نشریه مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 14 (پاییز 1391)

This study aimed to investigate gender orientation with regard to news management components and women sport reports in sport newspapers in Iran. The method of this research was content analysis. Statistical population of this research consisted of five Iranian highly published sport newspapers in 2009 and the sample (3269 news) was selected using cluster sampling method. Coding sheets were used to collect the data; the validity was approved by sport management and communications experts and the reliability was 90%. Square test was used to analyze data. New management components consisted of using pictures for the news, the place of news in the newspaper, being up-to-date, news orientation, title valuing, new financing and news content. The results of this study showed that women had lower share in each component of the news management in the newspapers. The theoretical aspects of this study relied upon sociological theories of Collins, Chafetz and Greendorfer who believed that the main reason for gender orientation in every society is power achievement by males and social beliefs.

The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between service quality and satisfaction of spectators in host stadiums of AFC championship league. The method of research was descriptive – correlation. The sample of the research consisted of 1443 spectators in host stadiums of the AFC championship league in 2009 season (Azadi in Tehran, Fuladshahr in Isfahan, and Yadegar-e-Imam in Qom) who were selected by the purposive and available sampling. The researcher-made questionnaire of service quality and satisfaction was used to collect data; the reliability was calculated as 0.84 using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression. The results showed a significant relationship between the access to service, security, design and attractiveness of the stadiums with satisfaction of the spectators (P<0.001) and between cleanness of the stadiums, the behaviour of management and executive staff with satisfaction of the spectators (P<0.001). As customers’ satisfaction have many advantages for clubs and teams in sport industry, football clubs like service institutes must consider customers’ satisfaction as an important criterion to measure the quality of their service. Thus, it is necessary for clubs and their managers to try their best to promote the level of service to their fans who are the main treasure and the most important source of income and to maintain and continue their attendance in the stadiums through satisfying them.

Coaches have great influence on their teams, and their leadership styles and behaviors have a great effect on the performance of their athletes. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between coaches’ leadership styles and group cohesion in selected student teams in Urmia city. The sample of the study consisted of 75 high school students who completed two questionnaires of this study: leadership scale for sport (LSS Chelladuria & Saleh, 1980) and group environment questionnaire (GEQ, Carron, Widmeyer & Brawley, 1985). LSS contains 40 items that measure five dimensions of leadership styles (training and instruction, democratic behavior, autocratic behavior, social support and positive feedback. The GEQ with 18 items assessed two dimensions of task cohesion and social cohesion. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was utilized to examine the internal reliability of LSS (r= 0.82) and GEQ (r=0.81). Data were analyzed with one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonfferoni post hoc test at P<0.05. The results showed that coaches used training and instruction leadership style more and democratic style less than other styles. There was a positive significant relationship between social support (r=0.49; r=0.37), training and instruction (r=0.56, r=0.38) and positive feedback (r=0.34; r=0.33) with task and social cohesion and a negative significant relationship between autocratic style (r= -0.17, r= -0.18) with task and social cohesion. The results of this study and previous studies showed that coaches’ leadership styles and behaviors had a great effect on team cohesion and coaches play an important role in developing team cohesion.

The aim of the present study was to survey and compare safety standards of sport spaces and equipment of different educational levels in Tehran schools and to provide strategies to eliminate probable problems and to use them properly. This survey was a descriptive survey. The statistical population included all sports spaces of schools in Tehran. 289 schools were selected as the sample by multistage systematic sampling. Researcher-made checklists were used to collect data. Safety was investigated through five factors including inside the field and surfaces, privacy and lines, design and dimensions, facilities and coverage and equipment. Descriptive statistics were determined to determine the safety condition of different factors and Kruskal Wallis and U-Mann-Whitney tests to evaluate the safety condition of different educational levels by SPSS11. Research results showed a wide range of observation and lake of observation of safety standards in the various factors. A significant difference was observed in safety status of different education levels (P<0.05), that is, guidance schools and high schools had better conditions than primary schools. Considering the research results and the importance of physical activity and reported deficits, safety solutions were provided using school playground safety guidelines.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between organizational learning culture, motivation to learn and internal service quality in selected federations. For this purpose, Di Xie (2005) questionnaire was used. After a pilot study, the reliability of the questionnaire was determined using Cronbach’s alpha test (α=0.95). Statistical population consisted of all staff of swimming, basketball, handball, judo, track and field and gymnastics federations and the sample equalled the population. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis (frequency distribution tables and graphs, Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression). Findings showed a positive and significant relationship between organizational learning culture (P<0.01, r=0.688), motivation to learn (P<0.01, r=0.530) and internal service quality (P<0.05). It is suggested that human resource managers and leaders of organizations apply strategies to implement these variables and to improve the internal service quality of employees.

The aim of the present research was to study the effective factors of corruption in sport organizations and Football Federation of Iran was selected as the case study. Research method was descriptive application survey and all staff of Football Federation of I.R. Iran (N=131) were considered as the population while the sample equalled the population. To collect data, a questionnaire (Khodadad Hosseini and Farhadinijad, 2001) was used. The validity and reliability (α=0.87) of the questionnaire was examined and approved. For data analysis, binominal and Friedman tests were used. Findings showed that cultural factors played the most important role in the emergence and growth of administrative corruption (P<0.05). Among different approaches to control administrative corruption, privatization played the most important role (P<0.05).

The aim of this study was to survey employees’ readiness working in physical education offices in west and East Azerbaijan and Ardebil provinces for accepting total quality management (TQM). The study was a descriptive survey and the sample consisted of 125 employees (45 females and 80 males) working in physical education offices of the three mentioned provinces. Spinwall (1994) questionnaire including ten variables of TQM (each variable consisted of four questions) was used to collect data. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined as 0.84 using alpha Cronbach method. Descriptive statistics, t test, one-way ANOVA and Kruskal – Wallis test (P≤0.05) were used to analyze data. Results showed that the employees from three selected provinces had a high level of readiness to accept TQM (mean: 128.42). There was a significant difference in TQM acceptance among employees with different job careers (P≤0.05). Also, there was only a significant difference in continuous improvement variable among the employees of three provinces.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between autonomy-supportive behaviours of coaches and sport commitment of Iranian elite fencing players. This study used a descriptive correlation field method. The statistical population were comprised of all fencing players of premier league in Iran and the statistical sample equalled the population (n=114). In order to collect data, demographic questionnaire, autonomy-supportive behaviour in sport questionnaire (α=0.83) and sport commitment questionnaire (α=0.86) were used. Descriptive methods were used to analyze the data and in order to determine the relationship, Pearson correlation coefficient and to compare, independent t test were used. The results showed a significant relationship between the autonomy–supportive behaviours of coaches and sport commitment (r=0.617, P<0.01). Also, the findings showed a significant different in the amount of autonomy–supportive behaviours of coaches and the sport commitment between successful and unsuccessful teams (P<0.01). Generally, autonomy-supportive behaviour of coaches was an important factor in athletes’ sport commitment.

The aim of this study was to survey sport sponsorship objectives of super league sponsors of Iran. The method of this study was descriptive correlation. The statistical population consisted of all sponsors who sponsored 9 active sport fields in super league. The sample consisted of 134 sponsors. A research-made questionnaire was used to collect data; its content and face validity was confirmed by 15 sport management and sponsorship experts. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was used to test the reliability of the questionnaire (α=0.92). Factor analysis with a varimax rotation was used to analyze the data. A 5-point Likert scale was filled out by managers, marketing managers or financial managers of organizations or companies that sponsored the sport teams. 26 variables were selected and classified into four categories “broad objectives, marketing objectives, media–advertising objectives and relationship–environmental objectives” by factor analysis. The findings showed that the most important objective was “improving corporate reputation” (mean=4.20, SD=1.30) and the least important objective was “challenge and advertising competition in media” (mean=2.83, SD=1.30). So sponsored sport organizations should pay attention to achieve sponsors’ objectives so that their win-win relationships and cooperation can be maintained and continued.

It is usual to rank the participating countries in Olympic Games in accordance with the number of medals they have won. But it should be mentioned that achieving competition output (medals acquired) is possible only through utilization of input and appropriate processes. So, lower input should be considered along with higher outputs to evaluate more precisely and regularly. In this study, one of non-parametric techniques, namely data envelopment analysis (DEA) method, was used to design a model to evaluate the performance of participating countries in Olympic Games and to eliminate this problem. The model considered two inputs (GDP per capita and population) and three outputs (number of gold, silver and bronze medals acquired) to evaluate the performance of the participating countries. The data used to test the model related to the performance of countries in Athens Olympics (2004). The results of implementing this model showed that out of 73 countries participating in Athens Olympic Games which had achieved at least one medal, nine countries achieved maximum efficiency using this model.