فصلنامه علوم زیستی ورزشی
پیاپی 31 (زمستان 1395)

KAATSU training is effective and beneficial to improve different physical factors and is associated with lower muscular injury and inflammation. So, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of KAATSU training and no blood flow restriction on changes of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1 and lactate in healthy young men. This study was semi-experimental with a repeated measurements design. It also used a counterbalance design. 10 young men (20-25 years old and BMI 21.36 kg/m2) were selected by a public call. KAATSU first session of resistance training started 72 hours after 1 RM was determined and blood pressure of quadriceps was evaluated. One week after the first session of KAATSU training, similar subjects performed the resistance training without blood flow restriction. Then, blood samples were collected in three phases to measure the mentioned variables. Results showed that lactate and growth hormone levels significantly increased in both groups especially after the second blood sampling (P

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on SYD gene expression in motor neurons of rats with diabetic neuropathy. 12 Wistar male rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups (each group 4 subjects): diabetic trained (DT), diabetic untrained (DC) and healthy control (HC). Two weeks after STZ injection to induce diabetes, diabetic neuropathy was demonstrated by behavioral tests and endurance training protocol was performed. Then, L4-L6 motor neurons of spinal cord tissue were removed, and SYD gene expression was analyzed with Real time-PCR methods. The findings showed that mean SYD gene expression in DC group was significantly higher than HC group. Also, SYD gene expression in DT group was significantly lower than DC group. Generally, it can be concluded that in motor neurons of diabetic rats, mRNA SYD up-regulation is involved in neuronal injury signaling and training as a non-pharmacotherapy strategy can modulate it and get it close to normal levels.

The purpose of this study was to survey of the physiologic and anthropometric profile of professional male Gymnasts in Kerman and Guilan provinces and comparing them with the norm. Subjects included 20 professional male gymnasts from Kerman and Guilan provinces with mean age 15.2±2.2 yrs, weight 51.35±13.24 kg and height 161.80±11.36 cm. Data were analyzed by using descriptive and inference Statistic (t student) at P

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of three types of resistance training program on girl's physical fitness. 30 girls were divided into 3 groups: plyometric training with vascular occlusion (PLO), plyometric training without vascular occlusion (PL) and power-resistance training (PR). Training programs were conducted for six weeks. Physical fitness tests were conducted before and after the training programs. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. The results indicated a significant increase in speed, explosive power and agility in all three groups. Increased speed in PLO (16.8%) had a significant difference compared with the PL (9.6%) and PR (7.3%). Explosive power in plyometric training groups (18.7 % in PL group and 18% in PLO group) had a significant difference compared with PR (4.6%). There was a significant difference in agility in PLO and PL groups (6.7% in PLO and 6.5% in PL group) compared to PR (3%). But, there were no significant differences among the three training groups in balance and anaerobic power. The plyometric training (either PLO or PL) had greater effects on speed, explosive power and agility in female athletes compared with PR training.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of swimming submaximal training and cadmium consumption on cardiac HIF1-α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in pregnant rats. 32 pregnant Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: cadmium, swimming, cadmium댈Ꚛ⧠ and control. Experimental groups performed the swimming protocol for 3 weeks, 5 sessions a week for 60 minutes per session. The cadmium administrated by cadmium chloride dissolved in water was consumed by cadmium and cadmium swimming groups. The levels of cardiac HIF1-α and VEGF were analyzed by ELIZA method. The results showed that cadmium administration alone and/or with swimming significantly increased HIF1-α and VEGF (P=0.001). Swimming alone significantly decreased HIF1-α while it significantly increased VEGF (P=0.001). A combination of swimming and cadmium consumption decreased the cadmium effects on HIF1-α (P=0.046) and VEGF (P=0.002). So, cadmium consumption may abnormally raise cardiac HIF1-α and VEGF of pregnant rats and swimming training may balance cadmium effects and protect their hearts.

Chronic inflammation is associated with the development of various diseases such as atherosclerosis and diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training on changes of C reactive protein (CRP) and cystatin C in male volleyball players. For this purpose, 20 volleyball players voluntarily participated in the study and were divided randomly into progressive resistance training (PRT, n=10) and control (Con, n=10) groups. PRT was conducted for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week with the intensity of 70% maximal repetition (1RM) and reached 90% 1RM by the 8th week. Blood samples were collected before and after PRT to analyze CRP and cystatin C in the plasma. The results showed that in the interaction of time× group, there was a significant difference in cystatin C (P=0.047). However, the effect of time and the effect of time x group were not significant in CRP (P>0.05). It can be concluded that 8 weeks of progressive resistance training reduced cystatin C as a new inflammatory index. However, this protocol had no effects on basal CRP concentration.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of consuming peppermint to improve symptoms of DOMS. For this purpose, 20 healthy male volunteer students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University (age: 21.37±1.7 years) were randomly divided into experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. The experimental group daily consumed 50 microliter of peppermint oil in 500 ml of mineral water for 10 days and the control group received similar amount of mineral water (placebo). 7 days after consumption, the exercise protocol was conducted with leg press and a weight equal to 80% of maximal isotonic force in 4 sessions till exhaustion. Before 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours after exercise protocol, the variables were measured. For intra-group comparison, ANOVA test with repeated measures was used and for comparison of inter-group differences, independent t test was applied with significance level (P˂0.05). Cohen's d test was used to estimate the size of effect. Results showed that 10 days of peppermint consumption did not prevent DOMS symptoms. But a significant decrease in the concentration of CPK and LDH, (P=0.001) enzymes, cortisol hormone (P=0.01) and pain and inflammation (P=0.001) of peppermint group compared with the control group. Maximal isotonic force in the excremental group significantly decreased compared with the control group (P=0.001). The knee joint range of motion in the experimental group showed less inflammation than the control group (P=0.05). Overall, the results showed that 10 days of peppermint oil consumption cannot prevent chemical, functional and physical symptoms of DOMS. But it can have beneficial effects in a period of recovery.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pre-cooling on physiological, functional and perceptual variables in men in an exhaustive intense activity in a warm environment. 10 healthy athlete men (mean age 23.40±1.89 yr, weight 69.80±8.94 kg, height 172±5.98 cm, body fat percentage 10.93±3.39) participated in a separate session in the laboratory; their vVO2max was determined and then they were divided into two groups. They exercised in a heated chamber at 38˚c and 50% humidity. A group wore an ice-vest before activity for 30 minutes in a warm place. After warm-up (speed: 50% vVO2max), the speed of the treadmill increased to vVO2max and continued until exhaustion. Heart rate, core body temperature, blood lactate, perceptual variables and Tmax were measured. To analyze the data, dependent t test, Bonferroni test and ANOVA with repeated measures were used (P=0.005). The results indicated that ice-vest had a significant effect on Tmax (P=0.005), RPE (P=0.029) and TSS (P=0.001) and improve performance by 27%. But it had no significant effect on core body temperature (P=0.194), blood lactate (P=0.051) and HR (P=1.00). Overall, the results showed that pre-cooling had an effect on functional and perceptual variables but no significant effects on physiological variables.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute plyometric exercise with and without vitamin C supplementation on serum BDNF concentration in inactive men. In this semi-experimental study, 36 inactive men were randomly divided into four groups: vitamin笗ꭲ⬞ (combination), vitamin C, exercise, and control. The exercise and combination groups performed the selected plyometric protocol. Also, vitamin and combination groups consumed a 500-mg vitamin C capsule daily for 1 week. Blood samples were collected before and after the exercise protocol in order to measure BDNF. BDNF levels were measured by a laboratory kit and ELIZA method. Independent t test, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to compare the differences of the groups. Serum BDNF levels significantly changed after consumption of vitamin C and acute plyometric exercise compared with control group. Also, vitamin C consumption with no exercise significantly increased serum BDNF; but plyometric exercise alone could not significantly change serum BDNF concentration. It seems that plyometric exercise with vitamin C may be beneficial to extend cognitive and functional benefits of the brain.