نشریه مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 11 (زمستان 1390)

Today, a correct understanding and skills necessary to reform affairs as well as a culture based on knowledge and continuous learning in the organizations are important elements in the management of sports organizations. So the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between triple management skills (conceptual, humanistic, technical) and organizational learning in managers of Physical Education Organization and to present a model based on analytical hierarchy progress (AHP). This study was correlation and field. The statistical population consisted all physical education organization experts (N = 300) and sport management experts (M = 10) and 126 subjects were determined as the sample by systematic sampling. A researcher-made questionnaire of triple management skills (α=0.96), Marquardt organizational learning questionnaire (α=0.97) and the researcher-made questionnaire of AHP were used to collect the data. Spearman correlation coefficient and multivariable regression were used to analyze the data. Results showed a significant relationship between conceptual skills and organizational learning (rho=0.364, P<0.01). Regression results showed that 42.8% of organizational learning variance was related to triple management skills and conceptual skills was the most important predictor of organizational learning changes (β=1.002, P<0.001). The analysis of organizational learning components by software Expert Choice II and AHP method showed that organizational culture (mean weight of 0.4096) was the first priority. It can be concluded that management skills and the familiarity of the managers with prioritizing organizational learning components play an important role in organizational efficiency.

Many factors affect privatization of sports clubs. The aim of this research was to identify social and legal factors affecting privatization of sports clubs and to prioritize them with AHP method. For this purpose, the effective factors were collected with library and field study; a decision hierarchy tree was drawn and a questionnaire was designed. Consistency rate under 0.1 was a sign of adaptation to judgments. Since experts should prioritize the effective factors, 45 experts were identified and completed the questionnaires. The results showed that legal factors (0.618 weight) prioritized social factors (weight 0.382). In the general model, percentage of sport importance in economic-social developmental plans, lack of necessary laws to implement the process of transference, the adaptation of appropriate methods in different implementing stages and disturbing rules and regulations had the highest priorities among 12 factors. This prioritization can help chief executive officers to privatize sports clubs.

The aim of this study was to compare mental health, quality of life and emotional intelligence in physical education teachers and non-physical education teachers in Kermanshah. This study was carried out by a causal-comparative and field method. The statistical population of this study comprised all the teachers of Kermanshah (972 physical education teachers and 2854 non-physical education teachers). Morgan table determined 280 physical education teachers and 350 non-physical education teachers as the sample. In order to collect the data, demographic characteristics questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Quality of life Questionnaire (SF-36) and Bradbury and Grays’ Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire were used. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics such as independent sample t test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were used to analyze the data. The results revealed a significant difference in quality of life and the components between physical education teachers and non-physical education teachers (P<0.005), in emotional intelligence and the components (P<0.005) and in mental health and the components (P<0.005). In most of the factors, physical education teachers received higher mean scores than non-physical education teachers. Generally, it can be concluded that physical activity can probably improve mental factors such as mental health, quality of life and emotional intelligence.

In order to analyze sport factors which increase productivity in sport centers, three questionnaires including personal information, identity of sport centers and the factors affecting productivity in these centers (7 axles) were prepared. After their validity (Cronbach’s alpha 0.835) had been determined, they were distributed among sports teachers in Hamedan. In order to analyze the collected data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics such as Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used. The results showed human factor (mean 412.73), physical factor (mean 374.30), management (mean 338.63), planning (mean 337.50), control and supervision (mean 208.06), maintenance (mean 137.51) and financial factor (mean 130.27) respectively had an effect on productivity of sport centers. The result of this research was consistent with most researches on productivity.

This study aimed at estimating the rate of creativity of sport organization managers regarding organizational culture. 46 managers in Physical Education Office of East Azerbaijan voluntary filled out organizational culture of Robbins, Rendsip creativity and demographic questionnaires. Statistical analysis of data (e.g. Pearson correlation coefficient) indicated a significant relationship between organizational culture indicators and managers’ creativity (P<0.01) and organizational culture changed creativity by 75.6%. Statistical analysis of data (e.g. Kruskal-Wallis, Mann – Whitney U and Pearson Correlation) indicated that no significant relationship between demographic characteristics of managers (gender, age, educational level, field of study, job tenure) and the managers’ creativity.

The safety of sport halls in physical education faculties is important from two perspectives: first, students spend a long time in these sport halls to learn a sport filed; second, they should learn sport safety standards as the future experts. The aim of this research was to study physical education students’ viewpoints on safety in sport halls of physical education faculties of universities in Tehran. The study was of a descriptive field nature and the statistical population included 541 B.A. students in the last year of their education at state universities in Tehran (second semester of 1386-87). 442 subjects were selected as the statistical sample by classified sampling. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the students’ viewpoints and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the safety was low in sport halls with no significant difference between male and female students and between athletes and non-athletes. Many sport injuries of physical education students resulted from a lack of safety in sport halls and this fact can influence managers’ decisions. Also, the final model of the study was designed considering the following components: maintenance of sport centers, review of documents, education of individuals and proper action in an emergency. This model can help sport managers promote safety of physical and educational activities and analyze safety of sport halls so that necessary safety actions can be predicted and safety of sport halls in physical education faculties can be compared.

One of the methods to recognize national background and roots, also to maintain historical and cultural nature is to study different dimensions of physical, martial and athletic activities in ancient Iran. The aim of the present study was to identify different sport fields and equipment in ancient Iran using content analysis of nine versions of Ferdowsi’s “Shahnameh” and related literature. Also, verses of “Shahnameh” were selected and analyzed as the sample for every sport equipment and field. The results indicated that among 13 martial-athletic pieces of equipments repeated 3571 times in “Shahnameh”, sword and thorn (26% repetition), bow and arrow (20% repetition) were the most important martial- athletic Iranian pieces of equipment. Also, among seven common sport fileds repeated 374 times in “Shahnameh”, hunting (30% repetition), walking (25% repetition), and game of polo (11% repetition) were the most important physical activities in Iranians. Among six common sport techniques, the highest tecjniques were allocated to wrestling and technique of chest to chest (80% repetition) occupied the first place. In addition, the study of martial-athletic characteristics of champions in “Shahnameh” indicated that among 4755 repetitions of these characteristics, horseback riding (23% repetition) gained the first rank. The results of this study indicated that the Iranians used variety of skills, and applied different pieces of equipment and techniques in martial – athletic activities.

The aim of this study was to identify motivational and personality factors and to assess membership in volunteering and socialization factors in sport volunteers. This study was of a descriptive field nature. The population consisted of 260 sport volunteers in sport association of Fars province. 74 subjects were selected as the sample by cluster sampling. Questionnaire of motivation of volunteers by Liat Kulik (2007), Questionnaire of Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) by Gosling, Rentfrow and Swann (2003) and the researcher-made questionnaire of social effect and demographic questionnaire were used to collect data. Sport management and psychology professors confirmed the validity of the questionnaires and the reliability of the questionnaires were determined as r=0.81, 0.82, 0.81) (=0.05) in a pilot study. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics such as Pearson correlation coefficient. The findings showed that family support was the most important and appreciation was the least important factor in volunteers. Most volunteers were extraverts. Females gained higher mean scores in all three factors of social effect than men did. There was a significant relationship between religion and social effect. There was no significant relationship between empowerment and appreciation with all the other variables. There was a significant relationship between respect for rules and regulations with agreeableness and extraversion. It is suggested that if managers can combine recreation and voluntary work, motivation of volunteers will improve and good citizenship and economic benefits will increase.