فصلنامه برنامه ریزی رفاه و توسعه اجتماعی
پیاپی 29 (زمستان 1395)

Some empirical studies reveal that happiness as a category and a social construct show some variations during different periods of lifetime. Besides the biological reality of age, the social impact of generation can explain quality of joy experience and reactions to joyful situations and tries to understand how women and girls make sense of their happiness experiences in different periods of their life. In this article mentality, experience and interpretation of happiness in three age groups (adolescents, young and middle aged) has been studied based on a qualitative approach and through individual semi-structured interviews and focus groups with girls and women in Kerman. The results of this study indicate that women’s understanding and interpretation of happiness is not constant. Findings also represent how generational experiences, gender politics and the biological reality of age which appear externally in women activities and interests, display changes in different life period. In addition the above result confirms the importance of sociological interpretations of joy as well as its attention to the dominant psychological aspects, and it also has implications for some positive performance and interventions in these age groups to manage emotions.

using Multivariate Analysis Test. Separate effect of virtual social networks on risk taking was significant, and on the entrepreneurship capability, dimensions independence, internal control, achievement motivation and creativity wasn’t significant. Also gender effect on the risk taking and internal control was significant and on the other items wasn’t. Finally, the effect of virtual networking and gender on the internal control was significant and on the other items wasn’t significant. Though Policy-makers and practitioners in virtual domains should pay more attention to education, expert and continual monitoring of the networks, and planning for the future.

Over the past few decades the fertility rate in Iran has experienced significant changes and families faced with numerous challenges in childbearing. Efforts to increase the population, were not successfully accompanied by different groups of people. The continuation of this trend will be followed by consequences such as reaching a population below the succession level and population ageing in the coming decades. This study aims to identify the social and cultural factors affecting family’s fertility motivation in Iranian studies using the meta-analysis method. In order to perform meta-analysis, 60 relevant published research studies in the field of fertility in the past decade (from 2001 until now) were selected. After reviewing 60 studies, 36 articles were excluded due to lack of basic criteria for the meta-analysis and 24 studies were selected. Based on the findings of the meta-analysis, demographic variables such as age, education, especially female education, family size, families’ socio-economic status, strategies, family
using Multivariate Analysis Test. Separate effect of virtual social networks on risk taking was significant, and on the entrepreneurship capability, dimensions independence, internal control, achievement motivation and creativity wasn’t significant. Also gender effect on the risk taking and internal control was significant and on the other items wasn’t. Finally, the effect of virtual networking and gender on the internal control was significant and on the other items wasn’t significant. Though Policy-makers and practitioners in virtual domains should pay more attention to education, expert and continual monitoring of the networks, and planning for the future.

In the modern world, health is a major challenge for all societies. As a consequence of this health education and promotion programs are interested in identifying the factors related to health improvement as well as- health threats. The aim of this study is to investigate the social determinants of physical health among the employees of Tabriz municipality. This research was a survey and target population consisted of the employees of Tabriz municipality. Through random simple sampling, 200 peoples were selected. Correlation tests were applied to analyze the data. Findings showed that there are significant relation between independent variables including social support, life style, health literacy, access to health services, environmental conditions with physical health as the dependent variable. In addition to multivariate regression analysis, 42% of changes in physical health is explained by independent variables. This study shows that social factors are effective in public health and ignoring will cause health problems. Thus, health system policymakers should benefit from social sciences theories in health-based programs preparation.

In recent decades, research on the positive aspects of human life has increased and undoubtedly one of the most important areas of today human life is joy and happiness. This study investigates the relationship between levels of happiness among marginalized and non-marginalized people of Tabriz and forms of their capital. In order to measure the happiness levels a survey applying an Oxford Happiness Questionnaire among 300 people through multistage cluster sampling was done. Findings show moderate to high levels of happiness among the subjects and different types of capital (social, cultural and economic) have significant and positive relationship with happiness. Also the regression results indicate that the independent variables were entered into the study explained 14% of the variance in happiness. Results suggest that social and cultural capital plays a major role in levels of happiness but economical capital has a little role in explanation of happiness among the marginal and non-marginalized in Tabriz. According to the findings economical capital is also significant and effective but in order to increase happiness and subjective well-being of study subjects, the focus of policy making and cultural planning should be more on social and cultural capital.

This research tries to answer this question: what is the position of Entrepreneurship in the Iranian press? It is an applied research which uses mixed method. Through purposive sampling, 220 issue of press issue with high circulation were surveyed. Also documentary method and deep content analysis were implied in theoretical and practical parts of the research. Data analysis phase uses both descriptive and deductive statistics by M.R.P software. The findings of this study show that entrepreneurship contents do not have proper situations in the press and on average, only 5 percent of the content and the volume of press is devoted to entrepreneurship. They have reflected entrepreneurship events, but have not paid any attention to the educational role and important issue such as entrepreneurial opportunities, entrepreneurial attitude, entrepreneurial skills, women Entrepreneurship, rural Entrepreneurship, and organizational entrepreneurship. And reflection of entrepreneurship activity in economic press such as the Bazaar-e-kar and Donyaye Eghtesad Newspaper is relatively in good social press such as Hamshshri and Jam-e- jam Newspapers had considered to this matter. Also based on these results, after naming 27 July as Entrepreneurship day of the press paid little attention to this issue.

According to recent studies, social development and health capital are the main axes of development and economic growth, on the other hand, the health of people relates to social environment factors more than any other factor. So the World Health Organization has recently begun serious discussion on health social determinants. This study aims to investigate the effect of social development on public health in 101 upper-middle income countries of the world over the period 1990-2014 STATA software was used for data analysis and models’ evaluation. In order to achieve reliable results, in both models the life expectancy and mortality rates were used for public health indicators. The results showed that in all models in the 99% confidence level, the social indicators have a significantly positive impact on the life expectancy and a significantly negative impact on the mortality rates. In final models, the social development factor for life expectancy and mortality respectively, 3/16 and -2/95. Therefore, the development of social indicators (Civic activities, clubs and societies, within-group cohesion,