نشریه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی
سال بیست و چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 50، تابستان 1392)

Identity is an index of superior quality that appears the nature of a phenomenon. It is obvious that a subject، in the ratio of its needs and desires، determines the objectivity of a phenomenon. Place identity is a kind of human epistemology about surrounded environmental patterns. It has helped him/her to choose suitable place as habitant during the history. Thus، with evolution of his/her experiences has been selected the best suitable places. Place identity، indeed، is a part of substructures of individual identity of human being، and it is also، as the result of general knowledge of men about the physical world that he/she live in it. Geosystems present patterns according to spatial components relationship. Therefore، they could act as a guide for human activities. In this study، we used geography phenomenological approach and geosystem analysis to understand the nature of genesis and historical evolution of place، as bases of social and historical identity. Therefore، perception subjectivity of place has replaced with objectivity perception of the same place. For the purpose of accessing to the goal، we have defined identity، place identity، geosystems and their general characters. Then، on the base of these definitions، we have studied place identity according to geosystems approach to recognize them for description civil and social identity. Understanding the nature of place in the context of geomorphic systems for land use planning، especially habitants are the final goal of the research. Research results shows that every place، in geosystem approach، has a unique identity that it''s structure and function perception can determine land use planning. Therefore، every place has a spatial legislations، and capability. Following the legislations and capability is caused sustainability development.

Classifications are an important tool in both general and applied climatology. The derivation and application of classifications have considerably increased in the climate research during the last decades، but already in earlier times of scientific evolution، we can find prominent and long-lived examples like the well-known global climate classification. This classification was based on threshold climatically regarding temperature and precipitation. Unlike the threshold classification for applying classification by multivariate analysis the condition of classification should be done without considering objective threshold and base on the self-definitions. In This paper have been classified the sea level pressure and for achieving the most important circulation pattern on the sea level pressure on the climate of Iran. In Iran amply has studied about effective circulation pattern over Iran climatology.

Analyzing and summarizing data to map or demonstrate the extent، resources and watershed were carried out in a simple or complex series of ecological parameters. In the conventional methods in Iran، such series are called units or better environmental units. The method is based on a systematic analysis، and data analyzing and summarizing are conducted to perform a multivariate evaluation. In this method، considered parameters are integrated، so it will be possible to determine ecological boundaries on the map. In each ecosystem، existence of homogeneity among ecological resources formed the ecosystem elements (Makhdum، 2001). Power-PB (1998) studied the role of vegetation and watershed management in mountainous and hill watershed of Maharashtra in India. He concluded that in wide areas with biological cultivation and maintenance operations (from 1992 to 1996)، the plant survival was improved by 53. 33%، and water waste and erosion were declined nearly by 47% in mountainous shallow areas. In semi-deep soil، this value was about 23%. The decreased value of erosion in mountainous and hill region and high areas was estimated from 42. 68% up to 12. 79. The amount of harvest through technical operations like Contour Farrow was achieved between 30-35% and 32. 79% in hills and heights، respectively.

In recent decades، the quality of life has been considered as one of the favorite subjects of science، noted the researchers، planners and government. Extensive researches have been done on the quality of life in the world and Iran، much of them in the field of medical sciences and social sciences. However، several studies have been conducted by geographers and related fields، mostly have been concentrated in urban areas and less in rural areas. Thus the rural settlements and the quality of rural life is important، it is necessary to do further studies in this field. The subject is very important and the quality of life in rural areas is low. Also the studied area is unique on the characteristics of ethnic، cultural and religious، so this research tend to evaluate the quality of life in rural areas، to identify the most important factors affected satisfaction of the local villagers on their quality of life، to know the relationship between cultural characteristics - social and quality of life for rural residents in the area، to recognize dimensions and components of quality of life issues that affect the identification، and finally to measure the attitude of society with specific characteristics of ethnic and cultural based on subjective indicators quality of life.

Alluvial fans are common feature in the hillside of mountain، where that sudden change in slope river bed lead to reduce the flow rate and sediments are left according to size. The most appropriate place for the creation of alluvial fans is located output of the mountains and arrival of water network into plain، vast plains and even in the centers of plains in adjacent terminal basins. In this research was tried to investigate the effective factors on creation of Garmsar alluvial fan.

Human settlement mechanism has a fundamental role in the process of historical development of civilization. In this process، cities as the top level of accommodation have been the focus of this role. Cities are author، expander، and engine of development and they act as facilitator of expansion of development and innovation on hinterlands. Cities، particularly small towns، play carrying role of the economic، physical، social and cultural between regional cities and rural areas. Experience of different countries to look at the issue of housing indicators shows the great importance of the subject. In the meanwhile، the study of housing indicators in cities is important because expedite urbanization is accelerating the marginalization and it causes formation of unsafe settlements. Spread out of slum neighborhoods، causing unsightly and undesirable spaces، that the main problem of areas of the city are bad housing and poor health. The increase in poverty، poor access to decent housing and urban services، the emergence of slums and illegal settlements، marginalization and environmental destruction and… has been ravages associated with urbanization. The adverse consequences of low standards of living in urban areas can be in various fields of social (Including increased mass delinquency)، Cultural (including low levels of educational facilities) and physical (including the visual abnormalities). Due to the mentioned fact that on a hand and on the other hand the lack of research using new level modeling and development spatial analysis in Iran in general and Ardabil Province، in particular and also there are the deficiencies in studies communication with a desire range of urban residential areas، such studies look essential and care should be doubled.

Sistan and Balouchestan climate is located in the dry and wild land (Khosravi، 2004:163-187). This climate moves the moist particles in the atmosphere because it is dry، since no other humid weather is being replaced، the relative humidity increases and causes the weather to be dried. In such circumstances increase in vaporization of the weather which cause the soil to have more moisture and prone to wind erosion. Wind erosion destroys the nutritive particles of the soil which are less than 2  such as humus، clay and the soil salts. The wind erosion may move these particles to the remote areas in form of dust storms) Ranjbar et al. 2005:79. The recent studies show that 14 provinces of the country are affected by erosion winds; Sistan and Balouchestan province which is 229174 Hectare becomes the first in this category (Iran Manesh، 2007:26). In Sistan، desert is located in this region besides the important and populated cities such as Zabul، Zehak، Dust Mohammad، Hirmand and Adimi (census of Sistan and Balouchestan province 2006:42). This region is 15195 km2 and its cultivate lands are 140 Hectare which Hirmand river passes among them، they included 67. 2% of farms (Akbari Moghaddam and Ee’tesam، 1991:18). The morphologic and climatic features show the dominance of wild lands over this region One of the important factors that influence the creation of dust in the region، is the drought phenomenon. It has affected the regional development. Drought is one of the main factors of erosion. Inevitably the main factor of erosion in this region is dust and sand storms due to the 120 day winds of Sistan. Wind erosion reduces soil fertility، on the other hand destroys and bury the farm lands، buildings، industrial and infrastructure institutions out of lands (Negaresh: 2009:83-73)، Which ultimately will have a significant impact on regional security in Sistan.

In the point of meteorological view، frost occurs when minimum temperature is below 0° centigrade degree. In total، frosts classified in two groups: a) Radiative Frosts and b) Advective frosts. Radiative frost is the most common form of the phenomenon. Nocturnal long wave (heat) radiation loss from the surface leads to the progressive reduction of surface temperature (and that of the adjacent air) between sunset and sunrise (Oke، 1987; Linacre and Geerts، 1997). Advective frost occurs under meteorological conditions that typically include the passage across a region of a large mass of very cold، dry air followed by a well-mixed، windy atmosphere and a temperature that is often subzero، even during the daytime (Scholefield، 1994; Davidson، 1997). The combination of factors such as those related to atmospheric circulation، radiative balance، soil humidity، topographic features (Muller et al.، 2005) and local factors (for example، latitude and close to the big water resources) are an example of the multiple processes taking part to produce a marked drop in temperature. The frosts have obvious effects on the energy، transportation and agriculture that among the three above-mentioned issues، frost temperature have the most effect on agriculture (Vega et al.، 1994). The aim of this study is the synoptic analysis of the extensive and persistent frosts in Iran.

Desert is one of the formic landscapes in the geomorphology of Iran. In spite of some ideas that consider this landscape unit as a type of wild land landscape، it is a geomorphic landscape itself. About 46. 5 percent of the surface of Yazd province is made up of deserts and wild lands. The existence of such an extent of dry areas makes it necessary to pay attention to the potentials of the mentioned regions in the areas of land use planning. Therefore recognition and identification of this landscape and preparation of the development plans for utilizing them is inevitable. Yazd province has 15 desert holes including Abarkooh، Siahkooh، Marvast، Tarigh o Reza، Taghestan، Bahadoran، Daranjir، Lootak، Porodeh، SiahTagh، Talle Hamid، Abgir، Allah Abad، Goorabkhoor، Saghand. In spite of their similarities in the concept of desert، they have different disparities and act as an effective component in their utilization or space organizing. The purpose of this article، which is taken from a research design in Azad University of Meybod in Yazd، is to express the disparity of the deserts of Yazd province and modeling their effects on their methods of preparation and utilization which can be summarized as the following: - Classifying the deserts of Yazd province according to the criteria of earth morphology and their specific spatial characteristics - Determining the preparation priorities of the deserts of Yazd province according to indicators and spatial patterns

A review on theoretical changes shows that from 1970s on، the research on «vulnerability» and «disaster» pays attention to the reasons and explanation of socio-spatial differences of the vulnerability degree، in addition to concentrate on spatial distribution of damages and disasters، and they haven''t contained themselves with natural forces، damages estimate and emergency response. However، the conducted researches in Iran merely focus on either physical-technical aspect or on different influences and consequences of hazard happenings. In fact، concentration on «hazard Intensity and resulted disaster» and also prevalence of «loss ideas and physical solution» is the feature of most vulnerability measurement and analysis of earthquake in Iran، including metropolis Tehran city. While for the reduction of cities vulnerability to earthquake and making appropriate policies and strategies، first we should know why and how vulnerability in specific city spaces and among specific groups and people is concentrated. What formed the main question of this research as: what are the effective factors of changes? and what are the socio- spatial differences of Tehran city vulnerability to earthquake hazard? In the search for explanatory theory، the review of theoretical literature shows three views: bio-physical، social structure and synthetic. From among، social structure theory focused on the relationship between socio-economical status of people and society groups، and their vulnerability degree to natural hazards. While in reverse، bio- physical theory with the focus on physical-technical aspects، ignores socio- economical aspects of vulnerability، and has no idea about which groups of people and why are more vulnerable. But according to social structure، it is unequal distribution of social and spatial resources، properties and chances in society that forms these socio-spatial differences of vulnerability. Accordingly، to explain the research problem theoretically، main concepts were concluded based on the social structure view، Includes: 1) Socio-Economic Status; 2) Neighborhood; 3) Socio-Spatial Segregation. Then، the conceptual- theoretical model was presented and base on that، 4 hypotheses offered.

Active faults are located in those parts of earth crust with tectonic movements in the post-Quaternary period and especially in Holocon epoch and are expected to have hazardous occurrences in future. The previous studies performed using geomorphologic indices on the other global parts، revealed the efficacy of them in identification of active faults. There are a variety of discussions regarding selecting and using active tectonic geomorphologic indices، their relationships and analysis procedures of the obtained results. In the present work، Central Zagros area was selected and assessed that included head branches of Dez River، Zayandehroud River، and Karoon River and is located in both sides of Main Zagros Fault، Sanandaj-Sirjan zone and high Zagros zone.

Knowing climatic potentials as the background of human activities، constitutes the base for most of the environmental planning and logistics of land; therefore، the majority of the planning of urban development، construction، habitat، architectural، and tourism expansion is perfectly assured when it is accompanied by weather cognition and the use of its various potencies. The most ancient studies and models for knowing and for the degree of influence of climatic elements on human organism along with its bioclimatic diagrams have been done by Bogda in Nigeria (2003) who compared different indices with each other such as Mahani (Evanza) indices، bioclimatic diagram، and the effective temperature. Morillon-Galvez (2004) provided a human bioclimatic atlas Mexico by analyzing given climatic data based on indices of (Olgyay and Givoni). Bouden and Grab (2005) also examined thermal comfort in five cities of Tunisia in two regions. Toy and colleagues (2007) studied and determined the bioclimatic comfort in three different land uses، urban، rural، and urban-sylvan region، in the city of Erzurum in Turkey. In recent years، studies have been done in resort climatology of Arizona in USA by Hartz and colleagues (2006)، thermal comfort in Sun Moon Lake by Lin and Matzarakis (2008)، and determination of bioclimatic comfort in Erzurm-Rize expressway corridor by using Geographical Intelligence System (GIS) by Zengin and colleagues (2009). The bulk of studies done in the context of evaluating the bioclimatic of Iran embody various subjects. Some of these studies have investigated the evaluation of only bioclimatic and human comfort conditions، such as Kaviani (1372)، Jahanbakhsh (1377:68)، Zolfaghari (1386:129)، Mohammadi and Saeedi (1387:45)، Mahmoodi (1387:44) and Nazemosadat and Majnoni Haris (1387:71). Another group of studies has evaluated bioclimatic of building by indexes of Mahani، Givoni، and Terjung. Some of them are Movahedi and Asakereh (1370)، Najar Salyghe (1383:144)، (Khoshhal: 1385) and Shahbakti and Shafiee (1389:59-63). The other group of studies also investigates bioclimatic of Iran in relation with tourism activities، such as Bazrpash and colleagues (1387:94)، Sari Sarraf (1389:63)، Farajzadeh and Ahmadi (1389:31-42)، and Farajzadeh and Matzarakis (2009:545).

The informality of possession and lack of security in residence are among the characteristics attributed to the informal settlements، as well as، they are a key to other problems’ solutions. This essay investigates some of the typical cases of Iran’s informal settlements، and this intends to find out the possession conditions، as well as، the conditions necessary for the recognition of the informal settlements. The researchers’ question is، “whether the possession and formality problems are observed in all or majority of the study settlements?” The aim is the understanding of the important basic common problems in these areas in order to attain the appropriate policies.

Today the concept of cites is unimaginable without different green spaces. In cites and specially big and industrial cites green spaces have differ functions. So green space has caused to improve cities environments in one hand and it has been provided appropriate situations for spending free times in other hand. The importance of urban green spaces can not be ignored in cites sustainability، physical and natural effects on urban systems and different ecological، economical and social outputs. By this approach green space can be defined as external place by significant vegetation and semi natural regions. Tabriz urban parks and parks under construction involve 1174 hectare. This figure is significant compared to other cites in Iran. Although this figure seems appropriate but most of the parks under construction are located outside of urban areas. There is no similar access to these parks so the chance to visit is reduced. In this article the manner of aces to urban parks has been analyzed by network analysis method in GIS and the results have been compared by Buffering analysis method in GIS under Spatial Analysis.