فهرست مطالب

اثر - پیاپی 58 (پاییز 1391)

فصلنامه اثر
پیاپی 58 (پاییز 1391)

  • بهای روی جلد: 60,000ريال
  • تاریخ انتشار: 1391/09/20
  • تعداد عناوین: 10
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  • Ahmad Mirzakouchak Khoshnevis Page 3
  • Mohammad Esmaeil Esmaeili JelodarÆ Mohammad Mortezayi Page 5
    The city of Shushtar is indebted to the Karun River for its development, and represents one of the earliest Iranian cities. Established on a sand cliff, the city currently lies several meters above the river level that would have caused difficulties in exploiting water from the river. The problem was dexterously resolved by the local residents through construction of weirs, irrigation canals and flumes. The Karun is divided into two branches of Gargar and Shatit to the north of Shushtar, which join again at Band-e Qir (Bitumen weir) almost 40km south of Shushtar. Bounded by these branches, Shushtar resembles an island with a width of 10 to 15km and ca. 40km length. Almost 300km upstream from Shushter weir, two main and several secondary tunnels have been dug under Salasal Fort, with their mirage lying in the Shatit River not far from divergence point of the river north of Shushtar. After running for 100m, the tunnels confluence creates the open canal of Daryon, which later splits again into two channels at Khak weir in southwest of Shushtar. The first channel flows into the Shatit River at the Arab Hasan weir after running 33km. Lashkar and Shah Ali weirs, near Abdullah mausoleum, and Khak weir have been constructed on the channel in order to manage the water flow. The fact that the Daryon canal is hand cut and artificial is supported both by the references in historical sources and by the fact that the cliffs on which Shushtar lies and the canal was cut through, reveal traces of axes. However, the exact construction date of the canal is more difficult to establish. The Greek historical documents such as those by Herodotus and Xenophon, and the Iranian sources such as those by alTabari and al-Mas’udi demonstrate Shushter as flanked by two tributaries of the Karun. However, they simply mention the Gargar canal or al-Masroqan river (ancient name of the Karun). Some scholars argue that the canal was founded to solve the problems in regards to crossing the river and to direct the water to southern Shushatr plain under Daruis III, thus attributing its origin to the pre-Alexandrian period. They also maintain that as the river got deeper the water failed to flow over the weir, therefore the Shadravan weir was reconstructed or replaced the earlier one during the Sasanian period to allow the water to flow over. Others believe that the Daryoon stream was dried up as a result of destruction of Shadravan weir and attribute the construction date of the canal and its weir to the Sasanian period. The present paper discusses the construction technique of the Daryoon canal from technical aspect and based on archaeological and historical evidence analyzes whether it was constructed earlier or later than or at the same time with the Shadravan weir, Mizan barrage and the troglodyte Gargar canal, which are all hydraulic installations created during the Sasanian period.
    Keywords: Shoshtar, Karon River, canal, irrigation system, Dam Bridge, Troglodyte canal, Water system, achaemenid, Parthian, Sassanid, Islamic
  • Mahnaz Ashrafi Page 23
    Conservation has been always an issue in cultural heritage and throughout interpretations of this issue has developed in different cases. Once efforts were toward proving this fact that cultural heritage is not a personal ownership and heritage but a public possession; similar to Hugo’s opinion that a building belonged to its owner from legal aspect but at the same time it was a public property from aesthetic point of view. Today however, we face this fact that cultural heritage is even world property. Therefore the issue of cultural heritage conservation has a particular important since it doesn’t belong to a person, a region or a country in present time but it belongs to all humans and future generations and its conservation is an imperative responsibility. Troglodytic architecture that is a refl ection of our ancestors’ geniuses and artistic abilities in their peaceful interaction with the nature holds a high status from archaeological, architectural, anthropological and economical point of view especially considering our modern energy crisis and their conservation has become a highly important issue. This paper aims to conduct a comparative study between several troglodytic sites, show their common features and similarities as well as their key differences with other sites. It then investigates challenges and problems that are present for the conservation of such sites and their aforementioned attributes and attract public attention to these issues. Neglecting such attributes and troglodytic sites’ characteristics in the execution of conservation process, would lead to employment of dysfunctional and destructive methods while at the same time some of these methods might seems useful and practical in other sites.
    Keywords: Troglodytic Complexes, Cultural Heritage, Conservation, Landscape
  • Behroukh Boroumandi Page 31
    In 2005, the management of Abyaneh historical village base on behalf of Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization, appointed author to conduct a comprehensive survey project of Barzroud valley and the buffer zone of Abyaneh historical village. Also in 2006 I was requested to survey the eastern part of Abyaneh village. In 2007 I cooperated in the organizing plan of Abyaneh village. Therefore I have worked in this historical valley for about 3 years fi eld study. Besides I have studied other adjacent valleys in the Karkas Mountains of Central Zagros and have tried to continue my study and investigation about this area. Barzroud valley is one of the most important valleys of Karkas Mountains of Central Zagros. This valley is located along Qom, Kashan, Yazd and Kerman old highway and is branched off the road toward west and foothill of Karkas Mountains. This beautiful valley consists of 6 villages including Hanjen, Yarand, Komejan, Barz, Tareh & Abyaneh. Historical and cultural values of Barzroud valley are unknown and hidden. Among these unknown characteristics, are various types of troglodytic architecture sites including human habitats, folds, ancient rock shrines, and burial holes. Evidence of life and residence in this ancient valley dates back to distant years. I suppose that unknown properties of the valley are much more than what has been distinguished up to now. In this paper, properties of these troglodytic architectures, relationships among them, their continuity from distant past up to now, functional changes, and their roles in environmental evolutions have been studied.
    Keywords: valley, troglodyte, various types, continuity, changes
  • Hamideh Choobak Page 47
    The territory of Alamut in the Caspian catchment basin is a closed and hilly region in the form of a U shaped valley. The high Alborz Mountains on either side of the territory have made up border walls of the Alamut Citadel or city or the Cultural landscpae of Alamut, turning it into an impenetrable barrack and sanctuary. With their natural and artifi cial trenches and caves, these mountains are the construction site of Ismailia’ historical fortresses in the region. Natural heighst form an integral part of the defense structures of the fortresses, and their settings and landscapes constitute a part of the valuable natural heritage of the region. The outcome of nearly two centuries of Ismailia’ dominion and activity in the Alamut territory is about 20 citadels constructed in the awe inspiring heights and close to terrifying drops. These fortresses that have been built olong access roads to Alamut Valley along with the villages in form of scattered town parks form the structure of the Kish Alamut city. The habitats, forts and mausoleums in Alamut Valley have been created in accordance with the structural conditions of the earth and the special environment of the region. Given the limited facilities of the period, the use of cliff topography in the construction of the troglodytic fortress and its interior spaces clearly proves human recourse and ingenuity in successful exploitation of the natural resources and the his faculty and skill built on knowledge. The most famous of these fortresses is the Hassan Sabah Fortress (Ruler’s HQ), which forms the hub and core of the Alamut Cultural Landscape. The ruins of the Alamut Fortress is to be found on the south western fl anks of Mount Hoodekan in the central Alborz Range, built on a conglomerate cliff with terrifying drops. This cliff stands 220 m above the surrounding land at an altitude of 2163 m above the sea. The fortress-like cliff constitutes a section of the architecture and fortifi cations of the castle’s main walls, making it impenetrable and unconquerable.The foundation of the cliff fortress is of conglomerate. More than half the architecture of the fortress consists of the cliff where the constructions of Ismailia’ period were made on. Using the available terrain and materials, the architects have brilliantly succeeded in creating the most important fortress in Alamut. The walls, ditch and water supply network in the cliff, gates, guardrooms, hand carved stairs, paths and archways, large and small water reservoirs, food stores, vaults, living quarters, watchtowers, collection of chambers with stairs and interlaced stores, all carved in the cliff, are among valuable architectural discoveries made during the archeological explorations of Alamut. Implementation of a plan for appropriate protection, restoration and use of the troglodytic spaces, as a unique example of the ecological architecture allows the creation of an important tourist attraction in the Alamut Fortress.
    Keywords: Alamut, Hassan Sabah Fortress, Troglodytic Architecture
  • Gholam Reza Haghighat Naeini Page 59
    According to some scholars, old traditional and rural houses and spaces, in which one feels comfortable, were built by those who were completely aware of the essence of this path. Building beautiful spaces, spaces where one can attend to him/herself and feels alive is not possible in any other way. And as we can observe, those who step in this path can create buildings whose appearances and forms is as old as trees, mounds and our own faces. Troglodytic spaces are one of the most interesting and amazing forms of architecture and refl ect a valuable and clever experience in human settlement. This type of architecture is highly infl uenced by its natural environment and has a close connection with new theories and approached such as sustainable development. Although the background of studies and research on troglodytic architecture is relatively young in Iran and other countries and less attention has been paid to it, these basic studies point to one important fact that is the existence of different types of troglodytic residential complexes. Studies show that each type of this architectural structure has been formed based on different environmental, geographical, political and social factors and their location, extent, density and spatial form are all infl uenced by such factors. Human need to spaces that can satisfy his living needs in company with other humans has been always present in his life. Conquering harsh climatic conditions, livelihood, using earth potentials to use it along with other issues such as security, closeness to and distance from other neighboring residential sites and quality of relation with them and fi nally proper interaction with the nature are all items that have led to the creation of the structural form of troglodytic complexes. This paper tries to examine examples of troglodytic architecture in Iran and the world and investigate the basis of their formation according to the available sources and along with a conduct a comparative study, examine the effect of these factors on their structural aspects.
    Keywords: Troglodytic Residences, Basis of Formation, Location, Pattern, Spatial Form
  • Zeinab Daeii Poor Page 69
    Among many reasons which can be mentioned for historic settlement in the depth of earth or in the caves, this article pays attention to the motivation of exploitation of soil energy. To this point we attend to introduce special troglodyte architectures in Khoozestan, named Shavadan and Ghomesh, two structures in the depth of the earth. In order to describe unique features of Shavadan and Ghomesh, after a brief overview of effi ciency of soil temperature, an organic – non Iranian case on which many quantitative studies have been done will be introduced. Then a new experiment will be shown briefl y, based on the low temperature of the deep parts of the earth, its restricted oscillation and the ways of transferring this temperature to the interior spaces of the habitats. It is worth mentioning that using constant temperature of soil has been experienced in various forms throughout history and specially in recent decades, but in this article only two cases will be mentioned, which are closer to Shavadan. In continuation, the special functions and effects of Shavadan and Ghomesh will be described in residential tissues and their environments by explaining their history and physical structure. At the end, the necessity of renovation of these structures will be emphasized.
    Keywords: Troglodyte architecture, soil temperature, energy, Shavadan, Ghomes
  • Rasoul Seyedain Boroujeni Page 79
    This article is to analyze the general structure of the constructions generally known as “Bard-e Gowri” as well as to account for a description and introduction of “Bared-e Gowri 3”. All those features which make this Bard-e Gowri distinct from and superior to the other ones will be enumerated and fi nally analyzed and explained General description of Bard-e Gowris A Bard-e Gowri is a hand-dug space cut in isolated rocks or in the walls of concrete rocks in different dimensions and sizes in different areas of Bazoft and other southwest areas of Iran. They have an entrance which- according to the given evidence - is blocked by a mono-labial stone-gate. Bard-e Gowris are generally divided into three groups according to their structure. Analysis of Bard-e-Gouri Dinash 3 Bard-e Gowri Dinash 3 is located 1,100m away from the southern- southwestern part of Dinash (Dehnash) village. It is placed in the middle steeps of a hill located in the east of Dinash river (left side of the water stream). It is set upon a single lime-stone rock- 1672m high from the sea level. At present, due to the earth-sliding and bending of rocks, its height has decreased by about 50cm. The specifi c feature of Bard-e Gowri Dinash 3 Bard-e Gowri Dinash 3 is unique among the other homogenous Bard-e-Gouris found in Bazoft and many other areas such as Ardal and Kohrang. It is also different from the other similar cases in the south-western areas of Iran owing to its use of a specifi c kind of lock called drawer Koloun. In addition, the presence of an embossed shape in the form a racket and also an embossed wild-goat at the fl oor of Bard-e Gowri Dinash 3 not only could be interpreted as a family emblem, but also is a reason which this article has been composed for.
    Keywords: Barde, e Gowri, Bazoft, Dinash, Stone door, Koloun
  • Meysam Labbaf, Khaniki Page 93
    Expanding the Mithraism in Europe during early centuries after Christ lead to conformation a new form of architecture contains the spaces related to ritual behaviors of Mithraism. In case of roman mithraeums we can fi nd similar plan in the structures generated from the similarities between religious and believes of roman mithraists. But there is not a unifi ed plan with enough specifi c characteristics in the Iranian mehrābehs. Can we imply that it is the different background of Mithras and Mithraism in Iran and Rome that may explain the various structure and plan of mithraeums and mehrābehes? This paper investigates the Mithraic temples based on the Mithras’s identity in Iran and Rome and compares analytically the plan and form of the temples considering archaeological attributes.
    Keywords: Troglodytic Architecture, Mithras, Mithraism, Mithraeum, M ehrābeh
  • Dr Ahmad Mirzakouchak Khoshnevis Page 109
    “Tah-ran” is the name of civilized people whom were sheltered by subterraneous troglodytic dwelling since three thousand years. Islamic heritages in this city shows that its dweller had “Shia” thought since pre “Safavid”. In accordance with “Alavies Shia” fi ghting for aspiration of justice, “Tehranian” got headstrong and warlike moralities. So they tended to this type of subterraneous architecture. Unfortunately irregular development of “Teheran” causes of distraction of most samples of this troglodytic architecture heritage in the region. This is an effort to fi nd out any trace of this type of architecture with the method of description and historic research. Firstly the primitive routes of “Teheran” in the map of “Tahmasby” boundaries were recognized. In considering relating manuscripts and journeys reports in archives, old images and historic maps, surveying consideration method of case studies was held. The main hypothesis was that architecture of subterraneous troglodytic of “Teheran” should be built aside of these routes. Old route to “Ray” passing “Teheran” via West to South direction and two North to South routs which were used for supplying water to the gardens in “Oudlajan” and “Sanglaj” quarters were under consideration in historical fabric of “Teheran”. Although since no archaeological excavation reports any trace of this type of architecture in “Teheran”, however the results of this research shows that the old village of “Teheran” was included 12 quarters and “Teheranians” had built their houses insides “Pomegranate” gardens and green spaces with the architecture of subterraneous troglodytic, allowing free passage to one another. At least an exact description and some historic reports specifi ed the existence of this type of troglodytic architecture in “Moayyer” garden quarter of “Teheran”. Architecture of housing with the entrances to the subterraneous chambers which were hidden behind the garden trees and no enemies could enter to it from dark, narrow, and tightened passages.
    Keywords: Troglodytic Architecture, Underground, House, Crypt, Tehran