نشریه مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 1 (تابستان 1388)

The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between participative management factors and employee's job motivation. The study was based on the correlational descriptive method and was carried out as a field study. The population (N=122) included all employees in the physical education offices in West Azerbaijan. The sample consisted of 98 employees who filled out the questionnaires and sent them back to the researcher. For data collection, two valid and highly reliable (r = 0.84, participative management) and (r = 0.87, job motivation) questionnaires were applied. The findings of the chi-square analyses implied a significant relationship between participative management factors (participation in decision – making, human relations, organization climate) and job motivation (P<0.05).

The purpose of this study was to identify Iran NOC strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, issues and challenges it confronts. Document analysis, relevant literature review, surveys, PEST SCAN (? = 0.9748), SWOT analysis and meetings were used to collect the data. 150 NOC stakeholders including 50 members of general assemblies, 80 managers and staff members and 20 elites were selected and surveyed. By Delphi method, meetings and several strategic analyzing steps, 11 strengths, 10 eaknesses, 12 opportunities and 12 threats were recognized and ranked by Friedman test. In addition, results indicated that Iran NOC confronted issues and challenges in those areas such as financial and marketing, right status in Iran sport, influence of political subjects on the performance of sport organizations, support of elite athletes and coaches, talent identification and development system in sport, international competitors, national sport mass media, ethical issues and doping in some sports, and dependence of national sport federations. Developing strategic plans and appropriate strategies are recommended to maximize the use of strengths and opportunities, to resolve weaknesses and to help reduce the effects of some of these issues and challenges.

Sport and fitness centers are customer-orientated organizations and customer satisfaction has been suggested as one of the crucial concepts for the success of organizations. The purpose of the present study is to investigate and compare customers’ satisfaction of private and public health clubs for men in Tehran. The statistical population included the customers of private and public health clubs in Tehran who had a sport background for at least 6 months. For sampling, we selected 481 customers randomly and based on the cluster method. Research tool was a questionnaire. Results showed a significant difference in the overall customer satisfaction between private and public health clubs. The results indicated a significant difference in the customer satisfaction of social, equipment, quality of employees’ behavior, training programs, fee and accessibility factors between private and public health clubs. Therefore, there was no significant difference in customer satisfaction of health factors between private and public body building clubs.

Today recruitment, organization and maintenance of volunteer are the goals in sport management and human resources. The purpose of this study was to survey motivational factors, satisfaction and burnout among sporting volunteers in Iran. The population of this research consisted of 260 volunteers of sport associations in Fars province. 74 individuals were selected as the sample of this study by cluster sampling. In this survey, we used four questionnaire (burnout questionnaire was developed by Pines (1984) and consisted of 21 items, motivation of volunteers questionnaire was developed by Kulik (2007) and consisted of 27 items, satisfaction questionnaire of Omoto and Synder (1995) and demographic Questionnaire. The reliability was measured by alpha Cronbach (r=0.81, 0.87, 0.75) at P=0.05. The data were analyzed by the descriptive method and hypotheses were tested by MANOVA and correlation. The findings showed that family-support factor was scored as highest and appreciation factor as lowest among volunteers. There was a significant relationship between empowerment and family-support, perceived rewards, appreciation. Also, satisfaction and burnout were higher in females than males. There was a significant relationship between empowerment, lack of appreciation and perceived rewards to satisfaction. The results also showed a significant relationship between religion, empowerment, perceived rewards and lack of appreciation to burnout.

The aim of this study was to explore the effect of natural sport attractions on developing sport tourism in Iran. Data were collected from three groups: 1. tourism experts of Cultural Inheritance and Tourism Organization (n = 37) 2. experts of active travel agencies in the field of tourism (n = 60) 3. sport experts of ten sport federations (swimming, horse riding, hunting, track and field, skiing, golf, general sports, mountaineering, cycling and boating, n = 30). A self- administered questionnaire was distributed among samples. Finally, 112 questionnaires were filled out. The data were analyzed by factor analysis. From the viewpoint of these three groups of experts, "attractions related to hiking" (load=0.79), "attractions related to shore, water and summer sports" (load =0.78), "attractions related to deserts and salt deserts" (load=0.75) and "attractions related to hunting" (load=0.75), were of the greatest importance in sport tourism development in Iran. Findings of this research showed that those attractions which were less affected by seasonality in Iran and as a result had longer sport tourism season and various activities were provided during those attractions, are of the great importance in the development of sport tourism in Iran.

These days women’s participation in social activities has increased in Iranian society. However, in spite of a rising trend in this area, women’s participation in sport activities has been limited. Due to the key role of sport in women’s health which leads to the health of the future generation, this subject must be analyzed and possible actions must be taken to empower their active participation in sport areas. Therefore, the barriers affecting women’s participation in sport activities were identified in five dimensions: social, cultural, personal, family and facility-economic by a review of the related literature, experts’ ideas and Delphi technique. Due to the large society of women, this research was conducted among female university students. At the end, based on research findings, several suggestions were presented.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the disclosure of aggressive behaviors among soccer players of "Pegah club" in Guilan and to consider some factors and situations during professional soccer league competitions in Iran. For this purpose, 15 home competitions of “Pegah” team in professional league (season 2005-6) were selected as the sample of this study. Six individuals were also selected as judges, who were familiar with soccer and common aggressive behaviors. These judges attended the stadium, and during direct watching of the competitions, they recorded the player's physical and verbal ggressive behaviors. A researcher-made questionnaire (inspired by Roberts et al.'s (1999) aggressiveness checklist) was used to register the aggressive behaviors. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and LSD post-hoc at P?0.05. The results of the study indicated no significant difference between the prevalence of physical and verbal aggressive behaviors. However, the results of the competitions affected the player's aggressive behaviors. It means that both physical and verbal aggressiveness were committed more in competitions with equal scores rather than win or loss. In addition, the score of the previous competitions did not have much effect on these behaviors. In other words, the aggressive behaviors of the “Pegah” team players were almost the same as the players of the teams in high, low, and middle of the classification schedule of the league. However, there were significant differences among different posts of this team: these behaviors were more committed in halfback posts. In summary, the results of this study indicated that the authorities of the competitions and team managers should take these two factors into account in the guidance of the sound behaviors among athletes.

The purpose of this research was to analyze and model an evaluation for Handball National Team Coaches in Iran via the path analysis method. The research methodology was descriptive and a survey. The research instrument was a questionnaire which consisted of 108 closed items. The questionnaire was distributed among 12 sport management professors of universities in order to determine the content validity and then it was distributed among the subjects. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach' alpha (? = 0.97, P<0.01.) 105 out of 120 questionnaires were completed and returned. After data were collected by exploratory factor analysis method, five factors were identified. On this basis, the evaluation of Handball National Team coaches was modeled. To test the assumption, X2 statistic was used and for this model, value of K2 equaled 0.35. This value was less than the critical value of K2 and a freedom degree of 1 equaling 6.63 as well as P>0.05 confirmed the model. In this model, individual characteristics, sport, moral and personal experiences were identified as exogenous variables and factors of human, social, and technical specifications were identified as endogenous variables by path analysis method.

The main purpose of this research was to study the burnout of referees among Iranian soccer super league referees and to determine its relationship to their stress level. In this respect, it was decided to use the revised questionnaire of burnout (Winnerberg and Richardson, 1992) and referee's stress level questionnaire (Nosy, 1994). Personal characteristics questionnaire was also devised when its content validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability was tested by Cronbach's alpha (0.82). 32 referees were randomly selected from all the referees in Iranian Soccer super League (N=35) and 30 questionnaires were filled out and returned (%93.75). The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent T, ANOVA, Correlation coefficient) (P<0.05). After analyzing data, the average score for burnout and referees’ stress in Iranian Soccer super League was 52.53 and 76.39 respectively (The maximum score of burn out and stress level was 112 and 100 respectively). Also, there was a significant relationship between burnout and referees’ stress level (r = 0.45, P<0.013). Eventually, the results showed that stress is a suitable factor to predict burnout. In addition, Iranian referees have a high stress level during their judgment.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors which affect the development of internal sport tourism in Iran. The sample was composed of 59 graduated experts and Ph.D students of sport management. In this study, 52 factors related to the sport tourism were found and classified into 12 areas. In order to achieve the research goals, a questionnaire was used. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were examined and approved (?= 0.93). For data analysis, some statistical techniques such as Delphi method, Friedman and Spearman correlation were used. The results of the current study indicated that customer service, safety and accommodation were the most important areas in internal sport tourism. Education, economy and tourism attractions bore the most correlation with other factors.

Understanding the occupational attitudes has been one of the most important challenges of management science during the last few decades. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between organizational commitment and locus of control in physical education academic members working for Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology in Iran. Meyer’s organizational commitment questionnaire as well as Lavenson’s locus of control questionnaire was used for the research population including 265 subjects. 220 subjects (83%) returned the questionnaires. Statistical analysis showed a positive relationship between organizational commitment and internal locus of control (P<0.01). A negative relationship was found between external locus of control and organizational commitment (P<0.01).

The purpose of this study was to identify the barriers to revenues from sponsorship in Iran Football industry. For this purpose, the researchers interviewed knowledgeable elites using a qualitative research method (n=30). Data collection was continued until theoretical saturation. In accordance with qualitative research principles, data analysis and data collection were performed simultaneously. Results demonstrated that the most important barriers to revenues from sponsorship not only were the structure and management system of football industry, but also environmental barriers had an important role in a lack of development in sponsorship revenues. The most important barriers originated in economic structure of our country, some legal problems, governmental ownership of clubs, the structure and human resources of football industry, marketing management, football match planning, facilities for football industry, etc.

The purpose of this study is to examine the opinions of physical education students and sport employers about the role of syllabus and content of lessons in the entrepreneurship of graduate physical education students. The research aimed to answer this question: Can the lesson contents have an effective role in creating an entrepreneurial ability among graduate physical education students. The research method was descriptive. 260 students and 49 sport employers who served as our statistical sample were selected from the sport sector of Ardabil province. For data collection, a researcher-made questionnaire including 44 closed-answer questions was used for students. The questionnaire was based on the 5-point Likert scale. The employers received the same questionnaire as well as two open-ended questions. The validity of these questionnaires were examined and approved by physical education professors and its reliability was obtained by Cronbach's alpha coefficient as 73%. The results showed no significant difference between two groups of employers (trainers and central managers) in their opinions about the conformity of physical education syllabus with job requirements (T=2.92, P=0.56), educational strategies through entrepreneurial centers (T=0.68, P=0.35) and the role of physical education faculties in improving entrepreneurial activities among graduate students (T=0.20, P=1.59). It is necessary to teach entrepreneurship to physical education students, to create an interactive situation among learning environments, to revise and modify syllabus and lesson contents according to social requirements, and to legislate laws that can support student's innovations in sport.

The purpose of this research was to study the relationship between school climate and burnout of physical educators in Rasht city. Subjects included 134 physical educators of Rasht city (sample=population). They were evaluated with two standard questionnaires: Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire (OCDQ-RS) with high validity (?=82%) and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) with high validity (?=85%). The data were analyzed by Spearman correlation coefficient and U Mann-Whitney test (P<0.05). The results showed a significant negative relationship between school climate and burnout (r = -0.27, P<0.01), between school climate and its dimensions (engaged teacher behavior, intimate teacher behavior and supportive principle behavior) (r = -0.26, P<0.01) and between school climate and job burnout (r = -0.26, P<0.01), but a significant positive relationship between principal's directive behavior and burnout (r = 0.32, P<0.01) and between teacher's hopeless behavior and burnout (r = 0.28, P<0.01). Also, a significant negative relationship was observed between open school climate and emotional exhaustion (r = -0.45, P<0.01) and between open school climate and depersonalization (r = -0.58, P<0.01). There was a significant positive relationship between open school climate and personal accomplishments (r = 0.78, P<0.01). So, it is necessary to pay sufficient attention to open school climate in order to reduce stress and burnout of physical educators.

The purpose of this research was to survey the relationship between organizational learning and performance among experts of Physical Education Organization of Iran. In order to achieve the research goals, Yang et al. (2004) organization learning and performance questionnaire was used. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were determined: Organization learning questionnaire? = 0.871 and performance questionnaire? = 0.84. The sample of this study consisted of 169 experts of Physical Education Organization. For data analysis, some statistical techniques such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Pearson correlation were used. Findings showed a positive and significant relationship between continuous learning and organizational performance (P<0.05, r= 0.423). Also, between other dimensions of learning (team learning, empowerment, communication in system and strategic leadership) and organizational performance, there was a positive and significant relationship. The findings of this research showed the organizational learning and it dimensions (individual learning, team learning, organizational learning) as an important factor to increase the level of Performance in Physical Education Organization experts.