نشریه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی
سال بیست و چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 49، بهار 1392)

Among construction materials، aggregates have extensive applications in the production of concrete، mortar، and in the construction of roads، railroads، airports، bridges and dams. Due to weathering، bedrocks are converted to small fragments and then weathered particles would be transported by erosive parameters such as water، wind، glacier and gravity and finally transported materials will be deposited in some geomorphological landforms. Some geomorphological landforms like river beds، river Terraces، alluvial fans، sand dunes، glacial outwash plains and taluses have large amounts of weathered rocks and sediments that are appropriate for aggregate exploitation. Pataq and Qalehshahin catchments as study area are the upstream subcatchments of Alvand basin in Kermanshah province، and are parts f Folded Zagros structural zone. The aim of this research is to define landforms that are appropriate for aggregate exploitation and to determine the effect of geomorphological processes in the formation and quality of aggregates. To achieve the purpose of this study، at first، Geologic map of the study area at a scale of 1:250000 and the topographic maps at a scale of 1:50000 were digitized in ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System) software and used to derive lithology and DEM of study area. Landforms were recognized by Quickbird satellite images and precise field works also have been carried out for the identification of landforms and processes. The granulometry test has been done for 4 samples of fans. Two samples of sediment on old fans and two samples on new fans were collected and subsequently the cumulative granulometric curves were plotted. Among geomorphological landforms، alluvial fans and taluses were recognized as appropriate landforms for aggregate exploitation. To examine the quality of study area aggregates، 18 samples of aggregates on alluvial fans and taluses were obtained and then Impact Value tests were carried out based on sieve No. 8. Alluvial fans and taluses are of the most significant landforms that have a lot of weathered and crushed materials that can be used as aggregates. A total of 97 alluvial fans have been formed in Qalehshahin catchment. The presence of large boulders with karstic pitting، weathered and varnished clasts and some soil cover on most fans demonstrate that approximately all mentioned fans are inactive formed in more humid periods of Quaternary. Moreover، the results of sediment granulometry show that young fans have finer sediment and old fans have coarser sediments، representing a more humid climate during old fans formation. Results of aggregate Impact Value tests show that mean values of mentioned test in taluses، old and new alluvial fans are 9. 57، 9. 47 and 8 percent respectively. Among geomorphological landforms of study area، Alluvial fans and taluses have extensive clasts and crushed materials that can be used as aggregates. Landforms and processes are of the most significant parameters that affect the volume، distribution and quality of aggregates. Karstification process especially in northeastern slopes has negative effect on the aggregate quality because it can result in the formation of voids and cavities in rock fragments. Nevertheless، tectonic extension in Noakoh hinge and physical weathering such as thermoclastic and cryoclastic processes in southwestern slopes has appropriate effects in the production of aggregates. Impact Value tests reveal that materials of alluvial fans and taluses have acceptable quality for use as aggregates. This study represents that، in spite of appropriate quality of aggregates of both taluses and alluvial fans، old alluvial fans have aggregates with lower quality because of long term weathering.

Climate change is one of the big challenges of human and is accounted as a serious threat for the earth planet. Increasing global temperature will cause deep and wide changes in the climate and especially in the time and space of precipitation and storms. Many studies have approved the occurrence of these changes، and the amount and intensity of them. In most of studies، statistical models (based on historical data) or Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCM) determine the increase of carbon dioxide emissions and subsequent changes in air temperature and precipitation. Then the changes in river flow rate cased by climate change are calculated by using rainfall-runoff models. But many of these studies only use a limited number of models and emission scenarios that may not include all the facts. Therefore in this study the results of 20 AOGCM models have been considered to explain the climate projection of time horizons 2040، 2070 and 2100. Also a big range of emission scenarios have been studied and using the selected scenarios and models، the amount of Sheshpir River flow (one of Zohre-Jarrahi river basin branches in the south west of Iran) has been detected. In this study، through the 20 AOGCM models، used in IPCC fourth assessment report، the appropriate model was chosen to determine the changes in rainfall and temperature in each months of the year. The RMSE، Regional Correlation and Mean Absolute Error statistical tests which was calculated by Magic Model، is used to determine the best AOGCM model (Vigly 2006). Also for assessing all future conditions، from each of the main emission scenarios A1، A2، B1 and B2، two scenarios were chosen to release the highest and lowest emissions. So the total number of eight emission scenarios A1FI-MI، A1T-MES، A2-ASF، A2-AIM، B1-ASF، B1-IMA، B2-HIMI، B2-MES was selected. Interpolation method has been used for downscaling the output of AOGCM Model، so every cell includes the average of 8 adjacent cells. After calculating the amount of precipitation and temperature changes on the study horizon times and estimating the amount of future changes on evaporation، eventually using this data as input in AWBM rainfall – runoff model، the river flow has been estimated at the horizons 2040، 2070 and 2100. Output of the models and various scenarios for the Sheshpir river basin showed the increase in temperature، in all three time period، respectively 2010-2040، 2040-2070 and 2070-2100. For the different scenarios، this increase varies from 1. 3 to 1. 9 Celsius degrees in the time period of 2010-2040. This value for the time periods 2040-2070 and 2070-2100 was equal to respectively، 2. 3 to 4. 5 ° C and 2. 7 to 6. 5 Celsius degrees. The largest seasonal changes in temperature occurred in winter and the lowest in summer. The results of models and scenarios for precipitation indicate that the rainfall changes in the first month of spring، all summer and the last two months of fall has been increase d and for the other months has been fallen. However this was true for all time horizons. So that، the amounts of this increase in the summer months comes over to 900 percents. However، due to low summer rainfall in the region، considering the above-mentioned increase، the total rainfall reaches up to 6 mm. This value is an average rate and probably in the real situation of summer rainfall، especially when the land is dry with low infiltration، it could associate with the devastating floods. Also، for the time period of 2010-2040 and 2040-2070 and various scenarios، the annual rainfall changes vary between - 1. 5 to 6 percent that was not noticeable. However the changes for the time period 2070-2100 vary between 3. 9 to 31 percent and it was somewhat remarkable. But certainly، the temporal changes in the rainfall (low winter rainfalls and more spring and summer rainfall)، at all the time horizons are more important. Certainly preparing the future climate projection or climate prediction، using general circulation models includes lots of uncertainty. But we can definitely say that with continuing the development of industries، increasing pollutio ns and use of natural resources without any limitations، the human will be faced with the problem in the near future.

Urbanization is as one of the most important affected factors on personal and social health of citizens. So that، human health influenced by social - economic and their environment situation largely and depended on the plans and purposes which the city considered for them and so improving the urban quality of life، is depended on promote the health. Rapid urbanization and paying attention to physical concepts and disregarding the social goals in the urban development plans، cities has encountered with undesirable cycle of social- economic environmental imbalances and in total، declining the quality of life. Now، planners and urban decision-makers have decided to pay attention to and focus on the issue of urban quality of life، find a solution to make of human free from these problems. Despite the importance of quality of life in the urban development process، has not been much attention to this important issue، due to rapid urbanization and the need to urban development especially from the 80 decade and also due to poor vision in the right direction and control of urban development in Nour of Mazandaran and face to the problems so weaknesses in the quality and quantity of services، public and welfare spaces as municipal standards، lack of attention to environmental issues and the imbalance between social welfare and economic efficiency (in favor of economic efficiency) and… that in total، the urban quality of life has encountered with difficult. The method of this study is، descriptive – analytic whit goal of do an investigation on the quality of life in Nour city as a small city، with an emphasis on the personal and social health dimension. Thus، quality of environmental، quality of functional environmental and quality of community components، have been studied. The required data have been collected through field visits and studies and compeleting a questionnaire with a sample size of 320 households from the entire city''s neighborhoods by using the quota random wayand have been analyzed by using descriptive statistics and Mann Whitney، Kruskal-Wallis، Friedman and unilateral Chi square Tests. The findings of research have indicated، the quality of environmental components with mean 2/87 and Standard deviation 0/53، is in the below of moderate condition in studied city. In related to this component، 10 indicators have been studied. Most weakness in associated with this component،is related to the cleaning of city rivers with mean 2/03، and the best situation is related to the climatic conditions for life with mean 4/10. The quality of functional environmental components، with mean 2/71 and Standard deviation 0/37 is in the below of moderate condition، in related to this component، 20 indicators have been studied. Most weakness in associated with this component،is is related to the status of city park facilities and services for the disabled and elderly whit mean 1/83، and the best situation is related to the a few abandoned or half buildings of threatening the security in place، whit mean 4/63 and quality of community component with mean 3/13 and Standard deviation 0/ 42، is in the moderate condition. In connection with this component، 20 indicators have been studied. Most weakness in associated with this component، is related to the the lack of citizens comments in urban projects whit mean 2/14 and the best situation is related to the citizen satisfaction of being Besides Kith at the city whit mean 3/79. According to the results of Friedman test and a compute of variables associated with each investigated component of the 320 samples، status of the components of the health in studied city from worse to better condition is as: the quality of functional environmental component with mean 1/54، quality of the environment with 2/00 and quality of community with 2 /46. in total، according to findings of this research and the three components affecting to the health، the quality of life in Nour city with mean 2/90 and standard deviation 0/30 is in an average level of the health dimension. Quality of life is a reaction against the one- dimensional development and just quantity of planning and effort toward improving living conditions and improve the quality of human life. Improving the urban quality of life and resolve problems، and distribution facilities in the studied city is، requires to effective proceeding and targeted planning and according to needs of citizens، such as: taking measures to stop of strew the waste in city rivers، the development of urban green space and promote the quality of parks to use social groups of space particularly disabled and elderly، holding classes in recognition of the rights and duty of citizens in order to create the healthy and sustainable city، the use of citizens،s comments on city projects and programs، management of alleys and streets of the city by its people and competitions to select the most beautiful city alleys streets and..

Usually urban areas with rapid growth and horizontal developing are occupying unsuitable topography lands with high geomorphologic hazards. Recently، most cities due to physical limitations on urban development encountered with in subject of physical developing (Garklou et al، 1390:99). In other hand، urban development often caused industrial and technological crises and increases vulnerability of the city، due to the building، financial and citizen’s density (Asgari et al، 2008:36-37). Therefore، knowledge of the characteristics of urban environment is the important subject in urban planning and urban management. Irregular development of the urban has a destructive effect on natural landscape and on the fringe agricultural lands (Batisani and Yarnal، 2008:2). So to optimal site urban selection is trying considered effects of various parameters (Zhao، 2010:246)، Sareyin tourist town are located in the eastern mountain slopes at elevations between 1640 to 1740 meters and 16 kilometers east slope of Sabalan on the fault Valley in the city of Ardabil. Due to importance tourist importance in the past two decades has intensified the city''s physical development. Therefore the importance of this research in the subjects of geomorphology and environmental hazards are identified for more appropriate land use. According to the nature of this research، this study was done as form as، field work such as studying on the surface formation، sampling the surface depositional formation In order to determining، granolometry (Texture and structure)، Plastic limit، and liquefaction of themes. Moreover، from geologic map of study area، the type of formations، Layer slope، thickness and tectonic situation of them in the city site formation (on the foundation trenches، the local log) are determined. Also، with using ArcGIS، we drowned the map of slop، litology، heights، and faults and derange system. Then with combining these layers، final environmental hazard zonation map is drowned، In addition to the diagrams were drowned in Excel software. Dissuasion: At the current site of the Sareyin city two active faults with the trend of East - West and North -south is detectable. Volcanic Sabalan altitude with hydrothermal stage (which also is active in terms of tectonic) is located in the East of the city. Investigation surface soil formation showed that the soils are shallow area of low gradient areas (in slope range 3 to 5%) of heavy texture (with 45/51 clay texture) is (Table 1). However، most of the city site in the fault valley and partly at deep fine-grained alluvial materials has been stabilized. In the clay formation which indicating plastic point of about 40 to 50 percent (with liquefaction limit of 70 to 90 and the plastic limit 20 to 30%) is، if the soil of outside the building reaching above the moisture of plastic limit (25 to 35%)، probably there is the distractive of buildings and asphalt (Asgari and Fakher، 1372:93). Primary core of Sareyin city site are formed at the relatively flat topography. But gradually with the expansion of physical space، the city occupies a larger area and is dealing with a lot of hydro-geomorphic limitation and hazardous zones. Today the site of Sareyin city due to the rapid development of urban land use d are contacted with varied topography and h ydro- geomorphology situation problem s.

After the industrial revolution and growth urbanization،travel and recreation for spiritual needs of man has been converted as an essentialtoolwhich created a world phenomenon in recent decades that called tourism industry. This industry was a third largest economic phenomenon in the world after oil and the automobile industry. In different countries، urbans areone of the most places visited by tourist and around the world large cities constitute the most important tourist destinations. Urbanization has led to expand tourism industry and due to increase income، increasing leisure time، accessing and communicating facility. Urban environments are the source and destination for tourists. The Tourists arriving to a place can does significant influences on economic، social، and cultural in the environment and procure development in Region. Therefore، this justifies the need for planning and development activities. The purpose of this article is study of Feasibility of tourism development in Metropolitan Shiraz for Getting the right decisions in the planning and determining the appropriate strategy for prosperity and sustainable development in dimensions of the region and country. This study is a descriptive analysis and the first phase focuses on gathering information and library field observations، then the questionnaire will be prepared and data collected are based on SWOT analysis that one of the most appropriate planning techniques and strategies are analyzed. And the strengths، weaknesses، opportunities and threats of Shiraz tourism were identified and then using expert opinion to the Rating Factor and finally suitable Strategies for sustainable tourism development will be provided of Shiraz. Shiraz One of the great cities of Iran and Center is Fars province. Always As one of the largest cultural Historical centers on national and international arena has been. Shiraz with a leading literary and cultural Known as the Iran capital of poetry and literature. Shiraz has 150 cultural and historical attractions. Due to Existence of monuments Historical، Cultural، Natural and physical attractions and Economic status and special services especially Higher Education and Health Services Always has been of interest to tourists in Iran and Region. Based on studies Shiraz has large ability to attract national and international tourists and Planning for the expansion and development of tourism in Shiraz is essential. The findings Research show that Shiraz city due to the outstanding historical، cultural، artistic and literary potential to be one of the biggest centers of international tourism. Shiraz’s tourism in the position of aggressive / competitive and must use the existing potentials and capabilities for Sustainable Tourism Development. The biggest obstacles in the way of achieving this goal are Political impotence - managerial، financial and equipment Weakness in city، Non-specialized and inefficient management، Weaknesses in infrastructure and advertising. Essentially، advertising is the most effective tools that are it through will attract tourists. One of the main problems of our country to attract foreign capital Misconceptions in the minds of the world that our country is plotted and using advertising tools can correct this misconception and Underlying to attract tourists and tourism development The research result shows that tourism Shiraz in the matrix (IFE) with 3/57and the matrix (EFE) equalto 3/06. is which shows the good condition comparison of the domestic and foreign tourism. And the organization is Positioning strategy in so (competitive strategy / offensive) and should be used and the internal strengths and capabilities in order to take advantage of external opportunities.

Tourism makes up a large part of the global economy and often as a key to economic growth in both developing and developed countries is used. One of the factors that should be considered in tourism is climate. Because in many countries of weather and climate are considered a capital value for tourism. But until now the source of tourism، tourism has a major role in the educational literature. Since much of modern tourism based on the use of natural features - is based on physical، development of tourist sites was not dependent on one source; it involves a wide range of resources، especially natural resources. The climate is considered as a source of basic or supplemental. So that from that day climate comfort that tourists visit places to go It is very important for planners and planners to climatic data before، after and during the visit to places of need. The study characteristics and climatic differences and variations in time and space that govern their relationship with human activities، Ways in order to analyze the environmental conditions within the planning of tourism offers. Tourism is important to determine the index for more comfort. Comfort tourism climate index (TCI) is a combination of methods that were presented in 1985 by Mieczkowski. The TCI is a combination of factors affecting the comfort of tourists. The index، climatic comfort of the tourists the best travel time is determined. Also، the calculation for different regions or even the wider world in the remarkable contribution to the tourist destination of choice. East Azerbaijan province with many features and attractions for the tourism industry and attract tourism، But such is not worthy of the blessings that will benefit the industry، Using the climatic comfort of tourists can be accurately planned and managed to attract tourists to this lucrative industry.

In this study، the studies of climatic conditions in East Azerbaijan province، to develop tourism in this province have dealt with the use of TCI. Due to the nature component of the approach to study the situation «a descriptive-analytic”. The purpose of this research، applied research and in literature، documents and library data collection method is used. In addition to analyzing data from Excel and GIS software is used. In this case، the first climate data from meteorological synoptic station is not needed in East Azerbaijan province، for a period of 20 years (2010-1990) were collected And then using TCI in different stages of 1)-calculation of daily comfort index (CID)، variables that are used in this index، The maximum daily temperature and average minimum daily relative humidity is. 2) Boarding comfort index (CIA)، variables that are used in this index includes the average daily temperature and average daily relative humidity. 3) Roth calculating rainfall (R)، 4) - calculation Rtbh number of sunshine hours (S)، 5)-Rtbh calculation of air flow (the mean wind speed) (W))، the province''s tourism climate comfort for each of the stations in different seasons were calculated. The TCI index stations for each month of the year، the results were entered into GIS software environment. According to the results obtained point to be، Comfort conditions for climate zones across the province-level data point to be generalized. In order to generalize the results point to the entire surface of the image distance weighting interpolation method (IDW) have used and to the point of information stations will be converted to surface and TCI and maps for the entire province is obtained.

In East Azerbaijan province، as one of the main tourist poles of various natural attractions، historical، cultural and prevailing climatic conditions in different regions of the province، in different seasons، the weather can be a factor be made to attract tourists. So that the quantitative evaluation Ptansl and detailed information about them can be made better use of these capabilities. Tourism in the comfort of the climate in different regions of East Azerbaijan province، the calculation of climatic parameters in each of the TCI and Rtbh each of the stations of various climate parameters، The ratings obtained for each of the parameters for each of the stations Metals replaced in the index formula and for each station in different seasons of the numerical value obtained among the rank and 0-100 are located. Indicate that climatic conditions so intolerable situation is ideal. The results of the index، the number of zones in the province climatourism GIS environment was used And the proportion and number of classes in different seasons for each station have the comfort of the climate is classified as tourists.

In recent years the influence of climatic factors on tourists'' satisfaction، increased sensitivity and its importance in selecting a suitable place for tourists are staying. In this study، climate comfort for the tourists in the month of separation of East Azerbaijan province (TCI) used to have. The results were used to determine the climatic comfort of TCI in East Azerbaijan province، indicating that this index is a large variation in different regions of the province. So that the annual index of TCI in the months of May، June، July، August and September (May، June، July، August and September) with the best conditions of climatic comfort of the tourists are and January، February، November and March (December، January، February and March) due to the dominance of the high-pressure system، with the worst of these conditions are considered. Examine and compare the results of the TCI index for different regions of the province، and showed consistent results fit with the realities of the region''s climate.

The role of employment in the vitality of modern urban societies’ life is not a mystery to anyone. Unemployment and the ensuing issues constitute the most complicated of current urban planning issues which give birth to a plethora of deleterious social، cultural، security and even environmental complexities as well as to some certain economic consequences which directly or indirectly influence all aspects of urban planning in a sense that one could say many of the problems and issues of urban societies result from ill employment structures. Since employment and inequality are two interrelated and interdependent issues، unequal employment opportunities in different areas paves the way for inequality in other domains of development and results in developmental inequality among different areas، an inequity in creating employment opportunities، thus making some areas more developed than others which in long run leads to a lack of equilibrium in urban system of the country. Therefore، comparing and analyzing urban employment indices of different areas of the country and categorizing them in terms of urban employment development and providing a logical prioritization can prepare the ground for a well-informed intervention in urban employment planning of the country along with maintaining the community system equilibrium and establishing stable urban development. In this study، Iranian cities are examined and compared in terms of urban employment indices using Maurice model and TOPSIS algorithm and arranged in the order of their urban development level and categorized، and the results were displayed in GIS environment on the map using ArcMap software. SPSS was employed to analyze and the data and test the hypotheses. The data used in indexing were the results of the public census of 1385 (2006) retrieved from the portal of the national statistical center of Iran. The cities were divided into 4 homogenous categories based on their employment development which accordingly، from a total of 336 cities، 19 cities are placed in level one، 123 in level 2. 146 in level 3 and 87 cities are placed in the last level. Three cities of Roshtkhar، Sarayan and Mahvelat have the three top places in terms of employment development، against Koohrang، Abu Musa، and Masjed Suleiman standing in the last places in that respect. The value (the cities’ level of development) fluctuates between the upper limit of 0. 556 and the lower limit of 0. 286 and difference between its highest and lowest values is 0. 270 and the first city (Roshtkhar) has developed 1. 943 times more than the last city (Koohrang). The mean of urban development in the cities is 0. 397. The level of inequality in terms of urban development among Iranian cities is low (about 0. 1). There is a slight inverse correlation (-0. 217) between the two parameters of “spatial share of urban population of the cities” and their “urban employment development.” According to the mean of urban employment development of the cities of each province، the provinces were divided into homogenous groups in a manner that 4 provinces were placed in level one، 13 provinces in level two، 8 provinces in level three and 5 provinces in the last level (four) of development the major concentration being among the middle categories. In this regard، the provinces of Central Khorasan، Northern Khorasan، and Kohkiluye Va Boyer Ahmad stand in the first top places and three provinces of Tehran، Sistan-Baluchestan، and Kurdistan stand in the last places، respectively. Regarding urban employment indices، the cities of the country are from being developed and only 8 cities possess a semi-developed standing while other cities are in a state of underdevelopment. There is no considerable inequality and unevenness among cities in terms of urban employment development and also، cities with a higher ratio of population do not enjoy a higher level of urban employment development. Concerning the lowly developed conditions of some cities in comparison to other cities in regard with urban employment، in order to maintain and improve the equilibrium of the urban system of the country in the long run، it is recommended that any intervention in the urban employment of our cities be carried out based a well-informed prioritization.

The engraved remains on stony parapets of cultural heritage of this country show rich civilization of Iran that protection and reparation of them is a duty of scientific teams with cooperation of related specialist. Geomorphology، geology and geophysics are including of this science. Bistoon inscription is located on long wall (famous broken part) of broken zagros on rough part which is called same name. Broken part، fissure، and thick lime of previous region (Paleoclime) pave way for destruction of engrave figure، which leads to solving process and to make solving holes. This study has been done with the following tools: GPS، topography maps and satellite images. In order to obtain a good quality data and radar images as well as maximum penetration of radar waves، GPR has been used three times on summer 1387 (dry season) with 500 MHz shielded antenna on five profiles from which three of them are parallel to the longitudinal part of the inscription while two of them are perpendicular to the first ones. The Ramac GPR system of a Swedish company، Mala has been used for data acquisition. GPR is a geophysics method which uses electromagnetic high frequency waves (at MHZ range) to get a precise image from underground anomalies which are situated at shallow depths. The principles of data processing and data acquisition are very similar to reflection seismic. The propagation velocity of radar waves depends on electric conductivity and magnetic permeability of the medium while reflection and refraction of radar waves depend on the contrast between dielectric constants of the mediums at both sides of the contact between them. As conductivity increases، the depth of investigation decreases which is an obstacle for radar application for high depth investigation. Therefore a good environmental condition from point view of conductivity and a proper central frequency must be provided for radar work. The dry season for the former one and 500 MHZ for the latter one were the best for the field work. The common offset method has been used for radar data acquisition. The radar grams are processed with REFLEX 2W software. The radar images after filtering such noise reduction، diffraction removal and gain show a hole at 3 m depth that is a path for rain water passage and karstification of the surrounding area. This defect is on those profiles which intersects the anomaly and is on the right side of the profiles (north end). The GPR results confirm the other findings which are based on other methods than geophysics such as geomorphology، geology field observations and archeology prospect ion. This study shows that there are effects of fissure، broken parts، solved hole and karset process at the right side of the inscription in three meters depth. Regarding to destructive agents، it is better to save، and to repair the inscription by appropriate ways.

Development and increasing tourism، especially ecotourism - related activities today has become an important issue The Promenade sources based on natural resources has been established in each regions and it is necessary maintain the dynamics this the resource to be considered seriously. Research based on field studies، library and digital and satellite data. The data and information gathering tools in this study The Information contained in Ardabil province and also applications such as GIS are. In planning and tourism management، ability and suitability cognition of land for and applying quantitative methods to estimate the amount of available resources، key role in the planning and land management is performance. Studies conducted in this research suggests that with increasing incoming tourists to the region And the lack of a comprehensive plan tourism in future of the carrying capacity of environment is reduce and this possibility exists that sensitive Sabalan ecology be Destruction. It is therefore necessary that potential of zone seriously to be considered.

Trust is considered as the most important factor in order paradigm and it plays a central role in the thoughts of such sociologists as Durkheim and Tunis. In micro and macro levels، it may make people’s negative and positive feelings evident. It is the most significant factor of social order and is deemed as one of the pillars of social property. Furthermore، the empirical study of trust in a society may be a feasible solution in order to achieve the higher culture of citizenship. The current research is of descriptive-analytical type which has been carried out through library research and field study. The main part of this study is survey which data is gathered by questionnaires and interviews with citizens. Research population consists of families residing in Neishabur. Sampling base is family unit. People included in our sample are chosen by regular multilevel clustering. For so doing، we consider urban districts as clusters; then، several blocks are randomly chosen in every block; ultimately، several families are sampled by systematic random method and interviewed. Among understudy individual variables (education، marital status، occupation type، gender، age، and income)، only respondents’ marital status and age have significant relationship with the extent of their trust to municipality and hypotheses related to these two variables are confirmed. However، there is a converse relationship between age and the extent of individuals’ trust to municipality in such a way that the higher the age of people، the lower their trust to the municipality. Findings indicate that in the sample investigated، 30% of respondents have low، 50% medium and 20% high trust to the municipality. Therefore، it can be said that most of the respondents have medium trust to the municipality.

Timing coincidence of plant growth and development to suitable climatic conditions is on of the main factor for spring safflower increasing yield. Thus determining and zoning of safflower planting dates is very important. The highest planted area of spring safflower is belonged to Esfahan province. Delay in planting of spring safflower cause faster development، earlier flowering and lower photosynthetic area and these consequently lower yield and yield components. Spring safflower is an irrigated crop in Esfahan province. For safflower planting dates zoning، thermal data from 1961-2009 were used. These data obtained from 51 synoptic and climatic stations that located in and near of Esfahan province. Because of low density of station especially in east and north east of province، by using the daily mean temperature of these stations interpolation was done by kriging method with surfer software. Cluster analysis on temperature map cells was done by Ward’s method. Thus Esfahan divided to three temperature zones، 1 (cold)، 2 (moderate) and 3 (warm). Interpolation was done with Radial Basis Function with Completely Regularized Spline method. Start planting in warm، temperate and cold، respectively، with the average temperature day and night to 7، 9 and 12 degrees Celsius and minimum temperature of zero degrees Celsius higher were considered. For determining of suitable planting dates of spring safflower in different parts of Esfahan province 15-day average daily temperature and minimum temperature from January to October were calculated and maps were drawn by GIS. Based on results in the first thermal zone، includes east and north parts of province، suitable planting dates are from January to March 6. In the second thermal zone، includes south eastern and central parts of province، suitable planting dates are from March 7 to April 4. In the third thermal zone، includes other parts of province، suitable planting dates are from April 5 to May 21. By considering of thermal requirements of safflower if the crop cultivated in suitable planting date، it shall not face to limited temperature.

Natural environment hasn’t permanently adjusted with urban expansion and human settlements. Many historical cities have been abandoned due to these Natural environment incompatibilities. The most effective factors of natural environment on urban expansion are topography، slope، weather، geology، hydrology and geomorphology conditions. By increasing of trend urbanization، cities need to vast territories for settling the population، these territories have composed of different topographic and geomorphologic units. The impact of growth rate of city size on topographic and geomorphologic units will be complicated، by increasing of urban expansion. Orientation of physical expansion in terms of effective factors must be in a way that less damages imposes on natural environment and can be preserved environment in a direction of preservation of sustainable Development. Changes in the earth’s surface can be related to natural dynamics or human activities and can occur either suddenly or gradually. Accelerated urban growth is usually associated with and driven by the population concentration in an area. The extent of urbanization or its growth drives the change in land use/cover pattern. Land use and land cover changes may have adverse impacts on ecology of the area، specially hydro-geomorphology and vegetation. As the characteristics of land cover have important impacts on climate، biogeochemistry، hydrology and species diversity، land cover change has been indicated as one of the high priority concerns for research and for the development of strategies for sustainable management. Although urban areas currently cover only 3% of the Earth’s land surface، they have marked effects on environmental conditions at both local and global scales، including climate change. Recently، remote sensing has been used in combination with Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems to assess land cover change more effectively than by remote sensing data only. This paper presents an integrated study of land use/cover changes and urban expansion in Shiraz city، Fars province in Iran. The study explores the temporal and spatial characteristics of urban expansion and land use/cover changes from 1990 to 2009. Statistical classification approaches have been used for the classification of the remotely sensed images obtained from various sensors viz. Landsat TM، ETM+ and IRS PAN، LISS-III. Land use/land cover changes (LUCC) are major cause of ecological environmental changes. Geometric correction was performed on all the images. At least 17 ground control points (GCPs) were used to register the images UTM zone 39. GCPs were dispersed throughout the scene، yielding a RMS error was around 0. 2 pixels. Geospatial data including municipal boundaries، road networks، geomorphic units and elevation units (DEM) were used to produce GIS layers by ArcGIS 9. 3. The most useful band combinations in Landsat for discrimination of land cover categories are bands 4-5-3، 4-3-2، and 3-2-1 assign ed as red، green، and blue، respectively. All satellite data were studied using spectral and spatial profiles to ascertain the digital numbers (DNs) of different LULC categories prior to classification. Finally، classification has been done using the Knowledge Classifier Module of ERDAS. Finally classification، five land cover categories exist in this area: (a) urban or built-up land; (b) agriculture; (c) water، (d) orchard، and (e) bare land. Results indicate that cropland، water، and orchard areas reduced by 37. 8%، 5. 8%and 45. 7% continuously over the past 19 years، while built-up area increased by 37%، respectively. The built-up area increased at the cost of decreased cropland، water and orchard. Lastly، the major factors influencing urban expansion and land use/cover change are also discussed. In general، the population، traffic conditions، industrialization، and policy are the major factors that influenced the urban expansion.

In recent decades as the population in cities of country، which had been influenced by natural population growth of cities and migration of people in towns and rural to middle cities and metro polices، increases city spaces and infrastructures، which are needed have not been equipped. In this study through library studies، referring to the relevant agencies، field observation and analysis and evaluation the questionnaire given to residents of various neighborhoods in Estahban city with SPSS were presented. To evaluate the proportion of urban services and people demand six neighborhoods were chosen among 15 neighborhoods of Estahban. (Two neighborhoods of each region). These neighborhoods were chosen based on place- cluster sampling and also economic-social conditions of them and detailed plan of Estahban. In this research a wealthy neighborhood and poor neighborhood were chosen in each region. By using general Cochran formula we obtained 300 sample size. So 300 questionnaires had been distributed among the residents. After 1350، Estahban city faces numerous problems in supplying urban services، because of population growth، physical development in addition to injustice distribution of urban services. These problems have also been strengthened by people who live in more deprived parts of the township to use the urban services at the center of township. Therefore، it should be said that lack of allocation of space and location of physical elements is considered as one the most important problems in Estahban. In this research we study how to overcome this problem and how to find different optimal switching ways and adjust it. Research findings show that people had a little participation in the distribution of urban services (in developing service). Municipalities and other organizations related to urban services run no survey to elicit people’s ideas about urban services in Estahban shortages and urban services needed in the city that has been met partially. So we can conclude that in distribution of urban services in Estahban city، they paid no attention to the need of people.

Humans have been aware that weather and climate affect health and well being. Hippocrates، 2. 500 years ago، wrote about regional differences of climate and their relationship to states of the health (matzarakis، 2007). In the several decades past، heat balance models of the human body have become more and more accepted in the assessment of thermal comfort. The basis for these models is the human energy balance equation. One of the first and still very popular heat balance models is the comfort equation defined by Fanger (1972). Bioclimatology data applied to the planning for architect، health and medical، exercise and tourism and vacations Climate-comforting conditions usually are expressed by indexes which a series of meteorological، human and environmental factors have been played a role in، and the possibility of comparison among different places is provided by several thermal indices such as Predicted Mean Vote (PMV)، Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Standard Effective Temperature (SET*) may be calculated for the assessment of human bioclimate in a physiologically relevant manner as shown in several applications (Matzarakis et al.، 1999; Blazejczyk، Matzarakis، 2007; In this research، great and population Mashad city have been selected for investigations comfortable climatic condition. We have used from The PET index in scale hourly time (06، 12 and 16 UTC) from 20 years period (1988-2007). The pet index derived the Munich energy balance model for individuals” (MEMI) (Höppe 1993) is such a thermo-physiological heat balance model. It is the basis for the calculation of the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET). According to the obtained result، bioclimatic condition in Mashhad is very deferent in the through year. Though Mashhad experienced extreme cold stress during the winter season، never the less in the June and July was very heat stress. Comfortable climate period for 9:30 and 15:30 local time in Mashhad is short and located in the second separated period in the early spring and autumn. however; the first period is longer than the second period. According to the obtained results of this research، the comfortable climate period in Mashhad for 09:30 and 15:30 local time is short and located in the second separated period in the early spring and autumn.