum Vitamins A and E concentration between trimesters were compared using two‑way ANOVA and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Majority of the women were aged 20–39 years with mean of 23.67 ± 6.11. Most were in the 1–4 parity range. Mean birth weight was 2.42 ± 0.74 kg. Above 65% were deficient while 34.5% had normal levels of Vitamin A and 51% were deficient of serum Vitamin E. Serum Vitamins A and E levels showed a marked reduction from first through third trimester.The differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). There is a significant reduction in the serum Vitamins A and E concentration throughout the period of pregnancy with the highest levels in the first trimester. Therefore, further studies should evaluate the value of Vitamins A and E supplementation during pregnancy especially for those whose fruit and vegetable consumption is inadequate.

The objective of this study was to determine the favorable effects of multi mineral‑Vitamin D supplementation on pregnancy outcomes among women at risk for pre‑eclampsia. This randomized double‑blind controlled clinical trial was conducted among 46 women at risk for pre‑eclampsia at 27 weeks’ gestation with positive roll‑over test. Pregnant women were randomly assigned to receive either the multi mineral‑Vitamin D supplements (n = 23) or the placebo (n =23) for 9‑week. Multi mineral‑Vitamin D supplements were containing 800 mg calcium, 200 mg magnesium, 8 mg zinc, and 400 IU Vitamin D3. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and after 9‑week intervention to measure related factors. Newborn’s outcomes were determined. Although no significant difference was seen in newborn’s weight and head circumference between the two groups, mean newborns’ length (51.3 ± 1.7 vs. 50.3 ± 1.2 cm, P = 0.03) was significantly higher in multi mineral‑Vitamin D group than that in the placebo group. Compared to the placebo, consumption of multi mineral‑Vitamin D supplements resulted in increased levels of serum calcium (+0.19 vs. −0.08 mg/dL, P = 0.03), magnesium (+0.15 vs. −0.08 mg/dL, P = 0.03),zinc (+8.25 vs. −21.38 mg/dL, P = 0.001) and Vitamin D (+3.79 vs. −1.37 ng/ml, P = 0.01). In addition, taking multi mineral‑Vitamin D supplements favorably influenced systolic blood pressure (SBP) (−1.08 vs. 6.08 mmHg, P = 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (−0.44 vs. 3.05 mmHg, P = 0.02). Multi mineral‑Vitamin D supplementation for 9‑week in pregnant women at risk for pre‑eclampsia resulted in increased newborn’s length, increased circulating levels of maternal serum calcium, magnesium, zinc and Vitamin D, and led to decreased maternal SBP and DBP.

Cetuximab is a monoclonal antibody which acts against the epidermal growth‑factor receptor. Randomized controlled trials show that the addition of cetuximab to folinic acid, 5‑flourouracil, irinotecan (FOLFIRI), folinic acid, 5‑flourouracil, oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) and capecitabin + oxaliplatin (CAPOX) regimens, as the first‑line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC), increases the overall survival (OS) and progression‑free survival (PFS) compared to FOLFIRI, FOLFOX and CAPOX regimens alone. The aim of this study was to analyze the cost‑effectiveness of different treatment programs for managing metastatic CRC with and without cetuximab in the first‑line treatment of unresectable metastatic CRC in Iran. A systematic search of the literature was performed in PubMed, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination Databases and Cochrane Library to assess the effectiveness of the drug in the context of PFS, OS and the adverse events. The incremental cost‑effectiveness ratio of each treatment program was calculated. An extensive sensitivity analysis was conducted on the results regarding the effectiveness. The addition of cetuximab to FOLFIRI, FOLFOX and CAPOX programs increased PFS by 0.1, 0.042 and 0.042 years, respectively. Similarly, the addition of cetuximab to FOLFIRI,FOLFOX and CAPOX increased OS by 0.325, 0.442 and 0.442 years and also cost $212825, $202484 and $204198 individually. Whereas, based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) suggested threshold for cost‑effectiveness analysis, even FOLFOX + cetuximab was very higher than the threshold in Iran (37.4 times higher). The FOLFOX regimen + cetuximab provides lower costs per additional life years gained (more cost‑effective) compared with its alternatives in the treatment of patients with unresectable metastatic CRC. However, according to the WHO indicator, none of the cetuximab regimens could be considered as cost effective for the Iranian health care market.

One of the most common cancers is skin cancer worldwide. Since incidence and cost of treatment of the cancer are increasing, it is necessary to further investigate to prevent and control this disease. This study aimed to determine skin cancer trend and epidemiology in Iran. This study was done based on existing data. Data used in this study were obtained from a national registry of cancer cases and the Disease Management Center of Ministry of Health in Iran. All cases registered in the country were included during 2004–2008. Incidence rates were reported based on the direct method and standard population of World Health Organization. Based on the results of this study, the incidence of skin cancer is rising in Iran and the sex ratio was more in men than women in all provinces. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) of skin cancer was highest in males in Semnan, Isfahan, and Hamedan provinces (34.9, 30.80, and 28.84, respectively). The highest ASRs were seen in females in Semnan, Yazd, and Isfahan provinces (26.7, 24.14, and 18.97, respectively). The lowest ASR in male was observed in Sistan and Baluchestan, and in female in Hormozgan provinces. The incidence of skin cancer is increasing in the country. Therefore, the plan for the control and prevention of this cancer must be a high priority for health policy makers.

The prevalence of hypertension is on the increase in Nigeria. Prehypertension is considered a precursor of hypertension and a predictor of excessive cardiovascular risk.Identifying individuals with prehypertension and initiating effective measures will aid in reducing the incidence and prevalence of hypertension in our environment. The aim of this study was to quantify the magnitude of prehypertension and determine its associations among adults in a representative semi‑urban Nigerian population. A cross-sectional study which was carried out in a semi‑urban setting in Southeast Nigeria. Blood pressure (BP) was measured using the standard methods. A cardiovascular risk factor screening based on physical characteristics, individual medical, and family history of participants was done. There were a total of 389 participants comprising 223 (57.3%) males and 116 (42.7%) females; male:female ratio been 1.9:1. The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension were 45.5% and 37.8%, respectively. Males were significantly more likely to have prehypertension thanfemales (61% vs. 39% respectively; OR = 1.32, P = 0.03). There was a weak positive significant correlation between age and both systolic (r = 0.16, P < 0.01) and diastolic (r = 0.12, P = 0.02) blood pressures. Up to 72.6% of individuals with prehypertension have abnormal body mass index (BMI). While up to 8.5% of the participants had a family history of cardiovascular disease, 20.3%, and 17.3% had a history of significant intake of alcohol and smoking, respectively. The prevalence of prehypertension in the community was high. It was associated with increasing age, male gender, and increasing BMI. Interventions at this stage may aid in stemming the rising prevalence of hypertension in our environment.

The aim was to assess the validity and reliability of the Persian version of shortened disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (Quick‑DASH) questionnaire in patients with upper extremity conditions. We administered the Persian version of Quick‑DASH to 202 patients with upper extremity conditions, of which 71 patients randomly returned after 3 days to respond to the questionnaire for the 2nd time. In order to test the construct validity of the questionnaire, patients responded to the Michigan Hand Outcome Questionnaire (MHOQ) and Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF‑36) as well. Internal consistency was tested using the Cronbach’s alpha, and test‑retest reliability was measured using intra‑class correlation coefficient (ICC). Cronbach’s alpha was 0.90. ICC was 0.89. Convergent validity was confirmed, as the Spearman correlation between the Quick‑DASH and MHOQ was 0.67 and ranged from 0.24 to 0.56 between the subscales of the SF‑36 and Quick‑DASH. Observation of excellent internal consistency, good to excellent test‑retest reliability, and moderate to strong construct validity confirms the validity and reliability of the Persian version of Quick‑DASH for evaluating the magnitude and level of disability in upper extremity conditions.

Cisplatin (CP) is a chemotherapy drug and nephrotoxicity is a major concern for CP therapy. CP‑induced nephrotoxicity is gender‑dependent, and the effect of aerobic exercise in females has not been reported yet while it has a beneficial effect in males. Hence, this study was designed to determine the protective role of aerobic exercise against CP‑induced nephrotoxicity in female rats. Twenty‑eight adult female rats were divided into four groups. Groups I and II had aerobic exercise on a treadmill for 8 weeks. Then, the exercise protocol was continued for another week in group I and stopped in group II. All animals in these groups received CP (2.5 mg/kg/day; i.p.) for 1‑week. Groups III and IV were treated with CP and vehicle, respectively, without exercise. Finally, the animals were sacrificed for biochemical measurements and tissue histopathology investigations. CP alone without exercise increased serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr), kidney weight, and kidney tissue damage score (KTDS); while exercise could not attenuate these parameters in female rats. Exercise in females increased the serum levels of BUN and Cr and KTDS and weight loss (P < 0.05). Kidney nitrite levels reduce significantly in group I in compared to positive and negative control groups. Exercise also did not have beneficial effects on malondialdehyde levels in plasma and kidney. Aerobic exercise cannot reduce CP‑induced nephrotoxicity in female rats. Increasing the damage in female rats may be related to female sex hormone estrogen or gender differences in renal hemodynamic and renin‑angiotensin system activity in the presence of exercise. In general, it is recommended that the females under CP chemotherapy avoid exercising during treatment.

Health information system (HIS) has been utilized for collecting, processing, storing, and transferring the required information for planning and decision‑making at different levels of health sector to provide quality services. In this study, in order to provide high‑quality HIS, primary health care (PHC) providers’ perspective on current challenges and barriers were investigated. This study was carried out with a qualitative approach using semi‑structured audiotaped focus group discussions (FGDs). One FGD was conducted with 13 Behvarz and health technicians as front-line workers and the other with 16 personnel including physicians, statisticians, and health professionals working in health centers of the PHC network in KUMS. The discussions were transcribed and then analyzed using the framework analysis method. The identified organizational challenges were categorized into two groups: HIS structure and the current model of PHC in urban areas. Furthermore, the structural challenges were classified into HIS management structure (information systems resources, including human,supplies, and organizational rules) and information process. The HIS works effectively and efficiently when there are a consistency and integrity between the human, supplies, and process aspects. Hence, multifaceted interventions including strengthening the organizational culture to use the information in decisions, eliminating infrastructural obstacles, appointing qualified staff and more investment for service delivery at urban areas are the most fundamental requirements of high‑quality HIS in PHC.

Bilateral ureteral obstruction (BUO) affects renal function adversely. Previous investigations have implied that nitric oxide (NO) improves renal function in obstructive nephropathy. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of NO precursor, L‑arginine, and NO blocker agent, L‑NAME on kidney tissue damage in rats after 24 h of BUO. Forty Wistar rats (18 male, 22 female) were divided into four groups as follows; group 1: Sham or negative control group that received saline 3 days prior to the sham operation, group 2: Vehicle or positive control group that received saline 3 days prior to BUO, and groups 3 and 4: L‑arginine and L‑NAME groups that were treated same as group 2 except L‑arginine (300 mg/kg) and L‑NAME (4 mg/kg) instead of saline, respectively. Twenty‑four hours after obstruction, the serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), nitrite, and malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as kidney tissue levels of nitrite and MDA were measured and histopathological studies were done on left kidney. The serum levels of BUN and Cr and kidney and body weights increased and the tissue levels of MDA and nitrite decreased significantly in all BUO groups (P < 0.05). However,the tissue damage score was significantly lower in the L‑arginine treated group in comparison to the vehicle and L‑NAME groups (P < 0.05). As expected, the serum level of nitrite significantly increased in the L‑arginine group (P < 0.05). Endogenous NO donor; L‑arginine, may protect the kidney tissue against BUO. However, this renoprotective role of L‑arginine did not attenuate the increased kidney function markers (BUN and Cr) induced by obstruction.