فهرست مطالب

نشریه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 53، بهار 1393)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1393/02/17
  • تعداد عناوین: 11
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  • محمدحسین رامشت صفحه 0
    یکی از اهداف راهبردی دانش جغرافیا در افق 1404 دستیابی به مرجعیت علمی در سطح منطقه تعریف شده است. تحقق این آرمان مستلزم فراهم آمدن شرایط متعدد و فرایند چندجانبه است. به عبارت دیگر مرجعیت علمی مشروط به گذار از چند حد تعریف شده متداول و رایج است. تا آن هنگام که محققان ما در زنجیره نگاه های دیگران گرفتارند بدون تردید از روش شناسی آنها نیز باید تبعیت کنند و عبور از کمند دیدگاه هاست که سبب نوآوری در روش شناسی نیز می گردد. رخ دادن چنین تحولاتی در یک جامعه علمی مستلزم عمق بخشی و توسعه وجودی محققان آن جامعه و تغییرات بنیادی در معرفت شناسی آنهاست. اگرچه انتظار چنین رخدادی برای همه محققان دانش یک جامعه انتظار بی جایی است ولی این نکته را نباید فراموش کرد که آنها که در قلمرو دانش بشری ماندگاری یافته اند بیشتر تحول را نه در تخصصی کردن بیش از اندازه موضوعات که تحول را بیشتر در حوزه های معرفتی و روش شناسی به وجود آورده اند. ارسطو، کانت، دکارت، هیوم، دیویس، جیلبرت، برتالنفی همه نوآوری در حوزه معرفت شناسی علوم مربوطه را به وجود آوردند و این نوآوری بود که روش شناسی های جدید همپای معرفت شناسی های نو نیز پا به عرصه وجود گذاردند. تحول در هر دانشی دارای الگوریتمی است که تحقق آن با توسعه وجودی و درون دریافتی محققان آغاز و با پردازش های غیر متداول از مساله دنبال و در ادامه مسیر به نقد آنچه وجود دارد منجر و سرانجام به نوآوری و طرح ایده های جدید می انجامد. نباید شک کرد که هر نظریه جدیدی در حوزه معرفت شناسی علوم همراه خود، روش جدیدی که تکنیک های ریاضی و مدل های نو را نیز به همراه خواهد داشت را به ارمغان می آورد. شاید بتوان گفت جغرافیای ایران اولین گام ها در این زمینه را برداشته است. هنوز کمتر از یک سال از فراخوان مجله علمی پژوهشی جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی برای طرح نظریه پردازی در حوزه علوم جغرافیایی نگذشته که علی رغم عدم اشنایی کافی محققان ما پیرامون نظریه و چند و چون پردازش یک نظریه اولین مجلد از نقدها، نوآوری ها و نظریه پردازی ها در حوزه دانش جغرافیا منتشر می شود. طرح این اندیشه ها از دانشگاه های کرمان، تبریز، پژوهشگاه شاخص پژوه، دانشگاه تهران، دانشگاه دفاع ملی، اصفهان، مشهد و دانشگاه هنر اصفهان نشان دهنده آغاز موجی از نواندیشی در حوزه های مختلف دانش جغرافیا از حوزه ژئومورفولوژی گرفته تا جغرافیای نظامی است والبته مجله علمی پژوهشی جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی مفتخر است که شرایط شناساندن افکار جغرافیدانان جوان ایران را برای هموطنان فراهم آورده و امید است بدین وسیله بستر تبلور و جوانه زدن هدف غایی یعنی مرجعیت دانش جغرافیا در ایران خیلی زودتر از آنچه هدف گذاری شده تحقق یابد.
  • مژگان انتظاری صفحات 1-10
    نظریه پردازی در ژئومورفولوژی مبحثی بنیادین است والبته نقش فرایندهای زمین ریخت شناسی در ایجاد زمین سیماها را نباید سازوکاری تک انگاشتی تلقی کرد. اگرچه کار های با ارزشی دراین حوزه انجام گرفته ولی در ادبیات ژئومرفولوژی ایران هنوزجای ایده ای که بتواند تنوع زمین شکل های سرزمینی ما را در ساختاری سازمند و قانونمند بیان نماید، خالی است. نگاهی به نوشتارهای ژئومورفولوژی ایران در سده اخیر نشان می دهد که محققان مختلفی در کواترنری ایران تلاش کرده اند تا به بازخوانی حوداث این دوران بپردازند ولی ویژگی بارز این بررسی ها عدم تدوین این مطالب در قالب نظریه ای جامع است که بتواند تاثیر وقایع کواترنری بر مسائل انسانی -اجتماعی و ساکنین این سرزمین را تبیین و تحلیل نماید. اقلیم اختری نظریه ای است که می کوشد چهارچوبی سازمند و مدلی کلان برای مجموعه پدیده های ژئومورفولوژی ایران ارائه دهد. مدلی که در چارچوب آن، رفتار جوامع انسانی مسکون در این فضا معنی می یابد. در این نظریه، سامانه ای تعریف می شود که ضمن تاکیدبر نقش آفرینی عوامل فرسایشی همچون آب و باد، به تشریح سیستم کلانی می پردازد که حاکمیت این نقش آفرینی را بر عهده دارد. هسته اصلی و نظری که در«اقلیم اختری» تعریف می شود و از دیدگاه ژئومرفولوژی دارای اهمیت است، چهارچوبه ای است که در محدوده آن، سیستم شکل زایی به وجود آمده و شکل زایی تحت تاثیر آن عمل می کند. به طور کلی مفاهیمی که در حوزه اقلیم اختری، مطرح می شود با مفاهیم اقلیم شناسی متفاوت است. در این نظریه سعی شده است رابطه مکانیسم های شکل زا واقلیم اختری و تاثیری که این پدیده در تحریک ناپایداری ها داشته است بر ملا شود. واژه های اقلیم و اختری هردو از واژگان تعریف شده در مباحث آب و هواشناسی است، ولی باید به این نکته توجه داشت که اقلیم اختری یک واژه اقلیم شناسی نیست بلکه یک اصطلاح واژه سازی شده جدید درژئومرفولوژی است. منظور از اقلیم اختری نه اقلیم محلی است و نه اقلیم سیاره ای، بلکه آنچه از این واژه می باید انتظار داشت بار ژئومرفولوژی آن از یک سو و حامل بودن مفهوم شکل زا در بطن آن است.
    کلیدواژگان: اقلیم اختری، سیستم ژئومرفیک، سیستم شکل زا، کواترنری، خط تعادل اب ویخ
  • فرهاد باباجمالی صفحات 11-24
    مکان یکی ازعناصر اصلی تبلورهویت انسان است وتصویری که از تفاوتهای مکانی در ذهن و احساسات او به وجود می اید می تواند بر ادراک او از محیط و شکل گیری شاکله فهم او از مکان تاثیر گذار باشد. دلبستگی بشر و چگونگی شکل یافتن هویت او در مناظر ومکانها، یکی از عمیق ترین نیازهای انسان برای احساس هویت و تعلق او به مکان است. هویت با عناصری چون زمان، مکان، فضا و فرهنگ معنا می یابد و نقش برجسته آن در ادوار و مکانهای مختلف گاه بر عنصر فرهنگ و زمانی بر عنصر مکان و... تاکید می ورزد.به همین خاطر و بدون تردید این مفهوم در شکل گیری هویت زیستگاه های ایران نقشی انکار ناپذیر دارد.در ارزش و نقش مکان همین بس که از یازده عنصر موثر در ایجاد فضا و مفهوم آن، هشت عنصر جزء خصیصه های مکانی قلمداد می شود (شعری مقدم 1382). با این توصیف می توان تا حدودی به اهمیت خصیصه های مکانی در شکل گیری هویت شهرها و روستاها از یکسو و فرم، وسعت والگوهای گوناگون زندگی این جوامع واقف شد. از منظر دانش جغرافیا، هویت مکانی نقش برجسته ای در تنوع اشکال زندگی درایران دارد به گونه ای که ساختارهای سکونتگاهی وتفاوتهای شکلی آنها در مدنیت های یکجانشین مانند شهرها و روستاها برآیندی از هویت مکانی آنهاست. موضوعی که در این نظریه به آن پرداخته شده است معطوف به حافظه تاریخی ژئومرفولوژی سرزمین ایران در کواترنری است و نقش هویت زایی مکانی درتنوع و پراکندگی کانون های -جمعیتی ایران چه در طیف شهری و چه در طیف سکونتگاه های روستائی وعشایری محور عطف در این دیدگاه است وسعی دارد قوانین خاصی که این مولفه ها در مقیاسی کلان نقش کلیدی در شکل گیری وتفاوت الگوهای مدنی و زندگی ومعیشت در ایران داشته را باز شناسی وتبیین نماید. کانون تاثیرگذار بر هویت مکانی کانونهای مدنی که دست مایه اصلی این نظریه قلمداد شده، آلومتری یخ وفرایند یخسازی کوهستانهای ایران در کواترنری است.
    کلیدواژگان: ایران مرکزی، مولفه های ژئومورفیک، هویت مکانی، مدنیت، آلومتری یخ ویخ سازی
  • محسن پورخسروانی صفحات 25-36
    تا کنون سعی ژئومورفولوژیست ها بر این بوده که پدیده های ژئومورفیک را در چارچوب قانون علیت تبیین نمایند. حال آنکه در جغرافیای فضایی بر خلاف جغرافیای کلاسیک الزامی بر علی بودن روابط بین پدیده ها وجود نداشته و تنها روابط مطرح شده از نوع ژنریک است که می تواند علیت را توجیه نماید و البته روابط ژنریک با آنچه تحت عنوان روابط همبستگی بیان می شود تفاوت اساسی دارد. دوال را شاید بتوان دوگانه و دوالیتی را دوگانگی معنی کرد. واژه ای که ضمن در بر داشتن مفهوم تباین ضمنی، تزویج و همراهی دو پدیده را نیز بیان می دارد. دوالیتی، قرینه بودن دو پدیده، عکس هم عمل کردن و مشخص نمودن پاره ای از نسبتها را هم می تواند در برگیرد. منظور از دوالیتی در ژئومرفولوژی پدیده خاصی است که با پدیده ای ثانوی زوج شده و اگر چه می توان ماهیتی مستقل و جدا برای آنها منظور داشت ولی پیوندی بین آنها منعقد است که میتوان رفتار یکی را در ارتباط با پدیده دیگر تبیین نمود. طرح نظریه دوالیتی در ژئومرفولوژی که از این پس تحت عنوان ژئودوالیتی از آن یاد می شود تنها بیان یک مفهوم ساده و بیان مصادیق آن در ژئومرفولوژی نخواهد بود بلکه محققان در این حوزه را به تجدید نظری کلی پیرامون نحوه مدیریت، کنترل و پایش بسیاری از پدیده ها در ژئومرفولوژی وا می دارد. در تشریح این ایده سعی شده است به اتکای روشی تجربی - قیاسی و با تکنیک تداخل سنجی موجی نسبت به تعریف این مفهوم و تاثیرات آن در تحلیل های ژئومرفولوژی اقدام گردد. بطور کلی نتایج حاصل از بکارگیری این مفهوم نشان می دهد که: تحلیل بسیاری از داده ها در چهارچوب نظریه ژئودوالیتی می تواند علت تامه متفاوتی را نسبت به تحلیل های کلاسیک در ژئومرفولوژی بوجود آورد. اگرچه مفهوم دوال با مفاهیمی چون کوپلینگ و ثنویت تشابه کاذب دارد و می توان تشابهاتی درحوزه تکنیک های بکار گرفته شده در مورد تحلیل اعداد و ارقام بین آنها مشاهده نمود ولی تفاوت ماهوی بین آنها وجود دارد. دوال را نباید با مفهوم ثنویت معادل دانست بلکه از دیدگاه فلسفی واژه ای که می تواند بار معنایی آنرا در زبان فارسی حامل باشد واژه زوجیت است.
    کلیدواژگان: سوبسیدانس، دوالیتی، زوجیت، ژئومورفولوژی، کوپلینگ
  • علی اکبر پوری رحیم صفحات 37-50
    راهبردهای دفاع سرزمینی از جمله موضوعات ملی است که در دستور کار غالب دولت ها قرار دارد. اسناد راهبردی در این مقوله بیشتر متاثر از موقعیت مکانی و فضائی هر سرزمین، توازن منطقه ای و ویژگی های طبیعی هر کشور بوده و خطوط کلی دفاع واحدهای سیاسی را شکل می دهند. ایران با ویژگی های متنوع جغرافیای سرزمینی، راهبرد دفاعی خاصی را به ما می آموزد. بکارگیری ویژگی های طبیعی به ویژه در مجاورت مرزهای پیرامونی ضمن ارائه راهبردهای کلی در مورد نحوه دفاع، نه تنها در مقیاس تاکتیکی می تواند تاثیرات عمیقی در طراحی و تصمیم گیری فرماندهان نظامی، نحوه انجام عملیات رزمی، بهره مندی مطلوب و بهره گیری از نیروها و تجهیزات داشته باشد، بلکه عاملی تاثیرگذار و مهم در نظریه پردازی های دفاعی نیز محسوب می شود. از میان راهبردهای دفاعی، نقش سیاست های دفاع غیرعامل با توجه به شیوه های متعدد دفاعی رایج، باید مدنظر طراحان وبرنامه ریزان آمایش سرزمینی نیز باشد زیرا این بخش از سیاست های راهبردی اگر چه با سیاست های امنیتی در ارتباط است ولی عملا تاثیرات عمیقی بر برنامه های توسعه مناطق خواهد داشت. ویژگی های سرزمینی جلگه خوزستان امکانات مطلوبی را در جهت تدوین و بکارگیری شیوه دفاع غیرعامل به ما می آموزد و در این میان، راهبرد جنگ آب در صدر این گونه نظریه پردازی های دفاعی قرار دارد. بی تردید، تدوین چنین راهبردهایی (جنگ آب) می تواند بخش مهمی از محدودیت های تجهیزات، فن آوری و مدیریت ما را جبران نموده و به عنوان مکمل لایه های دفاع زمینی، در برخورد با تهدیدات منطقه ای و فرا منطقه ای پاره ای از نواحی محسوب شود. این ایده درواقع چیزی جز تئوریزه کردن انچه ایرانیان در دفاع هشت ساله خود در برابر عراق که بصورت تجربی انجام داده اند نیست وتنها با پردازش ان سعی شده است با استفتده از روش تحلیل راهبردی و با تکیه بر سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، رابطه ویژگی های سرزمینی خوزستان جلگه ای را با راهبردهای دفاع غیر عامل آب تدوین گردد. ازجمله نکات برجسته این تجارب میدانی میتوان به موارد ذیل اشاره نمود. - چها رچوبه اصلی مدل های دفاع غیر عامل آبی در خوزستان از بردارهای طبیعی گذشته روان آب ها پیروی میکند. - اصول بکارگیری دفاع غیرعامل آب در خوزستان جلگه با وجود یکسان بودن ظاهری فضای طبیعی آن، از یک الگوی واحد پیروی نمی کند. - پنج الگو و مدل متفاوت در مقیاس های متعدد می تواند در دفاع غیر عامل آب این ناحیه بکار گرفته شود که هرکدام در برابر نحوه عملیات و مقصود دشمن قابل تصمیم گیری است.
    کلیدواژگان: پدافند غیرعامل، جنگ آب، جلگه خوزستان، آمایش سرزمین
  • عادل سپهر صفحات 51-64
    زمانی که صحبت از تعادل در ژئومورفولوژی می شود، بی شک قبل از هر چیز، چرخه فرسایشی دیویس در ذهن نقش می بندد. در برابر نگاه ایستایی به تحولات لندفرم ها، تفکر تعادل پویا یا تعادل دینامیکی که ریشه در پژوهش های جیلبرت دارد، قرار گرفته است. سوال اصلی اینجاست که آیا همه سیستم های باز نظیر ژئوسیستم ها در هر مکان و زمان، حالت تعادل را جستجو می کنند؟ فارغ از اینکه به تفکر دیویس و اصل ایستایی تحولات اعتقاد داشته باشیم یا به تعادل پویا در نگاه جیلبرت باور ذهنی خود را پرورش داده باشیم، پاسخ به این سوال را باید در قوانین ترمودینامیک غیرخطی کنکاش کرد. در اینجا دیگر قوانین مکانیک نیوتنی که براحتی کلید نظریه دیویس است قادر نخواهد بود تا بر شکل گیری و فروپاشی الگوها، تغییرات لحظه ای ژئوسیستم ها، پاسخ ها و اشکال کاتاستروفی و وجود الگوهای فراکتالی پاسخ دهد. تئوری پایداری لیاپانوف درک دقیقی از بازخوردهای مثبت و منفی ژئوسیستم ها ارائه می دهد. لیاپانوف نشان داد که واگرایی در زمان، پیدایش الگوهای آشوب را به همراه دارد. دینامیک الگوهای مکانی شکل گرفته در ژئوسیستم ها، علاوه بر وجود شرایط نامتعادل، بیانگر وقوع نقاط تعادلی جدید در طی زمان است. اگر بر پایه اصل انتروپی پذیرفته ایم که همه سیستم های باز تعادل خود را در حداکثر انتروپی کنکاش می کنند، می بایست متصور شد که زمین به عنوان یک ژئوسیستم ماکرو و سایر ژئوسیستم ها و اکوسیستم های موجود در آن هنوز به نقطه محتوم ماکزیمم انتروپی دست نیافته اند. لذا دینامیکی از تحولات و تغییرات چشم انداز را در ژئوسیستم های زمین و تمامی سیستم های باز موجود در آن شاهد هستیم. این دینامیک با بروز الگوهای دوره ای، آشوب و اشکال فراکتالی در ژئوسیستم ها همراه است. در این مقاله سعی شده است تا قوانین پایداری حاکم در شرایط ناتعادلی در ژئوسیستم ها بر پایه نظریه لیاپانوف و ترمودینامیک غیرخطی مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. نتایج پژوهش نشان می-دهد که خودتنظیمی حاصل از اتلاف انرژی در سیستم، الگوهای مکانی و رفتارهای آشوب گونه را در محدوده ناتعادلی رقم می زند که دینامیک این رفتارها، می تواند به مثابه کلیدی در پیش بینی پاسخ های ژئوسیستم به اغتشاشات محیطی ملاک عمل قرار گیرد.
    کلیدواژگان: ژئوسیستم نامتعادل، لیاپانوف، الگوهای مکانی، ترمودینامیک غیرخطی
  • سمیه سادات شاه زیدی صفحات 65-78
    سطح زمین مجموعه ای است که عوامل درونی و بیرونی بر آن تاثیرگذار بوده و موجب پیکر تراشی سطح زمین و در نتیجه فرم سازی آن می شود. نواحی خشک و نیمه خشک یکی از صحنه هایی است که علی رغم بی عارضه بودن آن، فرایند های متعدد و پیچیده ای در چهره پردازی آن نقش داشته است به گونه ای که محققان همواره در توجیه چگونه به وجود آمدن آن ها با نظریات متعدد و گاه پیچیده رو به رو بوده اند. از جمله پدیده های عام در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک دشت سرها هستند که بیکرانگی، هموار بودن و وسعت، آن ها تعجب بیندگان را به خود جلب نموده و محققان ژئومرفولوژیست برای توجیه نحوه به وجود آمدن آن نظریات و مکانیسم های متعددی را ابراز داشته اند. یکی از محققان ژئومرفولوژیست که در مورد به وجود آمدن دشت سرها نظریه جامعی تحت عنوان «تسطیح ورقه ای حرکت غیر متمرکز آب» ارائه نمود ال. سی. کینک (.C. King) است. وی در نظریه خود نحوه به وجود آمدن این دشت های کم شیب و کم عارضه را به حرکات سفره ای نسبت داده و البته به وجود آمدن آن را مشروط به حاکمیت یک دوره طولانی فرسایش آبی می داند. کارهای دو محقق لاگو (Lago) و المدرسی که بیشتر متکی به تکوین ناهمواری ها است سبب شد که نسبت به نظریه کینگ شک و تردیدی به وجود آید. لذا در تحقیقی که در دانشگاه اصفهان به اجرا گذارده شد با باز سازی یک مدل مینیاتوری به تجربه عملی نظریه کینگ مبادرت گردید. در این مدل مینیاتوری که سعی شد با حذف مقیاس زمانی تحولات یک عارضه بازسازی شود نتایج متفاوت و متباینی با آن چه کینگ در نظریه خود به آن اشاره دارد به دست آمد. حاصل تجربی بازسازی دشت سرها در مدل مینیاتوری را می توان در موارد زیر خلاصه نمود: - استدراج در منحنی مقعر سطوح ارضی گلاسی ها برخلاف نظر کینک زائیده تکتونیک جنبا است - تراس بندی پلکانی درسطوح ارضی، نماد عدم تحرک پوسته ارضی در یک دوره ارام فرسایشی است.
    کلیدواژگان: گلاسی، تکتونیک جنبا، دور فرسایشی، حرکات سفره ای آب
  • طیبه محمودی صفحات 79-90
    ایران سرزمین متکثری است که تنوع و تفاوت های سرزمینی، فرهنگی و هویتی آن از جمله ویژگی های بارز و شاخص آن بشمار می آید. با این وجود در ادوار تاریخی همواره با همه قبض و بسط های مقطعی، همگرایی خود را تحت عنوان یک واحد فرهنگی تعریف شده حفظ نموده بطوریکه برای این سرزمین تاریخ استقلالی مانند دیگر کشورهای منطقه، مکتوب و منظور نشده است. پرسش اصلی در مقوله پایداری تاریخی یک جمع متکثر با فرهنگها، زبان ها، اقوام و نحله هایی گوناگون فکری، چرایی و چگونگی شکل گرفتن این واحد نیوتونی است. بررسی های محققان جغرافیا در دهه های اخیر بر این نکته تاکید دارند که اگرچه هر تکثر و تنوعی می تواند همواره عامل افتراق و جدایی باشد و اصولا تفاوت ها، افتراق آفرین و تفکیک کننده هستند ولی مفهوم فضای ترامتنی محیطی می تواند نوعی ارتباط بین اجزا متفرق بوجود آورد و تکثر وتنوع را به جریانی ارتباطی بدل سازد، به گونه ای که این تفاوت ها در عین تکثر به وحدت خاصی منجر گردد که اصطلاحا به آن «هویت آینه ای» گفته می شود. هویت آینه ای نظریه جدیدی است که برای نوعی کلیت کسر ناپذیر مجموعه ای متکثر بکار می رود وسعی دارد با تمسک به مفهوم فضای ترامتنی وشار محیطی علت وحدت ویکپارچگی تاریخی سرزمین ایران را با اتکا به هویت مکانی تشریح وتوجیه نماید بدین نحو که همان گونه که تصویر دسته گلی چند شاخه ای در آینه یک کلیت واحد را به معرض دید می گذارد و با شکسته و چند پاره شدن آینه، تصویر دسته گل در همه پاره های آینه یک کل واحد را نشان و انفکاک و جدایی آنها را باعث نمی شود، هویت آینه ای نیز چنین نقشی را برای جمعیت متکثر ایران بوجود آورده است. در این ایده سعی شده است با طرح مفاهیمی چون واحد نیوتنی، فضای ترا متنی، شار محیطی و هویت مکانی وبرقراری ارتباط ارگانیک این مفاهیم، رمز مانایی و پایداری وحدت ایرانیان در سرزمین پارس، باز گو گردد و عواملی که سبب جیوه ای، یا آینه ای شدن چنین هویتی می شود را در حوزه جغرافیا با اتکا به تحلیل های ژئومرفولوژیک بیان نماید.
    کلیدواژگان: همگرایی مدنی، هویت، ترامتنیت، شار محیطی، چشم انداز، ایران
  • داود مختاری صفحات 91-108
    علی رغم اقبال محققان رشته ژئومورفولوژی به مطالعه در مورد موضوعات ژئوتوریسم در دهه گذشته، ساختار کلی این مطالعات از اصول موضوعه دانش ژئومرفولوژی فاصله گرفته است. بنابراین،، کنکاش در ابعاد مختلف موضوع و ارائه نقطه نظرات متخصصان امر، میتواند نقطه آغازی برای نقد و بررسی جایگاه ژئومورفولوژیکی ژئوتاین دانش و گامی در جهت غنای ادبیات ژئوتوریستی کشورمان تلقی شود. شخصیت جغرافیایی و زمین شناختی ژئوتوریسم و جایگاه ژئومورفولوژی در میان این شخصیت های مرسوم در ادبیات ژئوتوریسم جهان و ایران، رابطه ژئومورفولوژی و ژئوتوریسم، نقد اصطلاحات مورد استفاده در ادبیات ژئوتوریسمی ایران مثل ژئومورفوتوریسم، معادل فارسی«ژئومورفوسایت» و «Geo-Hiking Tourism»، رابطه ژئوتوریسم و اکوتوریسم، و روش های تحقیق، مهمترین مسائل و چالش های مطالعات ژئوتوریست با نگرش ژئومورفولوژیکی است که در اینجا به آنها پرداخته شده است. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از بررسی های مکتوبات موجود در این حوزه، می توان گفت: -ژئوتوریسم با ماهیت ژئومورفولوژیکی اساسا دارای شخصیتی جغرافیایی است و اشکال و فرایندهای ژئومورفولوژیک و نمود آنها در مکان های ژئومورفیکی یکی از ارکان اصلی دانش ژئوتوریسم است. - مکان ژئومورفیکی و گردشگری زمین پیمایی به ترتیب به عنوان معادل فارسی واژه های «ژئومورفوسایت» و «Geo-Hiking Tourism» پیشنهاد شده اند، - ژئوتوریسم زیر مجموعه اکوتوریسم نیست، و در ارزیابی مکان های ژئومورفیکی استفاده از روش های خاص ارزیابی ژئوتوریستی مکان های ژئومورفیکی و تحلیل سیستم های مورفوژنتیک مناطق مورد مطالعه ضرورت دارد. - به جای استفاده از واژه«ژئومورفوتوریسم» بهتر است انجام مطالعات ژئوتوریسم در قالب شخصیت جغرافیایی آن صورت پذیرد.
    کلیدواژگان: ژئوتوریسم، شخصیت جغرافیایی و زمین شناسی ژئوتوریسم، مکان های ژئومورفیکی، گردشگری زمین پیمایی، اکوتوریسم، روش های تحقیق ژئوتوریسم و ژئوتوریسم
  • فاطمه نعمت الهی صفحات 109-120
    ترامتنیت مفهومی است که از دانش ادبیات به عاریت گرفته وسعی شده این مفهوم در بخش خاصی از دانش جغرافیا که ژئومرفولوژی خوانده می شود تبیین وطرح گردد. همانگونه که طرح هندسه فضائی در ژئومرفولوژی اصول و مبادی دو دیدگاه کلاسیک در ژئومرفولوژی (ژئومرفولوژی دیویسی و ژئومرفولوژی فرایندی) را متحول ساخت و سبب تولد ژئومرفولوژی جدیدی گردید (Systemic geomorphology or Functional geomorphology) می توان امیدوار بود بسیاری از تحلیل های ژئومرفولوژی بتواند در با این مفهوم تجلی وتبلور یابد. شاید بتوان ادعا نمود، با ورود مفهوم «فضای ترامتنی» و مفاهیم وابسته به آن در ژئومرفولوژی، توانمندی این دانش در تحلیل های رفتاری - اجتماعی و تبیین و تحلیل بسیاری از مفاهیم جغرافیای انسانی چون هویت مکانی و تاثیر آن در جوامع انسانی و تغییرات آن، شکل گیری رمز و راز وحدت ملی و بسیاری از دلایل مانایی و یا میرائی در پدیده های جغرافیایی دوصد چندان شود و چنین توانمندی نه تنها تاکید مضاعفی بر درهم تنیدگی مسائل طبیعی و انسانی است که نقش مکان در رفتار و سبک رخدادهای انسانی و فضایی را برملا می کند. این مقاله که برگرفته از یک طرح تحقیقاتی در دانشگاه اصفهان است، سعی بر آن دارد که به استناد اسناد و مدارک مکتوب در حوزه زبان و ادبیات، مفهوم ترامتنیت (Transtextuality) در فضا را تشریح و به تبیین دریچه های جدیدی بپردازد که این بینش در حوزه دانش ژئومرفولوژی می تواند به وجود آورد. نتایج حاصله، ناظر بر این واقعیت است که: - مصادیق مفهوم ترامتنیت هم در فرم و هم در فرایند های ژئومرفولوژی تبیین شدنی است. - نقش مکان در بروز بسیاری از مسائل جغرافیای انسانی روشن و مدلل می شود. - طرح مفهوم ترامتنیت در ژئومرفولوژی می تواند مبانی جدیدی در طبقه بندی مناطق و تبیین افتراق ها و مشابهت های فضایی و الگوهای ارتباطی در فضا، فراهم آورد.
    کلیدواژگان: فضا، ترامتنیت، ژئومورفولوژی، متن جغرافیایی، فضای ترامتنی
  • مجتبی یمانی صفحات 121-140
    پهنه وسیعی از بخش های مرکزی ایران در قلمرو شرایط اقلیمی خشک و بیابانی قرار دارد. توپوگرافی نسبتا هموار و پست، خشکی محیط و استمرار وطول تونل باد در این ناحیه موجب غلبه فرایند فرسایش بادی در این مناطق شده است. مشخص ترینلندفرم حاصل از این فرایند، تمرکز توده های بزرگی از ماسه های بادی(ارگ ها) است. تاکنون علل تشکیل و تمرکز این توده های ماسه ای را توپوگرافی سطحی، جهت وزش باد و وجود موانع و شرایط بادپناهی می دانستند. بررسی ها ومطالعات اخیر نشان میدهد که برخلاف تصور رایج توجیه بوجد امدن چنین پدیده گسترده و کم نظیری نیاز مند یک بازنگری وطرح مدلی اقلیمی در مقیاس منطقه ایست و اثبات تطبیق مورفولوژی بادی و مکان گزینی ارگ لوت در موقعیت کنونی با تمسک به چنین دلایلی تبیین پذیر نیست. ضرورت چنین اصلی سبب بررسی های دقیق تری برمبنای مطالعات ژئومرفیک شامل باز شناسی پدیده ها توسطعکس های هوایی، تصاویر ماهواره ای، نقشه های توپوگرافی وتحلیل مورفومتری و مورفولوژی تپه های ماسه ای و سایر لندفرم های بادی به عنوان شاخصی برای تعیین ویژگی های باد غالب در منطقه گردید. حاصل این بررسی ها که گستره وسیعی از دشت لوت ایران را شامل گردید نشان دادکه ایجاد چنین پدیده ای مستلزم وجود یک سیستم اقلیمی محلی در مقیاس منطقه ای ایست وتسلط یک سلول کم فشار حرارتی تابستانی در چاله لوت بوجود امدن ارگ را امکان پذیر ساخته است. فرم اشکال ارضی دشت لوت به عنوان گرم ترین نقطه کره زمین بیشتر تحت تاثیر یک سیستم اقلیمی خودساخته محلی است زیرا تحدب برخان-ها و مورفولوژی سایر اشکال فرسایش بادی و تفسیر داده ها، نشانگر راستای وزش باد غالب در هر نقطه است و نتایج حاصل از بررسی ها نشان می دهد که تصویر فضایی مورفولوژی توده های ماسه ای لوت ایران به عنوان بزرگ ترین توده ماسه ای در پهنه ایران، الگویی را ارائه می کند که از طریق آن می توان موقعیت یک سامانه کم فشار حرارتی و همرفتی محلی حاکم بر چاله لوت را به خوبی شناسایی نمود. وجود این سامانه و نقش آن در تکوین لندفرم های فرسایش بادی لوت می تواند به سایر ریگ های موجود در ایران مرکزی تعمیم یافته و دیدگاه های پیشین را بازنگری نماید. به عبارت دیگر نظریه جدید ثابت می کند عواملی را که تا این زمان به عنوان عوامل موثر در مکان گزینی توده های ریگ ایران بر شمرده اند عوامل اصلی نبوده بلکه نقش اصلی را موقعیت سامانه کم فشار حرارتی ایفا می کند که در طول دوره گرم سال بر منطقه لوت تسلط دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: چاله لوت، سامانه کم فشار همرفتی، کم فشار حرارتی، توده ماسه ای، فرسایش بادی
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  • M. Entezari Pages 1-10
    Extended abstract 1- Introduction Concerning the landslides, many researchers have tried to present some models of board holding for risk of this disaster and in other words, they have made effort to reach the plan for board holding of the slops; in order to access to these types of plans, in addition to using various techniques, quantity and quality selection of effective factors in occurrence of the landslides is very important. Some factors such as structure of the land and type of stone, figure and direction of the scope, application of lands, rainfall, height from sea level, distance from fault, road and rivers and also landslide vibrations are some of the most important factors in occurrence of landslide that have been referred to in researches of Iranian and foreign experts, and most of them have been based on induction method, in the form that they have surveyed various effective factors on the occurrence of earthquake and then they have analyzed the manner of their effect in spread of the landslides. Except study of the effective factors on the occurrence of landslides which was referred to them, various efforts have been made in the field of assessment for these factors and the manner of collecting these factors together as well, but it shall be mentioned that all of these methods are in the field of better efficiency in applying these quantitative factors. Such methods also have become common by the method of applying numerical techniques and in the systems for analyzing geographical information with the methods of direct coverage and / or cellular numerical combinations, but what is mentioned in the research as a major problem has not been in the field of recognition and development of effective land factors or has not relied on precision in application of the mixed methods, but it mentions another problem and it is this problem that glacial system has defined the main framework for creation and occurrence of such phenomena and if the land factors have any effect, they can be surveyed only and only within this framework and they can be mentioned. 2- Methodology In the case under study, statistical methods and climate periodical deeds have been used with utilization of Wright Method. Recognition of the old and new landslides also has been performed through the field observations and air and satellite photos as well. In the stages of performing research the software Google Earth, ARC GIS, SPSS have been used. In summary, the stages for performance of this research can be stated as follows: Providing map for distribution of the landslides in the region: For providing this map on the basis of field observations, studying air photos and software Google Earth, 360 cases of the slope movements particularly the landslide occurred on the map DEM (numerical height model with cellular size of 85 m resulting from numerical photos of radar) for the province were determined locally by software ARC GIS 9.3. Determination of permanent snow line and water and ice equilibrium line: In order to determine permanent snow line with utilization of Wright Method, using the field observations, air photos and topographic maps, some of glacial circuses were recognized. Then with determining the location of small circuses and passing the line for 60 % of them, the permanent snow line is determined in the past, also using the obtained data the permanent snow line is specified at the present time as well. Providing isothermal map for the past and present: with studying the statistics during a 20-year statistical period for 85 climatic and synoptic stations, the data for temperature and height were analyzed and evaluated as the main variables for determining permanent snow line and the present map was prepared with consideration of correlation relation between the elements of temperature and height. The past isothermal map was also provided using the calculated Gradient equation for the present temperature and the rate of adiabatic loss in the area and also permanent snow height. Finally, with adjustment of permanent snow line map and permanent snow line as well as the landslides distribution map in the area considerable results obtained. 3– Discussion With studying the air and satellite photos and also field observations of 360 cases from slope movements including new active landslides, old landslides, and the rainfalls were specified locally. Then with adjustment of the map for distribution of the landslides, and permanent snow line map and water-ice as well as water-ice equilibrium line, significant relation obtained between these limits and accumulation of the landslides temperature limit of higher than the permanent snow line, the limit between permanent snow line and water equilibrium line and the limit lower than water-ice equilibrium line in the main landslide focal points is this that a high percent of the landslides have occurred in the limit between permanent snow line and water-ice equilibrium line. Another considerable point is this that most of the ancient landslides have been located close to water-ice equilibrium line whereas the active landslides have more accumulation in the border of permanent snow line. 4– Conclusion The average for the percent of occurred landslides in these 3 height ranges in the area indicate that about 75 % of the landslides occurred in the limit between permanent snow line and water-ice equilibrium line, 20 % upper the permanent snow line and 5 % within the limit lower than water-ice equilibrium line. Thus the highest occurrence of landslides occurred in the limit between permanent snow line and water-ice equilibrium line. In general, for justifying the occurrence of these types of landslides we can state that considering the fact that the dominating process on permanent snow line and its higher heights is freezing and the dominating process on water-ice equilibrium line and the range between this line and permanent snow line is melting, dislocations of these two borders within the areas under the effect of this process usually causes to create a regular sequence of melting and freezing. Consecutive melting and freezing of snow and depositions and also their nutrition in the cold season cause formation of special phenomena including some of the types of sloping movements. Often in the limits higher than permanent snow line these processes have less effect since persistence of snow in these areas is usually more than one year, but in the limits lower than this, permanent snow line does not exceed from one year, the changes of temperature around zero degree axis cause to melt a section of the snow layer and its penetration inside the deposits and re- freezing of penetrating waters. The rate of this process effect depends on the duration of icing period and particularly its repetition. Key words: Landslide, Cold hole, Hot hole, Astronomic climate.
    Keywords: Landslide, Cold hole, Hot hole, Astronomic climate
  • F. Babajamali Pages 11-24
    1-
    Introduction
    Space is one of the major elements where human identity is crystallized and creates a perception from different spaces in human mind and feelings which enriches the environment concept and generate structural forms which would in turn have its effect on space. Human attachment and the manner by which spatial identity is formed in his perception is one of the fundamental requirements to sense identity through where he belongs.Identity is defined through elements like time, locality, space and culture where its outstanding contribution in different eras and places emphasis on the same elements. With no doubt this contribution of this concept in formation of habitats’ identity in Iran is inevitable. there are eleven effective elements involved in creation of space and its context among which eight Elements are assigned to habitat. Accordingly, the essence of spatial factors in rural and urban space in formation of identity on one hand and the different magnitude and patterns involved in the living style of these cultures can be clarified to a certain degree. In the geographic science context, spatial identity has its major role in variety of life styles in Iranian societies, which is manifested through the diversified architecture regarding communal formations like rural and urban areas. 2-
    Method
    The issue of concern in this theory refers to the ancient geomorphologic memory of Iran’s geography in quaternery era and the habitat identity in a variety of population core distribution of urban, rural and nomadic forms. The effective focal point in the civic identity issue, considered as the core of the theory, is the glassier alometry and the ice-making process in the mountains of Iran quaternery in era. 3-
    Results And Discussion
    Theorization of morphologic is a fundamental issue and of course the role of morphologic formation of earth’s features should not be taken as a single matter. A close observation on the documented issues (books, articles, etc.) regarding geomorphology of Iran indicate that many different researchers on the quaternery era of Iran’s geology have tried to recall the natural phenomenon of the era. What is outstanding in these studies is that none of the issues fit in a theoretical comprehensive format through which the effect of the natural phenomenon of on human habitat in that era could be explained and analyzed. The glacier alometry is a theory where concepts like space identity, social herding, nomadism and settlement, hot and cold civilization, the forms analysis and geomorphic processes regarding space identity and social connections in Iran are addressed in addition to the space Memory, something that we face today. This theory seeks a geomorphologic explanation to this fundamental question as why such a set up and role of rural and urban distribution in Iran follows such a manner and what is the correlation among the rural and urban identity with the climatic changes in quaternery era in central Iran.The three major features involve in defining the spatial identity in civic sense in Iran are the geographic direction of the mountainous regions,peaks with more than 2500 meters and the holes neighboring these heights. The role of mountainous direction in Iran, the central part in specific is fundamental in revealing the urban patterns which is subject to such a factor. With a look at the location of the cities: Arak, Isfahan, Kashan, Natanz, Ardestan, Naiin, Aghda, Maybod, Yazd, Anar, Rafsanjan and Kerman at the Eastern Zagros Mountains front skirts it could be deduced that all these civic centers are located at the shaded front and at the sunny front (by twice the precipitation rate) the civic center is developed. It is obvious that such a patern is due to the effective nature of direction defined in space. The heights provide the ice for the mountain glacier and the neighboring water for the holes. This produced ice at the mountains after being accumulated and moved towards the domains by crossing the permanent snow boundary line kept their path and as the environmental temperature increased, at a point called water-ice equilibration line, the ice melted and the rivers led the water to the neighboring holes. The location where the rivers meet the lake water level is called the water-land equilibration line. The intriguing point in this process is that: at the water-ice equilibrium line on this path the rural and at the water-land equilibrium line on this path the urban civilizations are identified which constitute the major principle of urban and rural formation identity. Since all of these urban areas are identified through the glacier making process in the quaternery cold-eras, categorically they are called the cold settlement civilizations. The Persian Gulf coast line was 70 meters higher from what is today and this line corresponds to the existing level of the citis of Borazjan, Behbahan, Dezful, Haft tapeh, Shoosh, Dehloran, and Rahmormos extending on a northwest path crossing Ilam province in Iran towards Tacrit and Ammareh at the north east in Iraq. This means that with the decline of urban civilization due to intense reduction of glacier making processes and dewatering of the lakes in most of Iran, in other parts of Iran development progressed to form civilization and the coastal cities formation, what is called the warm settlement civilization. The initial assessments of geomorphologic science in the quaternery era indicate that the spatial identity issue in Iran needs a deep understanding of its natural history and concepts like cold and warm settlement civilizations and spatial memory. In this course the frigidity shocks occurred in quaternery era have left their marks on Iran and other parts of the world. These shocks’ effects on European habitats and civilizations are of fundamental difference from that of Iran. The alometry components in glacier generation and ice-making and civil centers in central Iran indicate that the fact that the magnitude of the area occupied by the inhabitants and the glacier mass of ice-making on one hand and the set up and status manner of their settlement with variables like mountain chains’ direction in central Iran and the ice-water and water-land equilibrium line follow a specific rationale in a sense that could be referred to as the following axioms:A.The ice-making process in the cold quaternery periods in Iran reveal major identity of the most civic cores from the settlement civilizations in central Iran. B.The water-ice equilibrium line defines the rural and the water-land equilibrium line defines the urban spatial identity in central Iran.C.The mountainous coverage ratio to their adjacent holes centers define existence of a statistical significance in a sense that this relation is a coupling relation and shows a positive correlation.D.The hot quaternery periods define the coastal habitats’ identity of Iran like citis of Borazjan, Behbahan, Dezful, Haft tapeh, Shoosh, Dehloran, and Rahmormos extending on a northwest path crossing Ilam province in Iran towards Tacrit and Ammareh at the north east in Iraq.. In this era the South and South West of Iran is concurrent with the expansion of civilization in Europe and America.
    Keywords: Central Iran, geomorphic components, spatial identity, civilization, glacier, ice, making alometry
  • M. Pourkhosravani Pages 25-36
    1-
    Introduction
    So far geomorphologists acted as if they explained geomorphic phenomenon within the framework of Causality low. Unlike spatial geography in classical geography there is no necessarily for Causality in relationships among phenomenon and there’s an only generic relationship which can explain the Causality low. But generic relationship has essential difference with that so-called Correlation relationship. Duality is a concept which explains the conflict between two phenomena and is used to refer to a systematic whole. The result of this theory show: •Data analysis in geoduality theory framework can cause a reason in comparison with classical analysis in geomorphology. •Even though dual concept has similarity with coupling but similar techniques for data analyzing can be found among them. •Not only duality concept isn’t the same as dual concept but also philosophically speaking it is just the same as parity word.Soft isostasy: In geology the concept of isostasy was applied by an American geologist called Dutton in 1889 to refer to balanced movements between the crust and mantel. Two supporters of this theory called Pratt and Airy developed this theory into displacement of crust. Soft isostasy is a balanced relation between two parts of the earth's crust which functions gradually in an action and reaction manner when encountering one another.Geoduality: Dual and Duality might be respectively translated into double and the quality of having two parts. It is a term which, meanwhile, contains implicit distinction, unity and is capable of expressing the companionship of two phenomena as without one the other one is not capable of speculating the concept of Duality. What it means by the term Duality in geomorphology is a certain phenomenon which is united with a secondary phenomenon and although it might be considered as a separate and independent entity, there is special bond between them so that the action of one of them is to be recognized in relation with the secondary phenomenon. Concept of duality in geomorphology and it proved, most rely to investigate are focused the land subsidence and the uplift in the adjacent hills. Phenomenon of plains subsidence has been paid attention to by geologists for a long time and almost all the researchers have come to terms that main reason for such subsidence is due to nonstandard exploitation of underground water tables. Such deduction could be acquired as a result of mere studying of plains. The results of the recent studies using the radar interference measuring technique(in the plains of Mahyar, Yazd-Ardakan, Ardebil and Orzoueiyeh) show that the subsidence is a phenomenon which takes place along with another phenomenon called Uplift which is the contrary of aforementioned phenomenon. These phenomena operate in connection with one another and are united which leads to a type of procedural fecundation. The function of these phenomena toward each other is one of the obvious proofs in geomorphology which is not limited to this only, but many other geomorphologic procedures can have the same relation with one another, such as decrease in temperature and civil expansion in Iran or heat and civility contraction in Iran.
    Conclusion
    Duality is a regular coordination of two opposing or complementary parts which is known as a whole. The main purpose of this theory is to explain a particular type of connection among phenomena and it is entitled Dual. In order to reach this goal the subsidence phenomenon is studied which function in accordance with the up lift phenomenon the aim of this theory is to explain the relation between the phenomena, subsidence and up lift in neighboring regions. Researchers believe that the reason for subsidence is in direct relation with ground water withdrawal. In fact, in this theory the process of plains subsidence is attributed to another process which is considered to be in twin relation with subsidence and the aforementioned up lift takes place in the neighboring heights of these plains.
  • A.A. Poorirahim Pages 37-50
    Strategies of territorial defense are a national issue that consider on the agenda of most governments. Strategies agendas affected by spatial situation, regional balance and natural characteristics of each land. Various geography of Iran leads to special defense strategies. To develop passive defense strategies, theoretical concepts are main fundamental topic which was perused along 8years war between Iraq and Iran. This approach was applied in Khuzestan along war which could be a needed concept for planners now. The main factor for passive defense in Khuzestan refers to water problem. Along Iran-Iraq war 5 models have been used in relation water scarcity including: 1- Water Lands Model, 2- Inter-Water Bands Model, 3- Artificial Flood Model, 4- Huge Flood Model, and 5- Hur Management Model The water land model means water distribution on soil surface to saturate soil as it is impossible to move floats in this condition. The inter-water band model involves hydrological network which distribute water in the plain. This model is applicable for plain areas same Azadegan plain and marginal zones of Hurs located Khuzestan. Establishing dike and levee causes hard moving for persons. Artificial flood model consider flood controlled in marginal rivers. Rivers in the Khuzestan are moving ridge. This situation provides an impossible way in the river paths for enemy. Huge flood model has been used in critical conditions to destroy enemy’s location in sensitive areas. Hur management model means management of natural hurs and pits based on purposes. Khuzestan is a plain with flat patches called Sahan in local language. This pits develop pond levels same lakes. In other hand, deep pits supply water to establish vegetation cover mainly canebrake that called Hur. Generally, based on Khuzestan topography and climate conditions, this area are a passive defense for water. Four big dams including Shahid Abbaspour, Karoon, Dez and Maroon may storage more than 10 billion cubic meters which could be dischargeable in critical periods. This volume of water could be used in war as passive defense.
  • A. Sepehr Pages 51-64
    Introduction
    In geomorphology literature, equilibrium refers to researches of Davis and Gilbert who presented steady-state and dynamics equilibrium. To analyze chaotic geosystems and pattern formation in non-equlibrium conditions, the nonlinear thermodynamics concepts is needed. In this article, have been analyzed geosystems responses in non-equilibrium states by Lyapunov theory. Self-organization of dissipative systems leads to form regular pattern in non-equilibrium which can be a sign to forecast geosystem evolutions. Non-Equilibrium Geosystems: The second law of thermodynamics asserts that if a spontaneous reaction occurs, the reaction moves towards an irreversible state of equilibrium and in the process, becomes increasingly random or disordered. It is this increasing disorder or entropy of a system that forces a spontaneous reaction to persist; but, once a system attains maximum entropy or equilibrium, the spontaneous reaction ceases to continue.Non-equilibrium systems are maintained in a state away from thermodynamic equilibrium by the steady injection and transport of energy. Most interesting to us is systems displaying regular or nearly regular spatial structures same ripple marks and river pattern in geosystems.A particular nonequilibrium system can be thought of as occupying a point in a three-dimensional parameter space with axes labeled by three dimensionless parameters R, Γ, and N.The parameter R is some dimensionless parameter like the Rayleigh number that measures the strength of driving compared to dissipation. For many systems, driving a system further from equilibrium by increasing R to larger values leads to chaos and then to ever-more complicated spatiotemporal states for which there is ever finer spatial structure and ever faster temporal dynamics. Lyapunov theory and regular pattern: An n-dimensional (where the number of dimensions equals the number of components) system has n Lyapunov exponents, which determine the rate of convergence or divergence of initially similar system states in the system phase space, and thus the sensitivity to perturbations or to variations in initial conditions.The system is not, and cannot be, chaotic unless there is at least one positive Lyapunov exponent. Because an unstable system has at least one λ > 0, dynamic instability is tantamount to a chaotic system. Deterministic chaos is a property of some nonlinear systems whereby even simple deterministic systems can produce complex, pseudorandom patterns, independently of stochastic forcing or environmental heterogeneity. In chaotic systems complexity and unpredictability are inherent in system dynamics. Such systems are strongly sensitive to initial conditions, in that initially similar states diverge exponentially, on average, and become increasingly different over time. Chaotic systems are also sensitive to perturbations of all magnitudes.The Kolmogorov (K-) entropy of a nonlinear system measures its 'chaoticity', because K-entropy is equal to the sum of the positive Lyapunov exponents. In real landscapes, measured entropy can be due to deterministic complexity, or to 'colored noise', the combination of randomness and deterministic order. Culling (1988b) was apparently the first to suggest exploiting the relationship between K-entropy (estimated using standard statistical or information theoretic entropy measures) and chaos in geomorphic systems. There are three forms of entropy referred to in geomorphology. Thermodynamic entropy is a measure of the amount of thermal energy unavailable to do work, or the disorder in a closed system. Statistical (information theoretic) entropy measures the loss of information in a transmission, or the degree of disorder in a statistical distribution.Kolmogorov (K-) entropy measures the expansion of a system's phase space (the n-dimensional space defining all possible system states or combinations of values of the n components).
    Conclusion
    Many geomorphic systems show clear evidence of chaotic dynamics and deterministic complexity. These phenomena cause many nonlinear dynamical systems to behave unpredictably (at certain scales), to exhibit extraordinary sensitivity to initial conditions, and to show complicated, pseudorandom patterns even in the absence of environmental heterogeneity and stochastic forcing. The positive λ reflect the K-entropy or 'chaoticity', and the rate of disorganization; the negative λ give the rate of organization. If an open, dissipative geomorphic system is to organize itself, there must be at least one positive Lyapunov exponent, but the sum of λ must be negative. The sum of the diagonal elements of the system interaction matrix is equal to the sum of real parts of the complex eigenvalues, and to the Lyapunov exponents.
  • S. S. Shahzeidi Pages 65-78
    Extended Abstract 1- Introduction Land surface is created by a collection of land forms created through internal-external processes during time. The arid and semi-arid areas are the most discussable geomorpholical phenomenon that are the‌ glassies about which Johnson’s sheet erosion (1931-1932) and King’s fluvial sheet movement theories prevail (1941-1961).‌The climatic evidence nature of this phenomenon approved by researchers on one hand and the creation of the same during resting period of the geographical cycle on the other are the outstanding points of this analysis. After many years, what lead to a serious reappraisal of Kings Theory are the two reports regarding creation of the irregularities on earth surface in a micro model introduced by Dimitri Lague (2003) and Almodaresi (2007). Here through analyzing the results of micro-scale both the absolute rest and slow constant movement of earth, the glacis formations are compared with the King's findings. The experimental tests here indicate that: - The gradual curving nature of concave glacis surfaces are the result of active tectonic movement, unlike what King theorizes and in case of stationary state these types of glacis formation with such characteristic would not have been created - The erosion levels (Terraces form), the zero time index are inherent in the surface movement Discussion Almodaresi (2007) composed a micro model in Ashk zar -Yazd plain and ran a field study trying to reconstruct and record/register the developing stages of a water-basin. He has defined his attempt on his study as an exposition of ergodicity algorithm of a water-basin. This field study in a sense was considered as a time factor elimination phenomenon yielded in specific results with respect to ergodic discussion. The novelty of this study in geomorphic sense is the formed change pattern in the subject micro water-basin. The afflicted changes on the subject basin surface are specific due to the continuous perpetuation. The form change pattern of the territory, in a geomorphic sense raise many issues the most essential of which are: - Since the test lasted only for three days, the surface movement is not considered - The territorial profile of the drainage basin is eroded and changed following a The erosion levels (Terraces form) - The surface of Terrace constantly change and their number increases - When the surface change ratio of the whole drainage basin inclines towards a specific number (1:8), eroding process stops and the equilibrium is established. In the duration of controlled erosion process the change pattern of the drainage basin is appealing since in such environmental conditions that are the consistency in land shape and lack of its crust motion. Whatever occurs in the natural arena is the creation of staircase embankment the number of which increases with an increase in erosion time and a decrease in Terraces surface area. This process begins from the base-surface and gradually rises to the highest of the drainage basin. The result of such land evaluation is a Terrace profile of the surfaces next to one another at different heights. This process contradicts with that of the King’s theory. This contradiction is verified through another micro modeling conducted by Demitry Lague where the potential for base-level change was provided in the experiment duration. Demitri Lague.et.al (2003) presented a micro model and traced the surface changes. The outstanding difference of this model with that of the Almodaresi’s is lack of constant bases surface determined for indicating the erosion His model is designed in such a manner that the movement of the taste plate containing soil pile and the showering process occurs simultaneously which leads to the gradual uplift of the surface in the precipitation simulator chamber. His work was captured by LIDAR cameras and then analyzed. The manner by which a chosen surface is developed after water erosion implementation together with base surface change is presented clearly. The result of the selected photographed surface of the test stages and drawing the land profile shown the 8- step changes clearly and this evolutionary trend especially the 8th step corresponds to King’s profile Bearing in mind that in his test the base surface was uplifted by controlled changes unlike Almodaresi’s test where the crust movement was kept at Zero and appeared completely different and the obtained profiles have special characteristics that on one hand differ from Almodaresi’s model and on the other, it verifies the nearness and similarity of this model with that of the King’s. These characteristics are: - The evolutionary pattern of land profiles in this test was from convex to concave in a sense that in profile five no more convex profile is seen -The equilibrium in land evolution is evident based on Davies’s theory -The gradual change in the gradient is well traceable -In profile 8 all the characteristics of a glacis profile is observed according to King’s definition, moreover -even King’s mountain line is evident in this model. Said otherwise the King’s “geomorphic set” that consists of Incellbrge, Kenic, low gradient concave range and the ending playa line are established. The results indicate that the necessary condition for King’s model accomplishment depends on a kind of movement in the surface during the prevailing erosion cycle which contradicts King’s theory that is based on the occurrence of such land evolution in a non-movement condition of land evaluation in a resting cycle. The ordered gradient changes in this model are provable. Lago (2003), was able to draw the gradient changes during the test stages. Common similarities exist between King’s and Lago’s models and as established, the aspects and trends of a glacis that has occurred and is summarized in the concave range and gradual gradient changes in this model. Here it can be concluded that what King was seeking to established by inducting a kind of surface movement could be accomplished. Said otherwise, creation of boundless glacises is the outcome of harmonized erosive factors and surface movements. Almodaresi and Lago have examined one process where in one model the surface movement is exerted while in the other no surface movement is involved; this difference indicates that contrary to Kings Theory glacises are never created due to sheet gradation of a constant surface during time but due to availability of slow surface movement. It is obvious that the crust mobility, direction and intensity and its relation to level of erosion are different issues, while both contribute to the formation of glacises. The issue of mobility is not discussed in this study. The case investigations and studies on glacises in Iran indicate that the great glacis belts like Dagh Sorkh range, Tabas and Gavkhooni playas have fractures on the main drainage channels by cutting along their beds on their slops and the rang fronts. One sample is the Nahrain river bed in Tabas that with no doubt points to crust movement in the region. Conclusion Based on the obtained data analysis of two tests conducted by Almodaressi and Lago in micro scale it is deduced that contrary to King’s theory where the premise is that the appearance of glossy is due to a prevailing motionless crust resting period, the micro experimental models show that the creation of concave and glacis ranges are the results of fluvial sheet movements accompanied with tectonic movements. In fact if these surface movements are not considered in this equation, the formed sheet gradation would appear in stair case embankment formations. That is, the tectonic movement contributes to the glacis panorama essentially despite the duration of erosion period although the movements in these instances are very rare and slow.
  • T. Mahmoodi Pages 79-90
    Extended Abstract 1- Introduction Iran is a diverse country which the diversity of its land, culture and identity can be regarded as typical among its features. However, it has retained its convergence as a defined cultural unit. Throughout history with all its extent changing As for this country no independence date, like other countries in the region hasn’t registered yet, Geography researchers studies in recent decades emphasizes, Although every diversity can always be a separation factor and usually, the differences are separating but, the concept of environmental Space-transtextuality can bring a relationship between separated components, And convert the Diversity to a communicative flow, So that these differences, will be leaded to a certain unity despite their diversities.That we call it “The mirror identity” The mirror identity is a new theory for which a diverse systematic integral whole is used and tries to explain Iran’s historical unity by adhering to the Space-transtextuality concept and environmental share with relying upon spatial identity. Spatial identity Spatial identity is the feeling of a person or a place that is created by the association with the space or in other words is the expression of culture in space. In fact the space is a special place on the ground that unlike location hasn’t any single meaning but is the area of a location with Identity and the detectability that has special and certain values. In other words, spatial identity and natural historical memory are strongly connected Space-transtextuality: Space-transtextuality in geomorphology from the process point of view is a similar historical event this occurs in diverse and different spaces, but defines the shared spatial identity, this similarity in process does not necessarily cause common identity, but the necessary condition for occurrence of such a union, is environmental link. In other words, what causes common identity in this space is not only participation in a process or a historical form, but also makes the creation of a share environment share that causes unity and creation of mirror identity in the land.Environmental gradient can create a relationship between dispersal components and convert the diversity to a communicative flow in order to lead diversity to a special unity. To illustrate this concept, it is necessary first note to the environmental separation concept that is the differences which lead to fragmentation, independence and separation in space and somehow create different scenes and landscapes. For example, in Iran's scene there are different ethnic groups with different cultures and therefore each group has an implicit independence which exemplifies the concept of separation. but the concept of environmental gradients, creates a share among spaces created Not only does it cause separation but also makes a share between those diverse environments, like there’s a common feeling among those spaces. In geography, diverse landscapes can show a similarity or homogeneity in structure, texture, structural patterns, forms or process which sometimes cause a share between them. Such connections and similarities are called Space-transtextuality. In consideration of multiple definitions given above, we can now explain mirror identity, by analyzing Iran’s environmental diversities and separations. The mirror identity is a new theory for which a diverse systematic integral whole is used. This concept implies that some environments and lands exhibit mercury property, which inherently and essentially have mirror property and are not deductible. Territorial mirror Identity has also created this role for the diverse population of Iran. In other words, Iran is among the countries that has such a feature of land and because of this aspect, intelligent efforts of some competing countries have been sterilized despite running numerous scenarios to exacerbate the differences between nations of Iran, Conclusions Understanding the factors that affect consistency, stability and convergence of Iran’s nuclear civic Is among the important issues that contribute to the security and stability of modern Islamic civilization. Preliminary investigations indicate that spatial identity in Iran needs a deep understanding of concepts such as formative systems, hot civility, cold civility, and resident and migrator civility, Space of textual and intersexual Terra, Newtonian unit, environmental share and spatial memory. Identity is a device that and mirror logical relationship among them is clarifying geomorphic analysis from relationship between space and civil societies and Iran’s unity in the context of time.
  • D. Mokhtari Pages 91-108
    Extended Abstract 1- Introduction Despite the interest of researchers and students of geomorphology to study topics of geotourism in the past decade, the overall structure does not follow the established principles. Therefore, this paper has attempted to explore the various dimensions of the issue and offer views of the experts, the starting point for there view of geomorphological position of Geotourism toward enriching our literature provided. Methodology Given the nature of this article or its critical perspective, first a definition of terms and concepts such as geotourism, ecotourism and geohiking tourism who criticism is based on, is presented. Then, the process of formation and evolution the theory is being investigated. Geographical and geological characters of geotourism and position of geomorphology in these classic characters in world literature and Iran geotourism, relation to geotourism and geomorphology, review of the critical terms used in the Geotourism literature of Iran as "Geomorphotourism", Persian equivalent of "Geomorphosite" and «Geo-Hiking Tourism», relation to geotourism and ecotourism, and research methods, are major issues and challenges in geotourism studies by geomorphological approach that have been studied in this paper.
    Discussion
    Past decade should be decade, interest in the field of geomorphology researchers called Geotourism issues in Iran. With reference to databases of articles and geomorphological thesis can easily be seen by extension fortunate. However, the overall structure of these studies does not follow the established principles. For example, in some studies the geotourism is used in geographical concept and in others in geological concept, in cases where with ecotourism concept combines, Some researchers are refused of the use of Persian equivalent words. Entering new words like "geomorphotourism" in geomorphological literature of Iran and Persian equivalents for the terms required by such "geomorphosite" and … are important issues that, despite the expansion of studies of geotourism, addressing their preferences and some inconsistencies in published works to be seen. Geotourism development, recognizing the need to present challenges and strategies for its development. So that if the attention to the scope of nature of this knowledge is not, It is always possible that our research will fundamentally wrong. Therefore, while we tried to explore the various dimensions of the issue and offering views of the experts, as the starting point to review the status of the geomorphological literature of Geotourism and a step in the direction of our country to be removed. Results Geomorphological nature of geotourism has basically a geographical character, geomorphological processes and landforms and their evidence on geomorphosites is one of the main components of geotourism, Recommendations on the equivalent Persian words of "Geomorphosite" and «Geo-Hiking Tourism», have been, Instead of using the word "Geomorphotourism" in geotourism studies should be done in terms of its geographical character, Geotourism is not a subset of ecotourism, And the evaluation of geomorphosites using special techniques of geotourism evaluation of geomorphosites and analysis morphogenetic systems of study areas is necessary. Based on the results of the written reviews in this field, we can say: - Geotourism in it᾽s geomorphologic aspect has the geographical character and the geomorphologic processes and forms are a key element of knowledge is geotourism. - Geotourism is not a subset of Ecotourism and the use of specific evaluation methods and morphogenetic systems analysis in geomorphosite studies of study areas is necessary. - Instead of using the word "geomorphotourism", is better Geotourism studies done in terms of its geographical character. Seems to be the future face of tourism in Iran, as in other countries, with new forms of tourism specifically geotourism, will be manifest. Geotourism provides an opportunity to countries or regions on the planet will have its own unique ID. Through geotourism can be achieved tourism development, conservation of geographical heritage of areas, to benefit local communities and strengthen the tourism infrastructure to achieve sustainable business.
    Keywords: Geotourism, Geographical, geological characters of geotourism, Geomorphosites, Geo, hiking tourism, Ecotourism, Geotourism Research Methods, Geotoursm in Iran
  • F. Nematollahi Pages 109-120
    Extended Abstract 1- Introduction Geometry plans and spatial perspective in geomorphology has made a new morphology known as systematic geomorphology or functional geomorphology (Summerfield, 1998: 11). With the arrival of spatial thinking in geomorphology, new concepts were introduced and several other factors like direction, distance, relationship, scale, and border and new terms were included in the spatial analysis; understanding and using which is binding on geomorphology studies. It may be argued that with the arrival of the concept of space-transtextuality and concepts related to it in geomorphology, the capability of this knowledge in social-behavioral analysis and explanation and analysis of human geography concepts such as spatial identity and many other reasons of existence and extinction in geographical phenomena might be multiplied by hundred. This article intends to explain space-transtextuality according to written documents and attempts to explain new fields. The results obtained point to the fact that: − Examples of transtextuality concept are explainable both in form and in geomorphological processes. − Introducing the concept of transtextuality in geomorphology can provide a new foundation in classification of regions and explaining spatial differences and similarities and spatial communication patterns in the space. Some scholars, like Spirn (1998) view space as having a structure like language, but these similarities do not reside solely in their structural unity (Spirn, 1998). Here, there is another issue which is known as space-transtextuality. The literary texts are assumed to have a very important role in giving meaning to a word and in many cases, the words convey different meanings in different contexts to the reader. This suggests that words can have several meanings and depending on the context in which they appear they reflect specific meanings and concepts and in fact, they give identity and sense to the text. What provided here as a summary is described and explained as perspectivism by residency architects (Bertalanffy, 1987). In this theory, the focus is on the fact that every perspective as the largest descriptor unit of space has a text and elements and the elements of each perspective in that perspective unit define its own self and demonstrate its attributes, functions and certain concepts. Another concept which was first introduced in the field of literature and has lots of instances in geography and especially geomorphology is transtextuality. Transtextuality is a branch of semiotics that studies the formation of meaning and sense-making process in different texts and contexts and offers a new attitude on affinities and similarity of texts (Namvar Motlagh, 2011). Gerard Genette defines transtextuality as formal or semantic similarity between a text with other texts and then defines each type and names them (Genette, 1972). The term space-transtextuality is a term borrowed from Genette's transtextuality and since location or in other words the space is the main element in the analysis of geography thus adding this word shows its belonging to the knowledge of geography and its shows any similarity between perspectives in geographic space. Review of literature Transtextuality is a branch of semiotics that studies the formation of meaning and sense-making process in different texts and contexts and offers a new attitude on affinities and similarity of texts (Namvar Motlagh, 2011). The concept of intertextuality is rooted in the background of literature. Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtine (1970) arguing the theory of the relation between utterances, paved the ground for intertextuality theory. Though Bakhtine did not use the term in his writings, he is the most important figure in discussing this concept. Julia Kristeva, the creator of the word intertextuality, opened new horizons in the study of this theory. Kristeva brought this concept to the field of French literary criticism and theory, when reviewing Bakhtine's ideas and theories (Kristeva, 1986). Among other founders of these studies, we can refer to Roland Barthes, Laurent Jenny, Michael Riffaterre and Gerard Genette. Studies on intertextuality in Iran started with a translation of a book entitled "Intertextuality" by Graham Allen in 2001 and researchers like Sasani (2004) and Namvar Motlagh (2007) have made great contributions to this field. Methodology and Instruments Since this paper presents a theoretical derivation and a translation of a theory of literary knowledge to the knowledge of geomorphology, first the theoretical foundation of transtextuality theory were analyzed according to the main sources of this issue and then considering the geographical perspectives as physical geography texts, a detailed comparison was made. In searching geomorphology texts, some very similar concepts like Davis's concept of multi-period roughness and the concept of consistent multi-images and its closeness in meaning were specified with some of the implications of this theory. These similarities helped to analyze some other instances of the concept of transtextuality especially in the discussions of space in geography and instances of samples were reread. Discussion All meanings studied in the concept of transtextuality by Genette are named here as the concept of space-transtextuality and then five other concepts of Intertextuality, Paratextuality, Metatextuality, Architectuality and Hypertextuality introduced by her, which consider the relations between texts, were discussed and equivalent forms were found. Intertextuality The concept of intertextuality was introduced based on copresence relation, which means the presence of one similar element in two texts. In other words, whenever an element of a text (text 1) is present in the second text, the relation between the two texts is known as intertextuality relation. This concept was named as space intertextuality and it refers to the common spatial element in two different geographic perspectives. This common element might be a joint process or a figurative phenomenon. Paratextuality Genette argues that rarely a text exists barely and it is often surrounded by other texts which directly or indirectly encompass it. These texts, which encompass the main text like a satellite, are called paratext. Paratexts are like the text threshold; i.e. in order to be able to enter the main text world, we should pass some thresholds. This concept is known as space paratextuality and is true for the border of peripheral systems so that to enter from a peripheral system to another peripheral system, it never confronted a sharp and linear boundary and thus fuzzy logic is used to determine the spatial limits and boarders and the scientific logic (zero and one) cannot indicate the boundaries between a peripheral system. The instances of this concept are numerous in geography. Metatextuality With regard to this concept, Genette believes that the third relation which is mostly called interpretation and connects a text to another text with no requirement for the existence of text is known as metatextuality. Thus, whenever text 1 reviews and interprets text 2, their relation is known as metatextuality; as text 2 is considered as a metatext without the presence of text 1 and can explain, reject or confirm text 1. This concept is known as space metatextuality and is mainly concerned with phenomena and processes which unconsciously compare them with the main geographical text and for explaining main geographical text discussing the issue of space metatextuality is logically necessary. Architectuality Genette knows architectuality as anatomy and typological reading of literary texts and believes that though over time, forms of art and literature undergo fundamental changes; the relationship between the structures of a text last typologically and the relation of a written document with the type to which it belongs is explainable. In geomorphology this concept is known as space architectuality and is more explainable than what Genette refers to. Here, we can explain and discuss the structural similarity between two heterogeneous geographical texts in addition to explaining its own structure and provide a basis for the flow of matter and energy in environmental systems and comparing them with each other. In geomorphology and geography numerous instances and implications of this concept are discussable. Hypertextuality Genette believes that hypertextuality reviews the relation between two texts, but contrary to intertextuality it is not based on copresence rather based on eclipse; in other words, in hypertextuality the effect of one text on another text is investigated not its presence (Genette,1982). In other words, texts which are taken from other texts constitute the study domain of hypertextuality while the first text is among the main causes of the second text (Allen, 2001). This concept has a long history in geomorphology and has gained the geographer's attention since Davis. This concept was proposed by Davis when discussing multi-period roughness and what he mentioned was in response to objectives made against distant geography theory by geographers. Later with the introduction of climate change issue and displacement of design-making systems and the effect initial forms had on later changes, Palimpsest notion was used for this concept. Conclusion If we accept Thomas Samuel Kuhn's (1962) theory on paradigm's shift and their effect in knowledge development and change (Hart, 1986), then Genette's theory, entitled transtextuality should be considered as a new realm of knowledge which reveals the scope of our understanding of texts and the way our written texts are influenced by others texts. The introduction of space- transtextuality in geomorphology, while exemplifying and coining terms in this field, can expose deeper aspects of geographic and geomorphic landscapes to geographical analysis. Another role that space- transtextuality can play in the application area is providing a new method in classifying peripheral systems based on five main axis in space- transtextuality. It seems that space- transtextuality can clarify the deep effect of the relation and connection of geomorphology with human and social geography.
  • M. Yamani Pages 121-140
    Extended Abstract 1- Introduction The vast central part of Iran located in territory of desert with dry climate. Relatively flat topography, the low height, dry environments and the vast fetch was the dominant process in these areas is wind erosion. The dominant landforms of this process are concentrating of ergs across the deserts in central of Iran. In this study, the morphology of wind erosion on Dasht-e- Lut has been studied. Because the climate condition and local thermal cyclone systems play a vital role in guiding the prevailing winds and Aeolian in the Lut Depression. Therefore it seems that the current morphology of dunes is effect of power thermal convectional cyclone in Lut Depression as the hottest surface in the world. This system, guidance the wind directions in the Lut desert and this subject established of original hypothesis of research. The aim of this study are examined the wind erosion, sand transport directions and eventually the effect factors on the situation of settled the Lut erg. The study area Lut desert is a asymmetry depression and located in the east of Iran which is about 54,000 square kilometers. This tectonic depression has direction north to south and divided into smaller zones in divided. With regards Lut desert in Iran is low and warmest the local area, Thus, two major wind erosion landforms are very vast and it has established a unique level. The Lut erg located in east of Lut Desert and covered zones with 52 kilometers width and 152.5 square kilometers is a biggest erg mass in Iran. Yardangs also about 120 km long and about 80 kilometers width in the western half lowland of Lut desert and covered hills parallel combination of the clay, sand and salt are formed by wind erosion. Materials and Methods In general, this study is based on a comparative analysis. Previous studies through the research of the Library methods are collected. Much information through observation, measurement, recording and interpretation have been using of aerial photo, satellite images and analysis of them by software. Position of aeolian landforms by using the various software recorded on digital maps and profiles identified being drawn. Measurements on images of Landsat ETM and IRS have done in ENVI software. To draw the final maps and graphics figures the Freehand and Photoshop software are used. For analysis of settled of sand erg in Lut desert, the first evidence for dominant winds and dunes form the morphology of yardangs and gravel on the surface is determined. The samples barkhans indicate the prevailing winds direction for each point of the Lut desert. Then, based on the type of dune forms a range of wind directions over the Lut erg has been fitted and drawn. Finally patterns of local pressure adapted on Lut and wind directions and sand movement in the area has been rebuilt. Results and Discussion Lut desert in summer is the hottest location in Iran. Under these conditions, the temperature gradient in convective wind in this desert and winds blowing to high speed and sand transport very fine. To determine the direction of the prevailing wind in the Lut desert area, the asymmetric profiles of sand dunes and direction of yardangs determine the dominant wind direction. In the Lut erg there are different types of sand dunes. Distribution and morphology of these dunes can determine the dominant wind direction. In the eastern part of the Lut yardangs the barkhans with convexity of them show the northwest winds prevailing. In the shoth of yardangs the convexity of bakhans shows the west direction of dominant wind. Then, in the southeastern part of the Lut erg there are group of barkhans that show the South wind and finally in the main erg the blowing from the southeast to the northwest directions can be seen as well. These directions of blowing wind up the erg and the height of the erg in the center of the Lut between the erg and yardangs are closed. Clearly, the wind directions can be reconstructing a pattern of a low pressure system over the Lut desert. Conclusions Lut desert has a higher temperature than its surroundings. In this condition form the adiabatic climb and pressure gradient between Lut and the high mountains surrounding can be form a local convectional cyclone. The northeast winds in the surface, carried the sands on the Lut surface and carried them to the south. Eventually these particles move to northeast and deposit on main erg of lut. If the concentric circles drawn on the territory wind erosion of Lut, three domains can be defined concentric pattern on the scope of a special resolution and restored. This convergent wind convective systems and synchronize the rotation period of extreme volatility in the central part of the Lut. During this process converges towards the center of rotation gradually climbs and sand pyramid shape in the central part of the Lut. All this is evidence of a system dominated the summer convective instability as a major factor in the development of Lut desert proves Landform available.
    Keywords: Lut, Thermal Cyclone, Local Convectional Cyclone, Erg, Wind Erosion.