فصلنامه علوم زیستی ورزشی
پیاپی 29 (تابستان 1395)

Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in neuronal growth transmission, plasticity and overall central nervous system health. For this reason, this study was conducted to investigate the independent and combined effects of 4 week omega3 supplementation with plant (Flax seed extract), and animal (fish oil) origin, with or without plyometric training on BDNF serum concentration in active men. Participants were 42 physical education students that randomly divided into six groups. The training and combination groups performed 4 weeks of selected plyometric training. Furthermore, supplementary and combination groups consumed 3000 mg omega3 daily for 4 weeks. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and tukey post hoc. Level of significant was p

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on the expression of PGC-1α and VEGF genes in myocardial muscle of male healthy rats. 12 male Wistar rats were divided into control and exercise (high intensity training) groups. The exercise group performed training including running on the treadmill for 4 min. with 90-100% VO2max intensity for 8 weeks and 5 sessions per week while the control group exercised on the treadmill for 15 min. with the speed of 2 m/min. The rats were sacrificed the day after the last session and the samples were taken to the laboratory to extract RNA. PGC-1α and VEGF gene expressions in exercise group were 1.2 times (P=0.79) and 1.4 times (P=0.29) more than the control group. The results indicated an insignificant increase of expression of PGC-1α and VEGF genes in myocardial muscle following 8 weeks of high intensity interval training.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a period of swimming training on lung VEGF level in pregnant rats exposed to cadmium poisoning. 32 female Wistar rats were acclimatized with a new environment and water for 2 weeks; then, they had pregnancy and were divided into swimming, cadmium, cadmium - swimming and control groups. Swimming training started from the first day of pregnancy and it lasted 60 min./day in the second week of pregnancy. Samples of lung tissue were collected two days after delivery. Lung VEGF was determined by ELISA method. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test at significance level of P≤0.05. Results showed that lung VEGF significantly decreased after delivery in cadmium group compared with the control group (P≤0.001). The difference of lung VEGF was not significant between swimming and control groups, but lung VEGF in cadmium - swimming group was significantly higher than cadmium group (P≤0.001). As cadmium inhibits lung angiogenesis activity during pregnancy, swimming can be beneficial to maintain the level of VEGF as a marker of angiogenesis.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 6 weeks of aerobic exercise and curcuma longa supplementation on plasma CRP and body composition in sedentary women. 32 sedentary women aged between 23 and 25 were voluntarily selected and randomly assigned to 4 experimental groups (each group 8 subjects): aerobic group, aerobic-supplement group, supplement group and control group. The protocol was incrementally conducted for 6 weeks, 40 min. each session with 55% HRmax. Supplement group daily consumed 1 gr. curcuma longa. Blood samples were collected before and after the protocol in fasting state. The data were analyzed through one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test with SPSS19 at the signification level of P

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two types of resistance training on triceps brachial thickness and its connection with maximum strength. The statistical sample included 30 novice bodybuilders who were divided into three groups (each group 10 subjects): experimental group I (pyramidal training), experimental group II (flat pyramidal training)and control group. Both experimental groups took part in protocols of strength training (split method) for eight weeks and six sessions every week. The subjects of control group had their traditional training. The muscle strength and the triceps brachial thickness in three groups were measured before and after the training period. Paired-sample t test and one-way ANOVA were used to determine intergroup differences (P≤0.05) and Pearson correlation coefficient was applied determine the relationships of variables. The observations showed that the anterior-posterior (AP) diameter of the triceps brachial in both experimental groups increased (P

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic interval training on plasma immunoglobulins levels in 30 obese and non-obese young men. The subjects were divided into 2 groups: the obese group (n=15, mean age 23 yr, height 173 cm, weight 98 kg, body fat percent 28.6%) and non-obese group (n=15, mean age 21 yr, height 177 cm, weight 69 kg, body fat percent 12.5%). Both groups received aerobic interval training protocol for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, each session 90 minutes including 10 minutes of warm-up, 5 sets of 9-min running with 60-70% MHR, 4 minutes of passive recovery and 5-10 minutes of cooling down. The subjects’ blood samples were collected before and after the protocol to evaluate the levels of IgA, IgG and IgM. To compare the intra-group differences, dependent t test was used and independent t test was applied to compare inter-group differences at significance level of (P≤0.05). The results showed that 8 weeks of aerobic interval training with 60-70% MHR equally decreased IgG, IgM and IgA in both groups without any differences. The aerobic interval training did not induce a different effect in both groups. Consequently, the duration of this study might not be so sufficient that a suitable adaptation could not be reached and therefore training duration, training intensity and the primary levels of activity of participants can affect the results of study.

Concurrent increase in strength and endurance is one of the main factors of reaching the peak performance in paddlers. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of 8 weeks of resistance-paddling training and paddling training on some physiological characteristics and performance of paddlers. 16 female dragon boat paddlers were selected purposively and divided to resistance-paddling training group (n=9) and paddling training group (n=7). Resistance-paddling group participated in padding training along with resistance training for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, each session 90-120 min. The paddling group performed paddling training at the same time. Upper body anaerobic power, VO2max, hand grip strength, 1-RM of bench press and paddling and 500-meter paddling performance were measured before and after 8 weeks of training. ANCOVA was used to compare changes between the two groups and the significance level was 0.05. The results showed a significant increase in upper body anaerobic power and VO2max (40% and 23% respectively) in resistance-paddling training group which was significant compared with the control group (P=0.001). Hand grip strength did not change significantly in resistance-paddling group compared with the control group (P=0.1). 1-RM of bench press and paddling increased (36% and 16% respectively) in resistance-paddling group. The time of 500-m paddling performance significantly improved in resistance-paddling group (17.5%) compared with the paddling group (P=0.02). It seems that resistance-paddling training can improve performance through increased aerobic power, anaerobic power and paddler's strength.

This study aimed at determining the chronic and acute effect of submaximal pedaling activity along with blood flow restriction on serum BDNF, TNF-α and BDNF/TNF-α ratio in active men. 24 physical education students at Kharazmi University volunteered for the study. They were divided into three groups: pedaling with lower extremity vascular occlusion (n=8), pedaling without occlusion (n=8), and control (n=8). Subjects in the occlusion and non-occlusion groups exercised for 3 weeks, 3 sessions per week (9 sessions totally). Each session included three 3-min. phases of pedaling at 50% of maximum power (Wmax) with 30–45 s rest interval between each two phases. The pressure on the thigh in the occlusion group was 140–170 mmHg. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance and independent and dependent t tests were used. Results showed that leg vessels occlusion during submaximal pedaling had no significant differences on response of BDNF (P=0.290)¡ TNF-α (P=0.338) and their ratio (P=0.384) compared with the non-occlusion group. In addition, in the compatibility phase, there were no significant differences in BDNF (P=0.254)¡ TNF-α (P=0.338) and their ratio (P=0.384) among occlusion, non-occlusion and control groups. Results showed that local blood flow restriction had no positive or negative effects on the amounts of BDNF, TNF-α and their ratio.

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of endurance and resistance training on some inflammatory cytokines in overweight young women. 30 overweight young women (BMI≥25) were selected and randomly divided into three groups: endurance, resistance and control. The training groups practiced for 12 weeks and 3 sessions a week. The endurance training was designed by intensity of 60-75% of the target heart rate covering a distance from 1600 to 3200 meters, and the resistance training was designed from 50-60% of one maximum repetition with 12 repetitions and 4 sets. IL-6, TNF- α, body weight, fat percentage, BMI and the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) were measured before and after 12 weeks of training. The results showed that the endurance and resistance training had a significant effect on the body weight, body fat percentage, VO2max, IL-6 and TNF-α, except for BMI (P≤0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference between the effect of the resistance and endurance training. It seems that endurance and resistance training decrease the risk of non-infectious diseases in overweight young women with a significant decrease in the inflammatory cytokines.

Fatigue is an important factor to increase muscle mass and strength during resistance training. The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute response of fatigue indices to one session of isometric exercise with different intensities with/without blood flow restriction. 10 male healthy students (mean age: 24.9±2.5 years) participated in this study. The study protocol consisted of six 10-second isometric contractions and a 60-second rest interval between each two contractions. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess normality of the data and ANOVA test with repeated measures was used to detect significant changes in MPF, blood lactate, Borg index and MVC difference before and after the protocol among the three sessions .All the indices in session 2 were significantly different compared with other sessions but there were no significant differences between session 1 and 3. Results showed that isometric exercise with blood flow restriction can cause more fatigue than similar exercise with the same load without blood flow restriction. Fatigue indices in isometric exercise with 65% MVC with blood flow restriction were similar to isometric exercise with 100% MVC without blood flow restriction.