فصلنامه برنامه ریزی رفاه و توسعه اجتماعی
پیاپی 1 (زمستان 1388)

The main objective of this paper is to study the trends of women’s age at marriage and socio-economic factors influencing it during the years 1976‌2006 at the province level in rural and urban areas. First, the theories and background of the subject were reviewed. Then, the censuses of the years 1976, 1986, 1996, 2006 were used and through SPSS software, relevant indicators were estimated. Multiple regression analysis was carried out to analyze the socio-economic determinants of the mean age at first marring for women. The results show that women’s mean age at marriage increased more than one year in urban and rural areas during the last three decades. In addition, there were no considerable differences between women’s mean age at marriage in urban and rural areas. Some of the most important influential factors during the last three decades are unemployment rate, women’s economic participation rate, higher education rate and literacy rate.

"Demographic window" refers to a particular period, in the demographic history of a population, in which age-dependency ratio falls to an unprecedented low level. This period is short, the beginning and end of it can be estimated, and it lasts about three to four decades. The Demographic window of Iran began at the threshold of 2006 census and is expected to end by 2046. Therefore, it is expected to last for almost 4 decades. Thereafter, the population of Iran moves towards becoming old, to an unprecedented level in its history. In the demographic history of each country, demographic window opens once, and during the time it is open, it provides an exceptional opportunity for the development of the country. However, it is not automatic. It should be activated and guided. Demographic window becomes a demographic bonus only with appropriate preparation: policy-making, planning and correct implementation of programs. Several years, apparently unnoticed, passed since Iran entered its demographic window. Time is moving fast and this short time span becomes shorter. Therefore, it seems urgent to conduct required studies for the appropriate utilization of this unrepeatable opportunity for the development of the country.

The study of directors and employees’ activities in the Social Security Organization would support solving problems including the rate of insurance, incomes of investment and medical services. In this research, we used communicative action theory and factorial uses theory. The statistical population was all directors and employees of Social Security Organization in Tehran. The selected sample was 45 people including 13 directors and 32 employees. The results of this study show that there are significant differences between the views of directors and employees of Social Security Organization with regard to increasing benefits, management techniques, work progress and other problems in the organization. This shows that there is not any interaction between directors and employees. Finally, our suggestion in this research is more interaction between directors and employees in Social Security Organization. Therefore, Public Relation Sector plays an important role in the organization.

The present article is a critical review of the notion of organizational behavior from 1920 to 1966 in terms of a historical development. The question is how the correlation between the reduction of conflict between various interests in an organization and the assumed established relationship among the three components of organizational equilibrium has been concerned through the literature. The components of organizational equilibrium were indicated in terms of organizational behavior, job satisfaction, and production.

In the present article, we studied the effects of socio-economic factors on homeless people of Tehran with the goal of identifying such factors and their effects on homeless people. The main research question is what the effective factors on homeless people are and whether these factors have the same effect on non-homeless society. The theoretical framework of this research includes the theories by Gotilip, Bavman, Griski, Kogel and Kuhen. Among the previously mentioned theories, some variables were extracted i.e. social support, emotional support, social trust, employment status and income. The statistical society of this research is homeless people of Tehran that are kept and supported in centers that are dependent on municipality. The society of non-homeless people (witness society) consists of non-homeless people who live in district 12 of Tehran municipality that have high homogeneity with homeless people. The selected sample of this research consists of 230 persons that include 115 homeless people and 115 non-homeless people. The size of the sample was gained via Kokran formula. In order to gather data we used survey research method and questionnaire. Sampling was performed via multi-stage cluster method and inside clusters, we performed the selection via random sampling. The data was analyzed through descriptive and analytical statistics, t-test and regression. The results show that there is a significant difference between homeless people society and non-homeless people society from the viewpoint of emotional support, social support, social trust, employment status and income. According to the regression analysis, it was indicated that the variable of emotional support with beta coefficient of 0.470, the variable of social support with the beta of 0.371, and the variable of trust with the beta of 0.123 had highest effects respectively.

In this article, we reviewed the history of spatial planning programs from the early years until the forth development program in the country. Then, we tried to answer the question whether these programs have achieved their purposes and whether their activities were successful or not. In this research, we used historical and documentary methods to gather information, which was available at the Planning and Management Organization.

In this paper, we focused on collaboration in the social network of Qanat. The comlex relationships between Qanat users, including owners and other villagers, can be a source for creating social capital in rural areas with Qanat. This paper demonstrates that Qanat has an importat role in Iranian civilization. As a sample, it is completely described how vallaigers in Davaran (A village in Kerman) manage the affairs related to Qanat. The research was carried out in a village with Qanat, namely Davaran, and a village without Qanat, namely Ferdosie. These two villages were chosen since it seemed the diffrence between water resources influenced all social areas. 300 participants in Davran and 150 participants in Ferdosie completed a questionnaire including social capital scale as an independent variable and some dependent variables. Research findings show that with regard to social capital, there is a significant diffrence between the two villages that were analyzed. Mean social capital of Davaran is more than mean social capital of Ferdosie. Also findings show that regarding social capital, there is a significant diffrence between Qanat owners and others in Davaran.

In this paper, the epidemiological researches on addiction and drug use in Iran were reviewed from the methodological perspective. Specifically, the methods of estimating the number of drug users were evaluated and criticized. Bias is an important problem in these researches, specially selection and measurement bias. These types of bias mostly provide an underestimation.