نشریه مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 18 (پاییز 1392)

The aim of this study was to assess cultural intelligence of volunteers for sport events. The method applied in this research was descriptive – analytical. The statistical population consisted of all sport volunteers at the 10th cultural-sport Olympiad of Iranian male and female university students. Due to the low number of statistical population, the sample equaled the population (N=120). Cultural intelligence was measured by 20-item Ang et al. (2004) questionnaire. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was approved by 12 university professionals and in a pilot study, the reliability of the questionnaire was estimated as α=0.72 by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze data. The research hypotheses were analyzed by Friedman test and one–way ANOVA. The results showed that the mean of volunteer's cultural intelligence was 3.5±0.42 and also the observed difference in the priorities of cultural intelligence dimensions was significant (X2=57.1, P<0.01). Accordingly, motivational cultural intelligence was the first priority (3.86±0.61) and cognitive cultural intelligence was the last priority (3.31±0.57). Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the metacognitive cultural intelligence between those who had lower than one year of volunteer work experience and those who had one year of volunteer work experience (P˂0.05). The results of this study can create a good vision of the importance of developing cultural intelligence in volunteers for volunteer managers, can be used for appropriate strategies of human resources that are involved in cross–cultural interactions and can open a new course for university studies.

The main aim of this study was to identify and present indicators and standards necessary for security management of sport facilities. These standards were recognized via a set of interviews and questionnaires through Delphi method. The revised questionnaire of Panteza et al. (2003) with 0.89 of reliability and interviews were used to collect data. The subjects were selected from purposeful samples for both interviews and questionnaire. The sample consisted of 281 sport managers, security officers, sport referees, sport experts and athletes who were selected purposefully in Isfahan province. The results showed that 11 main variables including control of outer environment of stadiums (M=4.39), evaluation of competition status (M=4.76), inspection of equipment and facilities (M=4.51), body conservation systems (M=4.41), risk management (M=4.28), the compilation of treatment laws (M=4.79), welfare facilities (M=4.48), effective communication with spectators (M=4.73), special training of security officials (M=4.88), general instruction of spectators and players (M=4.36), simulation and modeling (M=3.98), to severely control and prevent the entrance of explosive materials to the sport environment (M=3.8) were the important indicators in security management of sport facilities. Also, there was a significant relationship between security indicators and spectator's comfort (R=0.294, P≤0.05) (effect=58%).

The aim of this research was to determine the role of spiritual leadership in empowering the employees of Sport and Youth Organization in Hamadan province. The research method was of a descriptive and correlation type. The statistical population of the research included 150 employees of Sport and Youth Organization in Hamadan province. 180 subjects were selected as the sample by Morgan and Krejcie table. Shapiro and Wilk statistical methods, Pearson correlation and stepwise regression were used to analyze data. The results showed a direct and significant relationship between spiritual leadership and all its dimensions with the empowerment of the staff. Also, stepwise regression results showed that the dimensions of organization membership, meaningfulness in work, organizational vision, faith in work, performance feedback could explain the variance related to the empowerment, but love to altruism and organizational commitment were not involved in the prediction. Therefore, it can be said that the empowerment of staff is a strategic aim to achieve organizational visions and missions so the spiritual leadership plays an important role in achieving these goals. Sport managers are advised to involve staff in decision-making processes of their organization in order to strengthen their empowerment and efficiency.

This study examined the relationship between tourist's motivations and satisfaction in Tehran ski resorts. The study was a descriptive study and of correlation kind and conducted as a field study. The statistical population consisted of all tourists of Tehran ski resorts (Dizin, Shemshak, Tochal and Abali). According to the estimates of the managers of these ski resorts, the statistical population was approximately considered 10,000 subjects. 370 tourists were selected as the sample using Morgan table. A total of 400 questionnaires were distributed and 362 acceptable questionnaires were returned. To gather data, a questionnaire from the doctoral dissertation of Wei–Ku Yeh (2008) was used. For data analysis of demographic features, descriptive and inferential statistics including confirmatory factor analysis, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression were used. Findings showed a positive significant relationship between tourist's motivations and satisfaction. Among the dimensions of tourist's motivation, the professional skill was a stronger predictor of tourist's satisfaction.

The aim of this research was to recognize the experiences of managers, experts and athletes about the reasons for the failure of Iran in 2008 Beijing Olympics in the area of human and financial resources. The method of research was qualitative and was performed in a semi–organized style. Research statistical population contained three categories of athletes participating in Beijing Olympics (n=55), senior and intermediate managers of Physical Education Organization, National Olympic Committee and Olympic Federations (n=70), and sport experts. Sampling for every group began with the purposeful selection of the first participant and continued as snowball till a saturated level of data. So, researcher reached data saturation with 5 interviews in athlete and experts groups and 6 interviews in managers group. To analyze the data obtained from interviews, after the initial transcription, editing and encoding, open encoding and axial encoding methods were used to categorize viewpoints in identical dimensions and conceptual groups. The results showed that the major problems in the area of human resources were 'not to be of a sporting nature' and 'for managers to have multiple jobs'. Financial resources allocated were sufficient for the Olympics but the major problem in this area was inefficient management of financial resources.

The aim of this research was to study those motivations underlying computer sport games in the youth. This study used a survey and cross – sectional method. The population consisted of 302 students of Yazd University. The data were collected by the revised scale of computer sport games. Results of the empirical test of the scale distributed among the participants in computer sport games showed that the items formed a reliability higher than 0.75. Pearson correlation test demonstrated a relationship between variables (entertainment, social interaction, being interesting, cognitive application, identification, competition and escape from monotony) and participation in computer sport games (0.268). The stepwise regression findings revealed that entertainment (R=0.404, R2=0.163, R2(ad)=0.16, F=58.529, P=0.001, estimation error=1.077 and coefficient of variation R=0.163 in the first place and social interaction (R=9.454, R2=0.206, R2(ad)=0.201, F=16.169, P=0.001, estimation error=1.050 and coefficient of variation R=0.043 in the second place were the dominant variables of computer sport games. These two components accounted for 20.1% of the variance of the computer sport games. The stepwise regression analysis showed that entertainment (B=0.367, p<0.001) and social interaction (B=0.210, P<0.05) could explain a part of variable variance. But the computer sport games variables could not explain much of the variance of the variables under study. Therefore, other variables should receive more attention.

The aim of this research was to investigate the satisfaction and loyalty of female bodybuilders towards domestic and foreign sport garments considering garments characteristics. In other words, this research attempted to answer this question that which characteristics rise female athlete's satisfaction from sport garments with special brands and consequently their loyalty so that the obtained results could be used to improve the quality and to sell domestic products. This research was a descriptive survey conducted as a field study. The statistical population consisted of 340 female athletes in bodybuilding clubs of north and south of Tehran and the sample equaled the population. A questionnaire made by researchers was used to collect data after its validity and reliability had been approved. To test research hypotheses, Kendall and Pearson correlation coefficients with SPSS16 were used. The results showed that the most females (80%) chose foreign sport garments as their favorite product and the reasons were appropriate quality, design and price design. The price was the most important factor in this regard. Also, the results of Kendall correlation coefficient showed a significant relationship between product characteristics (quality, price, aesthetic design) and being domestic. Also, there was a significant relationship between athlete's satisfaction and loyalty towards the products and being domestic. In addition, Pearson results showed a significant relationship between satisfaction from the products and loyalty towards them. Overall, characteristics such as appropriate quality, design and price derives satisfaction and consequently loyalty towards the brand

The aim of this study was to use AHP method to rank the obstacles to improving professional ethics in sport media. In the first step, the existing obstacles were identified by review of literature, searching the authentic websites and finally interview with sport media experts. After this step, the hierarchy tree was portrayed to rank the obstacles and then the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) questionnaire (including 57 dual comparisons of obstacles) was designed and distributed among 35 experts who comprised the statistical population of this study. After extracting the initial data, the dual comparison matrixes for criteria were formed at diverse levels and the comparative weight of each obstacle was estimated and ranked in its own sub-criterion using row total method. Then, the level weight of each obstacle was estimated through multiplying comparative weights in comparative weights of the related weight at higher levels. The results showed that at the 2nd level, organizational obstacles (0.42 level weight), the 3rd level, obstacles pertinent to personnel (0.257 level weight), the 4th level, lack of education and expertise in sport and media among sport media managers (0.098 level weight) and finally at the 5th level, changing the values (0.022 level weight) were the most important obstacles.

The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between information technology (IT) and organizational structure in Ministry of Sport and Youth of I.R. Iran. This research used a descriptive – correlation research conducted as field. The statistical population consisted of 42 managers of Ministry of Sport and Youth who equaled the sample. Data were gathered using the questionnaire of organizational structure of Robbins (1987) (including 18 items) and a researcher – made questionnaire for information technology (including 9 items). The validity of these questionnaires was approved by 7 professional sport management professors and their reliability was estimated by Chronbach's alpha coefficient as 0.81 and 0.82 respectively. Descriptive statistics and Spearman correlation test were used to analyze the data. The results showed a significant relationship between IT and organizational structure in Ministry of Sport and Youth (P=0.001). Also, the relationship between IT and dimensions of organizational structure was examined and a positive significant relationship between IT and 3 dimensions of organizational structure: complexity (P=0.023) formalization (P=0.014) and centralization (P=0.007). Findings revealed that complexity, formalization and centralization increased using IT in Ministry of Sport and Youth which in fact decreased creativity and slow communications of employees.

The aim of the present research was to investigate the relationship between the components of organizational intelligence and organizational culture in physical education general office and offices in East Azerbaijan province. The present research was a descriptive – correlation one and performed as a field. The statistical population consisted of the staff of physical education general office and offices of East Azerbaijan province and 112 members were selected as the sample of this research. The data were collected by Organizational Intelligence (OI) and Organizational Culture (OC) questionnaires. Pearson correlation coefficient and step by step multivariate regression test were used to analyze the data. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed a positive and significant relationship between organizational culture and OI components (shared fate, desire for change, spirit, alignment, congruence, knowledge application). The results of step by step multivariate regression analysis showed that among OI components, shared fate, alignment, congruence and spirit were able to significantly predict organizational culture.