نشریه مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 5 (تابستان 1389)

1The Purpose of this study was to evaluate sport marketing mix factor and its seven components (production, price, promotion, place, public relations, people and physical evidence) in football premier league from the viewpoint of managers of Physical Education Organization and Football Federation of Islamic Republic of Iran. For this purpose, a researcher-made questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha = 0.94) was distributed among managers of Physical Education Organization and Football Federation and the responses were collected. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. Friedman, Wilcoxon, Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests were used (≥0.05). From manager's viewpoints, marketing mix components are not prioritized in the existing suitable situation. But a significant difference was observed between the existing suitable situation of marketing mix factor and its components in football premier league. Generally, from the viewpoint of Physical Education Organization and Football Federation authorities, in a suitable situation, all marketing mix components should be equally considered and such a situation exists at the moment, but the quality and quantity of the existing situation is considered less than the suitable situation.

The purpose of this study was to survey the socioeconomic status of participants in sport for all in Mazandaran province. The sample consisted of 384 subjects who were randomly selected. The questionnaire of socioeconomic status was used in this study (α=0.89). Descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient) as well as SPSS ver. 3 were used to analyze the data (P<0.05). The following results were obtained: 83.9% of participants occupied low, low-middle and middle socioeconomic classes, 2.9% middle-high socioeconomic class and 3.2% high socioeconomic class. 7.7% of participants occupied high economic class, 23.9% high-middle economic class, 5.% middle economic class, 3.5% middle-low economic class and 3.8% low economic class. There was a significant relationship between education (P<0.05), socioeconomic class (P<0.0), family (P<0.05), economic class (P<0.0) and the rate of participation in sport for all.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between motivation and commitment of volunteers in 9th sport Olympiad of Iran Universities. The statistical population of this study included all volunteers (n=240) who participated in this event (women and men). 47 subjects were randomly selected as the sample of this study according to Morgan table. Kinso (2007) questionnaire was used to collect the data. professors of sport management determined content validity of this questionnaire. The questionnaire reliability was determined with Alpha Cronbach's alpha ( = 0.89). K.S test was used to identify the normal distribution of data and Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman, point biserial correlation and independent sample t-test to analyze the data. Findings showed that commitment of volunteers in two groups of women (M=2.87±0.5) and men (M=2.93±0.58) was lower than the mean, but the motivation in two group of women (M=3.37±0.72) and men (M=3.2±0.050) was at an optimal level. There was a significant relationship between motivation and commitment of volunteers (r=0.337, P≤0.00). Results showed a significant relationship between gender and motivation of volunteers (r=0.9, P≤0.02), but no significant relationship was found between age and educational degree of volunteers to their motivation and commitment. The results showed no significant relationship motivation and commitment of volunteers (P>0.50).

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between conflict type (task, relation), conflict management approach (cooperative, competitive) and team effectiveness of Iranian super league volleyball clubs. The sample consisted of all players and coaches of 3 teams from 6th tournament of super league volleyball clubs in 2007 were selected. Jhen conflict type questionnaire, Tjosvold conflict management questionnaire and Van Der Vegt and Alper team effectiveness questionnaire were used to collect the data. To estimate the validity of the questionnaires, an average variance extracted method (AVE) and to estimate the reliability of the questionnaires, a composite reliability method (CR) was used. Findings indicated a positive significant relationship between task and relationship conflict in Iranian super league volleyball teams. Both conflicts had a negative effect on team effectiveness. Cooperative conflict management approach had a significant positive effect on team effectiveness from the viewpoints of coaches and players. Competitive conflict management approach had a negative effect on team effectiveness from the viewpoint of coaches and it had no significant effect on team effectiveness from the viewpoint of players.

The aim of this research was to study the relationship between lifestyle and marital satisfaction in athletes and non-athletes. The statistical population of this research consisted of married athletes in Sepahan Foolad Mobarakeh, Zob-e-Ahan and municipality clubs as well as non-athletes (n=20). and ordinary people for this reason groups of athletes uniform statistical population and group of ordinary people (00 persons) were randomly selected frompeople who were match with statistical population in age, sex, outcome and education. A researcher – made questionnaire for lifestyle (α= 0.79), Enrich questionnaire for marital satisfaction (α=0.95) and the questionnaire of demographic characteristics were used to collect the data. Results of this research showed a significant and direct relationship between athlete's lifestyle and marital satisfaction (p<0.05). This relationship was significant for non-athletes as well. In addition, the findings indicated that lifestyle in athletes was better than non-athletes (P < 0.05), but no difference was observed in marital satisfaction between athletes and non-athletes. Also, according to multiple regression, there was a significant relationship between income, age, sex and duration of marriage as demographic characteristics and marital satisfaction. This relationship was reverse between duration of marriage and marital satisfaction. In addition, findings showed a significant relationship between sex as a demographic characteristic and lifestyle.

The aim of this study was to compare the intensity of pre-competition emotion in athletes with type A and B behavior patterns. Out of 08 wrestlers participating in Iranian national championships (2005), 32 wrestlers were selected as subjects by global Bortner scale. Then, 6 subjects with high scores (mean 6.45±0.3) formed Type A athletes group and 6 with low scores (mean 3.69 ± 0.47) were considered as Type B athletes group. Hanin's Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning (IZOF) model was used to assess the intensity of emotions athletes feel in their best / worst performance. Descriptive data showed that in both groups best performance was associated with a higher level (close to very much) of positive and effective emotion intensity (P+) as well as a lower level (close to little to moderate) of negative and effective emotion intensity (N+). Wilcoxon test showed a significant difference between best and worst performances of Type A group when there was a comparison between the intensity of negative and effective emotion and negative and harmful emotion (P≤0.0). In Type B group, there was a significant difference in athlete's best performance when positive and effective emotion and harmful emotion (P≤0.0). Mann-Whitney U test revealed a significant difference between Type A and B athletes in perceived negative (effective – harmful) emotions in their best / worst performances (P=0.0). This study showed that Type A athletes were more sensitive (i.e. they experienced higher intensities) to the negative effective and negative harmful (N±) emotions in their best/ worst performances when compared with Type B athletes.

The aim of this research was to study triple management skills of managers of physical education departments at state universities. The survey was a case study which used descriptive methodology. The Goudarzi (38) questionnaire was used to collect data ( = 0.973). The research population consisted of all managers of physical education departments of state universities (n=4) as well as physical education management experts (n=). Finally, 20 questionnaires from department managers and questionnaires from experts were collected. Kolmogorov- Smirnoff test, Friedman variance analysis and the independent t-test were used to analyze the data (P<0.05). The results showed a significant difference among triple management skills of the managers of physical education departments (χ2=52.97, P<0.05). The priority of these skills was as follows: human skills (MR=2.84), conceptual skills (MR=2.3) and technical skills (MR=-.03). It can be claimed that human skills play an important role in performing managerial assignments in different management levels of all organizations and it can be considered as an essential factor in performing managerial assignments.

The purpose of this study was to investigate female customer's satisfaction in private and state bodybuilding clubs of Tehran with a descriptive method. The sample of this study consisted of the customers of private and state bodybuilding clubs in Tehran who had at least 6 months of sport participation. Based on systematic sampling, 5 regions of Tehran were selected. Then, 25 private and 25 state bodybuilding clubs from these regions were randomly selected. 0 subjects from these clubs randomly participated in this study and finally 475 questionnaires were collected. A questionnaire was used to collect the data (reliability=0.92). Independent sample t test was used to analyze the data. The results showed a significant difference in all parameters of satisfaction between private and state clubs. Except for cost and fee satisfaction parameter which was significantly higher in state clubs (P=0.00), satisfaction was significantly higher in private clubs for other parameters (P<0.05). Also, a significant difference was observed in overall customer satisfaction between private and state bodybuilding clubs (p=0.00), and the customers of private clubs had higher satisfaction. The most important factors that caused these differences were satisfaction from employee's behavior and quality of equipment.

The current study aimed to investigate the status of Harakat Journal from its first volume (summer, 378, No.) to the last one (winter, 368). Descriptive research method was used. The statistical population included 338 published papers in 34 Harakat journals, and the statistical sample was equal to the statistical population. The data analysis identified 338 papers (average of 9.94) for each volume. In these papers, papers with three authors and five authors had the highest and the lowest percentage (30% and 5% respectively). Regarding research methods, 52% of papers were descriptive, 9% experimental and 29% semi- experimental. The sport physiology had the highest number of papers (n=47) and sport biomechanics the lowest number of papers (n=9). Regarding data sources, books and papers had the highest number of reference. Also, English language sources were more referred to than Persian language sources. University of Tehran with 03 papers, Guilan University with 40 papers and Tarbiat Modarres University with 23 papers occupied first to third places. On the other hand, universities of Shiraz, Shahid Rajaee and Sabzevar Tarbiat Moallem with paper occupied the last place.