فصلنامه علوم زیستی ورزشی
پیاپی 23 (زمستان 1393)

Response to exercise training is different in variable age range، but it has not determined the differences physical response in Children، adults and youth. According to this idea، the purpose of present study is a randomized trial to compare the Effect of age on physical response in different periods to fitness training in various ages period. 36 participants voluntarily were randomized at three ranges of age included: 8 to 10 age group: 12 to 14 age group: 17 to 19 age group training divided into three groups of experimental in each age group. Mean SE of age was 8. 83 ± 0. 5year، adolescent 12. 5 + 0. 5 year and youth 16. 3 + 0. 6 year. The program included endurance، strength and flexibility training 3 times per week for 12 weeks. agility، coordination، sergeant jump، hand power، cardiovascular endurance، and modified push-up measured pre and post first 6 weeks and second 6 weeks training. Data analyzed by repeated measure and one ways of ANOVA and Benfroni post hoc test showed that body indexes is better in adolescent group and fitness indexes are better in children and youth group (P<0. 05). Based on this study، improving health indicators for intra-group changes in all groups were observed especially in the beginning training، probably، it’s due to lower movement experiences. Although Between-group variation in health indicators، especially in adolescents، probably due to the added stress of exercise is associated with developmental stress especially in the course experience. The difference in performance between the groups of indicators for the effects of growth effects، hormonal changes and motor perception in different ages.

Sleep deprivation has negative effects on performance and resulted in elevating of mortality risk، cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 30 hour sleep deprivation on serum levels of C-reactive protein، blood lactate، muscular strength and Physiological factors of RAST test in active students. The present study was a semi-experimental one which used a pretest-post test design. 20 healthy male student (age: 20. 5±3 y، height: 171±9. 5 cm، weight: 69. 50±7. 45 kg، and body fat: 14±2. 5) by minimum one session activity in week were selected with cluster-random sampling. Subjects 7 days before sleep deprivation and after 8 hours of complete sleep were performed anaerobic power (RAST) and one repetition maximum tests. In order to measure blood lactate، 6 minutes after RAST test، and serum levels of C-reactive protein، 30 minutes before begin tests، blood samples were collected. Seven day''s later، after a 30 hours'' sleep deprivation، these tests were performed again. In order to statistical analysis software SPSS version 20 and the independent t-test were used. Statistical analysis of the results showed that 30 hours of sleep deprivation can induce to significant reduction in max power، mean power and min anaerobic power، and the C-reactive protein levels، lactate and fatigue index increased significantly (p<0. 05). But، had no effect on muscle strength. To maintain health and optimal sport''s performance، it seems to be necessary control of sleep''s rate of active individuals and athletes. Also، in order to minimize inflammatory conditions، and thus possible reduction the cardio-vascular risk factors، individuals would be informed about likely negative and side effects of periods of sleep deprivation.

History & New studies show that Vaspin،Chemerin and Visfatin are correlated with overweight and obesity، but the effects of training، aren’t clearly recognized. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of endurance and combined exercise training on these plasma Adipokines، GH and lipid profile among overweight females. For this propose، 45 female student volunteers were selected (WHR: 0/91+_0/47،%fat: 39/40+_3/92،BMI: 29/72+_0/89kg/m2،age: 20+_2/46year) and after final screening، they were randomly divided into Three groups. 12 subjects in interval endurance training (4times a week،60-80%HRmax، 25-45min interval running session)، 11 subjects in combined training (2days going through similar endurance training programs and 2days resistance training: 7stations،60-80%1RM،3set 8-12 repetitions) and 10 subjects were in the control group. For surveying plasma exchanges of Adipokines and other variables،Blood Samples were taken in fasting state before and after 12 weeks of exercise training. Results showed that in combined training group، Visfatin and Vaspin had reduced significantly compared with the two other groups. Also BMI، weight، fat percent in two exercised groups reduced significantly. But WHR reduced in combined training group only. GH in exercise groups significantly increased in comparison with control group، TCOL and TG reduced just in combined training (P<0. 05). GH In combined training group significantly showed a high increase in comparison with the other two groups (P<0. 05). Then we could probably say that، combination of endurance and resistance training، along development on lipid profiles due to reduced weight and Visceral fat could diminish plasma Visfatin،Vaspin and increas GH in overweight females.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training on serum leptin levels and iron status in obese women. Twenty eight obese women were volunteered and randomly divided into two groups: aerobic training (n = 14، age 37. 1 ± 4. 9 yr، weight 82. 0 ± 10. 2 kg، body mass index 34. 2 ± 4. 3 kg/m2) and controls ((n = 14، age 37. 5 ± 5. 3 yr، weight 79. 9 ± 9. 5 kg، body mass index 34. 0 ± 3. 9 kg/m2). Subjects in the experimental group performed the aerobic training program for 9 weeks (4 sessions per week) with 65-75% of maximum heart rate. Before and after the training period، blood samples of all subjects were taken in fasting. The data were analyzed using an independent-T test and ANCOVA. Results showed no significant differences in serum leptin levels between the groups (P<0. 05). But aerobic exercises caused a significant increase in serum iron and a significant decrease in serum ferritin in the experimental group compared with the control group (P<0. 05). Furthermore، the other indicators of iron status including transferrin iron binding capacity (TIBC)، hemoglobin، hematocrit، MCH، MCHC، and MCV showed no significant difference between the two groups (P<0. 05). According to the results، we can say that aerobic training does not have a significant effect on serum leptin levels، but it can improve poor iron status in obese women. This improvement is probably due to the influence of other factors that has no relationship to serum leptin levels.

satellite cells are muscle stem cells that enter cycle cells due to myotrauma. Among activation and proliferation indices of these cells is increase of myoD gene expression. But these are contradiction in response of this gene to resistance exercise in fast and slow fibers. Thus، the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a single bout of resistance exercise on myoD gene expression in fast and slow skeletal muscle in Wistar male rats. 15 rats prepared from Pasteur Institute and housed under natural conditions (temperature، light/dark (12-h) cycle، with ad Libitum access to food and water). The rats randomly divided to two groups Resistance exercise (n=10) and control (n=5); the Resistance exercise group performed a session resistance exercise. three and six hours following، the rats were anaesthetized and killed، than to determine myoD gene expression rate the soleus and Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were removed، to determine of expression rate، the Quantitative Real time RT-PCR was used. Data were analyzed by t test. the Resistance exercise increased myoD gene expression 2. 36 flod (no significantly) in EDL muscle، the SOL myoD gene expression no changed significantly. myoD gene in fast-twitch muscle than in slow-twitch muscle is more and faster affected by resistance exercise.

Leptin is a hormone، which is secreted from fat tissue، has an important role to set cell metabolism and energy balance. The present study aims at the effect of twelve weeks high intensity interval training (HIIT) on leptin level and obesity dependent factors among female students suffering overweight. In this semi-experimental study، twenty four students with BMI of 25-30 kg/m2 were selected purposefully and randomly divided and put in two groups of experimental with average of (age 22. 60 ± 0. 97 years، weight 85. 50 ± 2. 37 kg، and height 166. 80 ± 2. 82 cm) and control group with average of (age 23. 20 ± 1. 3 years، weight 82. 90 ± 3. 18 kg، and height 168. 20 ± 1. 87 cm). Experimental group exercised an aerobic high intensity training for twelve weeks، three sessions a week، with the intensity of 90 percent of maximum heartbeat. Amount of leptin of plasma، fat percentage، body mass index and waist to hip ratio were calculated before and after exercise. Data gathered using Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and dependent and independent t test were analyzed in a significance level of α≤0. 05. Results showed that twelve weeks high intensity training of running has had a significance effect (P≤0. 05) on reduction of serum level of leptin of plasma، body weight، fat percentage، BMI and WHR in experimental group comparing control group. It seems that high intensity interval training as a non invasive، non drug method can have a positive effect to decline leptin level and some factors dependent to obesity and overweigh.

The current study which is an expacto one،has been carried out with the purpose of comparing the Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of menopause women athletes who were professional at weight bearing sports and non-weight bearing sports. The Participants were all menopause women athletes of Tehran that 20 of them were aimfully put in two groups: The weight bearing sports group (handball and basketball; n=10) with average age of 54. 50 ±2. 7، height of 163. 60 ±4. 69 m،and weight of 70. 50±9. 02 kg; and the non-weight bearing sports group (swimming; n=10) with average age of 54. 80±1. 54،height of 159±5. 29 m، and weight of 64. 55±4. 10 kg. The BMD and BMC of the athletes’ femur and L2 _L4 lumbar were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA); and the data was analyzed by SPSS18 software،the Independent t-test and analysis of covariance. The results showed that the BMD of femur neck، L2 _L4 lumbar and total hip (P≤0. 001) and femur trochanter (P≤0. 05). In weight bearing sports group have a significant difference in comparison with those of non-weight bearing ones. The BMC levels of the weight bearing ones in femur neck، L2 _L4 lumbar، total hip and femur trochanter were higher than those of non-weight bearing ones. Also the BMC levels of weight bearing group in femur neck،femur trochanter (P≤0. 001) and total hip (P≤0. 05)، had a significant difference with the non-weight bearing group. The BMC levels of the weight bearing group in femur neck، femur trochanter and total hip were higher than those of non-weight bearing ones. but in the BMC levels of L2 _L4 lumbar there was not a significant difference between the two groups. According to these results we can conclude that weight bearing sports _with high levels of mechanical stress_ in comparison with non-weight bearing sports with lower levels of mechanical stress can lead to more increase in BMD and BMC levels of women، in their middle ages and menopause periode.

The aim of this study was assessing the adjuvant therapy of exercise on cytokines balance in mice with breast cancer tumor. Twenty female Balb/C mice were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. After orientation in the environment، estrogen-receptor dependent breast cancer cells (MC4-L2) were injected to them and experimental group performed endurance training 5 day in week for 6 weeks and with moderate intensity. Mice were daily evaluated about tumor growth. Finally، the mice were sacrificed; tumor tissue was removed and immediately frozen and kept in -70°C. Tumor sample was homogenized and levels of IL-17 and IFN- were measured and quantified using ELISA. There was significant decrease on level of IL-17 in experimental group than control group (p=0. 03). Also، level of IFN-γ was increased، but it wasn’t significant (p=0. 55). Tumor volume reduced in experimental group than control group (p=0. 005). Although، IL-17 involved in angiogenesis، development and metastasis، decreased level of this cytokine along with reduced tumor volume shows exercise lead to reduction of tumor growth by decreasing of this cytokine. Also، increase in level of IFN-γ in experimental group shows exercise training lead to induction anti-tumor cell-mediated immunity by cytokines modification in intra-tumor that show protective effect of exercise training at anti-tumor immunity. We can conclude endurance training has effective role at inhibition of tumor growth in estrogen-receptor dependent cancers.