نشریه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی
سال بیست و ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 58، تابستان 1394)

Mean daily temperature data from SantaKlara University database with a spatial resolution of 0. 5˚for 50 years has been used to detect the trend of temperature in Azerbaijan Republic. First of all monthly, seasonal and yearly maps and regional mean time series calculated. According to the annual map mean annual temperature of the country is about 11.7 degree Celsius. The lowest temperature in the northern and eastern Azerbaijan heights is around 5 degree Celsius. Maximum temperature is in the central and west Azerbaijan. Annual map shows that temperature in Nakhichevan is lower than the Azerbaijan. Summer is the hottest season of the year. Mean summer temperature is 22 and 22.7 in Azerbaijan and Nakhichevan respectively. Average winter temperature is -1.9 and 0.8, respectively for Azerbaijan and Nakhichevan coldest season of the year. Bahman (February) is the coldest month of the year that the temperature is -8 that found in the northern and western heights. Trend analysis of annual and seasonal time series shows that there are no significant trends. Farvardin (April) has significant and increasing trend that is significant in 96 percent confidence level.

The theory of spatial pattern formation via Turing bifurcations plays an important role in recognizing causes spatial pattern formation in biology، chemistry and physics. In the past decade، ecogeomorphologists have emphasized that local interactions between variables in dynamic systems may invoke emergent spatial patterning at larger spatial scales. The complexity of ecogeomorphic systems make it very difficult to understand how ecosystems will respond to the changes. In the recent decades، Instability turing theory in ecogeomorphology field makes possibility of predicting future changes. In this paper، using Rietkerk model have been indicated that patterned ecosystems (emphasis on semi-arid region) may respond in a nonlinear way to environmental change، meaning that gradual changes result in rapid degradation. The result indicate that patterned arid ecosystems respond in different ways to changes in rainfall depend on rates، rather than magnitudes of environmental change. In the model of Rietkerk three variables state are considered: plant density، soil water and surface water. The model assumes that rainfall events in arid and semi-arid ecosystems occur at an intensity exceeding the infiltration capacity of the soil. Hence، part of the rainwater infiltrates into the soil، while the remainder produces surface water and runoff routed to other spatial locations. In arid ecosystems، vegetation cover is often a two-phase mosaic composed of densely vegetated patches and bare soil areas. The two phases of the mosaic mainly differ in their infiltration capacity for water. Vegetation improves the structure of the soil because it stimulates the biological activity in the soil، its root system forms channels and aerates the soil، and its canopy intercepts raindrops and prevents crust formation. Thus، infiltration is higher under vegetation than in bare soil. Thus، after a rain event، water runs off in bare areas and mainly infiltrates in vegetated patches، which act as sinks of water. The result of this model simulation in works of researchers such as، Kefi، Rietkerk، HillRislambers، Dakos and Siteur indicate that how scale-dependent feedback by short-range facilitation and long-range competition between vegetation and water، induces spatial self-organization، thereby providing a possible explanation for the observed patterns. The model allows for a homogeneous equilibrium of plant density، soil water، and surface water. With decreasing rainfall (R)، the homogeneous plant equilibrium decreases until plants become extinct for R≤1. 0. Close to this extinction threshold، the homogeneous plant equilibrium is unstable against small spatial perturbations. This is indicative of the principle of pattern formation as first outlined by Turing: pattern formation can occur if an equilibrium is stable to spatially homogeneous perturbations but unstable to heterogeneous perturbations. From the Turing instability points unstable non-homogeneous equilibria originate which link up to a stable nonhomogeneous equilibrium. This stable non-homogeneous equilibrium، which is characterized by a single plant peak، exists for a wide range of rainfall rates، and extends far into the region where homogeneous plant cover would go extinct (R≤1. 0). In general، the pattern formation leads to higher average plant productivity as compared to the homogeneous situation. In this study have been showed that patterned ecosystems systematically respond in two ways to changing environmental conditions: by changing vegetation patch biomass (transient spatial pattern formation in the Turing instability range) or by adapting pattern wavelength (spatial pattern formation in busse ballon range). In the latter case patches go extinct or split up and may rearrange. In arid ecosystems، gradual wavelength adaptation is constrained to conditions of high rainfall، slow changes in rainfall and high levels of stochastic spatial variation in biomass (noise). The adaptation process is less gradual under conditions of either low rainfall، rapid change or low levels of noise. Such conditions do not allow vegetation patches to rearrange، and facilitate the simultaneous extinction of half the patches or even a transition to a degraded state without any patches. Model of Rietkerk shows that an overview of stable patterned states، the Busse balloon، is a powerful tool in understanding the response of patterned ecosystems to changing environmental conditions. If a system is in a stable patterned state (i. e. in the Busse balloon)، a pattern tends to solely adapt its amplitude، while if the system leaves the Busse balloon، a pattern adapts its wavenumber. The ability of patches to rearrange is determined by the period doubling instability. Once the system surpasses this instability، patches do not rearrange، leading to extinction of half or all the patches. this findings suggest that the response of patterned ecosystems to environmental change does not only depend on the magnitude of change، but also on the rate with which conditions change: patterned ecosystems may not be able to respond in a gradual way to rapid environmental change. This study highlights that self-organization may influence the flow of resources through the ecosystem and thereby affects the functioning of ecosystems at larger spatial scales. Finding similar research about exhibiting regular vegetation patterns in a variety of ecosystems، such as wetlands، savannas، mussel beds، coral reefs، ribbon forests، intertidal mudflats، marsh tussocks and arid ecosystems، highlighted the importance of scale-dependent feedback mechanisms between organisms and their environment. Besides showing regular patterns، these systems may exhibit bistability if scale-dependent feedback is indeed a main driver of their dynamics. Moreover، it might be possible to use the vegetation patterns themselves، by mimicking the patterns observed in healthy systems، to restore degraded systems.

Recognizing talented areas of landslide phenomenon and ranking them as a main hazard in mountainous areas of Iran can be regarded as one of the primary steps in expansive and developing planning. In the present article the conditions of landslide in Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari province are assessed by using TOPSIS and AHP models. In these methods the regarded choices are the townships of the province (Shahrekord, Koohrag, Farsan, Boroujen, Ardal and Lordegan) and the effective criterions are slope, the application of lands, geology components, height, water way's compression, annual precipitation and the distance from the road. After preparing necessary information layers in GIS area and giving mark to any effective criterions, the result of using mentioned models finally shows that the geology agent with the approximate weight of 0/2669 is the most important criterion and the compression index of water ways with the approximate weight of about 0/0192 is the least important criterion. Also checking the potential condition of landslide occurrence in the studied area indicates the difference between the application of AHP and TOPSIS models. The mentioned difference prepared the condition for using prioritizing strategies (the average of ranks, Borda and Kopeland) by combining the results from TOPSIS and AHP models. Results show the most occurrence potential in Ardal, Koohrang, Farsan townships and the least one in Boroujen township.

Geomorphological changes on meandering courses is quicker than other flow pattern. All changes that is occurred on length and cross of floodplain by migrated of course, is reflected at size of sediment grains and manner of bedding.With attention at manner of the changes reflection on bedding and grains size of sediment on terrace, can be distinguished old changes and forecast next events on courses of rivers. With attention of many changing on course of Aji-Chay, in this article is investigated on manner of changes on its course in during time. Aji-Chay river (situated at 37° 58′ to 38 ° 07′ N and from 46 °15′ to 47° 50′ E)have many curvature on its length of course and migration this curvature to right and left of main axis is changed floodplain face in during time.Migration events is very rapid on meandering rivers, as Aji-Chay river.Due to this quick changes,can be damages man made structures on courses these rivers, as dams. Therefore, for understanding behavior of rivers and order to suitable policy and based on local property, must be study changes in during time on meandering rivers, as Aji-Chay. 2-Methodology In this article is used experimental and field methods for study of manner and rate of active channel changes in during time on length and cross of floodplain of Aji-Chay.For study of rate of curvature radus in during time, is used areal and sattalit images and for estimation of sinuosity is used S.In order to estimation of bank erosion is used E equation and for estimation of time mirgration is used ∆T equation.Then in this study, is take care of sediment beding of terraces and is concluded.For investigation on channel changes, movement of active channel is measurement courses of channel on areal and sataliet images. In order to distinguishes effect of changes on floodplain,and manner of reflection changes on terraces, is study bedding of sediment and also percent of grain size. 3-Discussion Changing on floodplain is taking by curvature and movement at position of curvature in active channel. Therefore, for distinguished of manner changing on floodplain and study on reflected these changes on bedding of sediment in on terraces, in first time, is studied rate of sinuosity, radius of curvature and rate of movement in during time. The results of this study show range of sinuosity rate in length of channel is very high.These results also suggested that R/W is increased in near of Tabriz and is decreased toward Sarab.Field investigation on bedding of sediment in terraces show that width of bed in same sediment is changed in short of distance.On courses of Aji-Chay, decrease of grain,s sediment suggested that curvature of active channel is changes its direction of flow toward opposite wall and then when power of flow is decreased, is deposited fine grain on course and in next term,direction of flow again is changed. In this term flow river can be deposited coarse grain on course.These coarse grain suggested that power flow is increased. 4-Conclusion Aji-Chay river as typic river is bearing main changes.This river have high energy for changes and for this reason its direction extrados is changed constantly and is changed size of radius in same time on course of active channel.Due to movement of active channel extrados on side of main axis,is very vary size of sediment grains in terraces and manner of sediment bedding on all part of couses. Investigation on bedding and changing of grain size of lateral sediment show that direction extrados is changed in during time and course of active channel is cutting gradually and some time active channel is changed to straight pattern.

Surface runoff form rainfall to that part is called the gradient along the surface of the earth now and into the flow of surface or subsurface of the basin is out. Hydrological models that can be structural according to operating features of the basin affect the desired interaction phenomenon and it's with a reasonable approximation to show. River Basin of Kashkan under basin Karkheh basin is important. For modeling "Rainfall, runoff," statistical data from 14 storms during the period 1389-1360, the following is a watershed moment Poldukhtar that the water has been used. Then, based on five characteristics as the independent variable and seven Haytvgraph 14 storm hydrograph characteristics as dependent variables, a multivariate regression to assess Account different models for Rainfall runoff modeling has been. And the results showed that among a variety of methods, a multivariate regression, linear methods, explained, and power have the most decisive for modeling Rainfall - runoff are. Then, based on multiple regression to provide a regression model Rainfall - runoff discussed.. the multivariate regression modeling has been at tempted models for evaluating models Rainfall - Runoff using A number of criteria and indicators in clouding, correlation coefficient, standard error, the relative error of estimation and verification, the mean absolute percentage error, Relative mean squared, error squares Square of the mean square error, the average absolute error is used. R^2 Obtained show that 0.796 percent of maximum intensity of storm runoff in the basin Kashkan related to three factors (MIS), the amount of excess Rainfall (ASP) and duration of excess Rainfall (DSP) is.

In the arid and semi arid area of the world, also rainfall patterns are unpredictable, both in amount and time, but, rainfall could be sufficient to make rainwater recharging/harvesting as a reliable and economical source of water. Artificial recharge methods describes all methods for concentrating, storing and collecting runoff from rainwater. The main object of this research is investigated to identify the potential sites to construct rainwater-harvesting structures with the help of remote sensing and geographical information system. Attempt was made to understand the basaltic terrain in spatial context to find out the rainwater harvesting structures like farm ponds, check dams and flood spreading deriving from thematic layers, such as landuse/landcover, slope, soil, drainage and runoff from Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery and other collateral data. Subsequently, these layers were processed to derive runoff from Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method using Arc-CN runoff tool. The thematic layers overlaid using intersection based on these specifications. Derived sites were investigated for its suitability and implementation by ground truth field verification. In conclusion, the method adopted in present study deciphers the more precise, accurate and ability to process large catchment area than other methods.

Agricultural food processing plants in rural areas is an effective strategy in rural development. Although these plants are established to bring positive changes in rural life, their long term impacts should not be overlooked. Considering the complexity of socio-economic impact of rural development interventions, a dynamic analysis is needed to measure the socio-economic impacts of rural development projects. Therefore, the purpose of this qualitative study was to conduct a dynamic analysis on socio-economic impact of Roojeentak food processing plant in Kermanshah Township. The population included farmers over 30 years of before the factory was established. Using purposeful sampling through snowball technique, 120 farmers from nearby villages were selected. Data was collected using individual interview and focus group discussions. Data was analyzed using a dynamic system analysis with the aid of Vensim software. Results revealed that Rojeentak food processing plant have a direct effect on the following parameters:1) increased tomato production, 2) agricultural and non-agricultural business development, 3) employment opportunities, 4) reduced food transportation cost, 5) changes in crop pattern. Moreover, higher income and improved economic status are the impacts of food processing plant. Employment opportunities have influenced reverse migration in the area. One other major change is related to higher traffic which is the result of increased population. This in turn has created sound pollution and accidents. Rural development practitioners in Kermanshah province can use the result of this study as a risk assessment strategy in future agricultural industry in the region.

Iran is on arid and semiarid world belt so there are period's drought events therefore our country faces to with water shortage in agriculture, municipal, industrial and environmental water demand. Many efforts do for decrease bad water shortage effect in the country to be responsible for different demands. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is one of the activities to be performed. Goal of IWRM is to balance supply and demand somehow minimum demand prepare for all stakeholders. To achieve this goal need to use of resources and consumptions simulation tools. Simulation provides suitable tools for sustainable use of present water resources. This tool facilitates analysis and estimation economic-social effects about different scenarios water resources management with simulation resources and consumption and water budget determination at different region (sub basin). In this paper attempt with use of Ribasim software designed simulation model water resources supply and demand at Nazlou chai sub basin in Uromia river basin. With use of rainfall and discharge time series data (35 year), evaporation, monthly average ground water exploitation data, different consumptions monthly data of agriculture, municipal, industrial and environmental water demand and inflow to lake are simulated and priorities of resources and consumptions are designated, and results of demands supplying and shortage are available at program output. At this point, two possible scenarios were defined for the future of the Nazlou chai sub basin at the year of 1400. In the future, the system of Nazlou dam is included for supplying of agriculture, domestic and industrial water demands that increased due to population growth. However, environmental requirements are added to the system. In this study, failure to supply more than 4% for drinking and industrial water needs and the failure to supply more than 10 percent for agricultural purposes are acceptable. In the first scenario agricultural development is prior than environmental water demands. In this scenario, have the first priority, agricultural water supply has second priority and the third priority is related to the environmental requirements. The reason for choosing this scenario is surveying amount decrease of water entering to the lake. As observed, the amount of water entering to the lake in the dry and wet year respectively is 108/19 and 604/21 million cubic meters. However, in the case of total loss of about 4/25 of million cubic meters As a result, about 96% of the total water requirements is supplied and deficit amount is less than the acceptable range. In the second scenario, drinking and industrial water demands id prior than environmental water demand and aquaculture, and the third priority is agricultural water supply. In this scenario, environmental water demands is a higher priority than before. As observed, In this scenario than the first scenario, there is not much difference in the supply, however deficit in the agricultural sector than the first scenario is slightly decreased. Since the environmental water demand than the agriculture sector has a higher priority, thus, the amount of water entering to the lake is more than in scenario 1.In this scenario, the amount of water entering to the lake in the dry and wet respectively is 129.71 and 606.53 of million cubic meters. Based on the results, since the river basin downstream Nazlou divided into several branches, and calculate the inlet to the lake in this case would not be accurate, it seems that the construction of the last section of river gauging stations is necessary. The actual amount of water entering the lake by more accurately is measured. Since the life of the Uromia Lake is faced to seriously threat for various reasons, including increasing cultivation, dam construction and figure on the policies which following to restore the lake, the first scenario is not applicable.

Climate is an important factor affecting human health. Structure and function of the human body is influenced by climate and reacts to changes in climate parameters. In this study, the relationship between climate parameters and mortality of urban population has been studied in Esfahan. Mortality data related to three diseases (cardio-vascular, respiratory and stroke) were collected form municipality of Esfahan during the 1384-1389 period and for the same period daily climate data were obtained from the meteorological organization of Iran. The relationship between mortality and climate parameters was studied with pearson correlation coefficient and T- test as a statistical examination of two population means was used to determine the seasonal variation in mortality. The results showed there was a direct correlation between mortality and some of climate parameters (humidity, pressure, and precipitation) while this correlation for sunshine and temperature (minimum, maximum and average) was reversed. Among three diseases cardiovascular showed the greatest sensitivity to climate parameters. T-test results also showed that there are significant differences (p<0.05) between seasons in disease mortality

One of the interesting issues for geomorphologists is their participation in determining suitable land for urban development according to geomorphologic principles and data in the future. Urban Geomorphology can contribute to the management and development of urban area in two major ways. Firstly, it can help in evaluation of resource potential and suitability of land under consideration for urban development. Secondly, it can monitor geomorphological process-response system following urban development and help in the prediction of changes that might arise from future urban growth. It can be said this study is aimed to evaluate resource potential and suitability of land for urban development. In fact, geomorphological forms such as mountains, plains, rivers, beaches, and etc. have important role in Physical development of cities, so that they can control rate of urban expansion. Research method To perform the study following data is used: A) Documentary data including maps showing development of the DARAB over time, topographic (1:50000) and geological (1:100000) maps. B) Remote sensing data including Landsat ETM + satellite image in 2001, and aerial photograph in 1335. C) Field data gathered from direct observations and survey. Method of research is based on survey and analysis. At first, type, origin and transformation of topographical forms of Darab city and its surroundings was determined. Then, by Using satellite image and aerial photograph, geomorphological units was specified. Each of these layers was analyzed in geographic information system and ultimately suitable alternatives for physical development were classified by considering geomorphologic hazards, urban development priority and economic issues. Physical expansion of Darab prominently is function of urban and rural population growth and economic growth. Besides, phenomenon of land reform, drought, and change in farming pattern has been very effective. Selecting a suitable location for urban development in the first stage requires a comprehensive study. Research about natural environment and related processes is fundamental stage to decide and plan where city is developed. Environmental aspect of urban physical development has as far as important situation which physical development of Darab to the south and southwest, without regarding natural environment, made serious problem for urban management encountered flood in 1982. Although Darab is surrounded by alluvial Fans, but these forms have different conditions in terms of their area, slope, and size of sediment grain, casual morphology and agricultural potential. Field studies show that these differences often result of new tectonic process, climate change and changes in characteristics of rivers and their sediment load. Results show that Although Darab is surrounded by alluvial Fans, but these forms have different conditions in terms of their area, slope, and size of sediment grain, casual morphology and agricultural potential. Generally, overflow of groundwater along bed of waterway on alluvial fans, unstable construction of fans to seismic waves, surface creep, massive slip and land subsidence are geomorphologic constraints Darab encountered. By examining and recognising geomorphological landform importance, suitable alteratives for future physical development of Darab are listed respectively: 1. South eastern region (having suitable slope for groundwater and sewage disposal, absence of active Foothills processes, and feasibility of flood control). 2. West and Southwest region (the least natural hazards, suitable slope). 3. Northwest region (this region is propone to massive movements and has inappropriate slope for future development). 4. South region (which characterized with fertile agricultural land, groundwater and sewage disposal problem, and flood plain issue).

The purpose of the present study was to investigate role of social capital on reinforcement of rural entrepreneurship. The research method was a analytical-explanation study of the survey type. The target population in the study was the entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs of rural in Ardabil Province. Using simple random sampling technique, 180 the entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs were selected as statistical. The content and face validity of the instrument was specified after several times review and correction by the faculty of members at university and several expertise of administrative offices. The reliability analysis was conducted and Cronbach’s alpha values for the various sections of instrument were estimated to be between 0.75 and 086.The results of Spearman test showed that there was a statistically significant positive relationship between social confidence, social participation, social consolidation, rate of satisfaction, tendency of membership to local institutions, rate of horizontal relation in the base of collaboration, social communication and rate of awareness with reinforcement of entrepreneurship. In addition, the results of the multivariate regression revealed that 0.78 percent of variability in reinforcement of rural entrepreneurship stems from social capital. Finally, based on the results analysis, some applied recommendations have been provided.

Soil erosion by water is a worldwide environmental problem which degrades soil productivity and water quality, causes sedimentation and increases the probability of flood. Soil erosion is detachment and transmission of soil particles by erosive factors like water and wind.Different studies have indicated the positive effect of vegetation cover in regulation of hydrological processes of above ground and decrease of runoff and soil loss(Zheng, 2006;Zhou et al., 2008; Vásquez-Méndez et al., 2010;Ouyang et al., 2010;Zhang et al., 2010;Nunes et al., 2011andWildhaber et al., 2011).To show the role of vegetation cover can be stated that decrease of vegetation cover due to overgrazing and deforestation cause detachment of soil aggregate stability which increase risk of runoff and soil loss.This study was carried out to assess the effects of different amounts of vegetation cover on controlling of runoff and soil loss in Nesho rangeland which placed on Mazandaran province, using rainfall simulator.

Forthis research,anarea about6 hectares, which includesdifferent vegetationcover percentages (minimum, moderateandmaximum) was selected. On the 110 sample points by a systematic sampling strategy on a regular grid spacing of 30 × 30 m, runoff and sediment yield samples were gathered using simulated rainfall experiment with 2 mm/min intensity and 11 minutes duration at 0.09 m2 plot and all the samples were transported to laboratory. Vegetation covers were measured in sample points using plot method.

Resultsof statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA and compare means (Duncan method) showed thatdifferent vegetationcover percentageshad significant effect onrunoffandsedimentcomponentsinthe study area.Time to runoff generationin Maximumvegetation coverwasmore than moderate and minimum vegetation cover significantly.As maximum vegetation cover with delaying of runoff generation enhances water infiltration into the soil and decrease soil loss. Mean of runoff yield in different vegetation covers had significant difference. Minimum and maximum vegetation cover percentages has highest and lowest runoff yield (liter/meter2) respectively. The reason maximum vegetation cover has lowest runoff yield is vegetation cover protects soil,by intercepting rainfall reducethe energy of rainfall drops, runoff yield and soil loss. Minimum and maximum vegetation cover percentages had highest and lowest runoff coefficientrespectively. Different vegetation cover percentages had significant difference from sediment yield. In minimum vegetation cover, sediment yield was increased 6.8 and 1.99 times to maximum and moderate vegetation cover and maximum vegetation cover had lowest sediment yield. Maximum vegetation cover by intercepting rainfall,decreasesurface flow and runoff yield reduces soil loss. Sediment concentration had negative relationship with vegetation cover percentages and as vegetation cover increases sediment yield rates is less. Minimum and maximum vegetation cover percentages had highest and lowest sediment yield rates respectively.

The results of simple linear Regression showed that vegetation cover had reducer effect on runoff yield, runoff coefficient, sediment yield and sediment concentration rates but had multiplier effect on time to runoff generation. Soil erosion and runoff can be predicted based on percentages of vegetation cover with coefficient of determination of 0.71 and 0.69 respectively.Results showed that different vegetation cover percentages had significant effect on runoff and sediment yield components and maximum vegetation cover had highest effect on reducing of runoff and sediment yield.Therefore, according to positive effects of vegetation cover,payspecial attention to rangeland vegetation cover to reduce runoff and soil loss is felt and it is proposed biological and soil conservation programs to reduce losses of soil erosionin areas with high erosion sensitivity in this region.

Social Justice is defined as unfair spatial distribution of Facilities Since lack of equitable distribution lead to Social crises and complex spatial problems while equitable distribution also lead to Balanced development of urban areas. So, optimal distribution of services and facilities, Based on social justice, has a very important role for urban planning process. The aim of this research is survey and analyzes ways of spatial distribution of services and facilities in urban areas in Firoozabad to establish of precise or balanced distribution in urban areas.

Accordingly, methodology is descriptive-analytical and population, based on the physical division and urban development, is 12 urban neighborhoods. 17 indicators are used for services distribution in urban neighborhoods. Entropy Coefficient is used for analysis of data and standardized score index and coefficient of variation (C.V) are also used for distribution of urban services in urban neighborhood. Spearman correlation coefficients And regression coefficient are used for determination relation between variable. Finally, Strategic planning method SWOT is used for determine balanced development of population.

According to General Census of Population and Housing 2011, Firoozabad has a population 64,969 that has a growth of 1/33 than 2001 General Census. Neighborhood 3 from district 1 has highest population density and Neighborhood 1 of district 1 has lowest density between all Neighborhoods in firoozabad. Findings based on results of entropy coefficient are shown equality and relative balance for population distribution among 12 Neighborhood in Firoozabad. Assessment rate of regression coefficient with 0/372 and area of Neighborhoods Indicating lack of causal relationship between two variables. In fact, there are not a proper relation between population and areas of neighborhood (population are not accordance with areas). Based on Standardized score method, the greatest inequality in spatial distribution belong to service Indicators include higher education, tourism and hospitality and sports centers and smallest of those belong to Transportation and warehousing. On this same basis, Neighborhood 5 from district 2 And Neighborhood 3 of district 2, based on optimal distribution for urban facilities, are most balanced and the most uneven neighborhoods respectively. Linear regression coefficients are shown that services distribution among Neighborhoods cannot be explained.

So, enhancement of indicators of urban facilities and balanced distribution of them should be the priority. In this regard, control of the horizontal extension and increase of density especially in Neighborhoods 5 and 6 from district 2, Creating and reinforcement welfare and Services infrastructure in areas with low facilities, provide urban facilities for Neighborhoods 1, 4 and 6 from district 1 and Neighborhoods 2 and 3 from district 2 As unstable neighborhoods are suggested.

The principal objective of the synoptic studies is to explain and justify the environmental changes of the surface based on the pressure patterns’ changes. The atmosphere circulation and its mean patterns as prominent factor, plays a very significant role in determining the climatic condition for each region. The plateau of Iran is experiencing a considerable climatic variety during the year in relation to the circulative patterns’ diversity and frequency in effective components, so that during the warm period the summertime subtropical high pressure (STHP) is considered as the main controller factor of the Asian southwest region’s climate. In such circumstances, the occurrence of extensive and intensive precipitations during the warm period and summertime low rainfall over the plateau of Iran has been taken into account as the conspicuous features of the precipitation variety in the region and also is considered as a debatable issue in the climatic studies of Iran. Considering Iran’s environmental characteristics, it seems necessary to study the summertime precipitation patterns over the country since the occurrence of summertime precipitation is also contemplated as the rare cases (apart from the southern coasts of in the Caspian Sea). The study area consists of 22 provinces located in the northern half of the country which have been influenced by the activity of the systems under study. In this research, 27 synoptic stations were employed which cover approximately the whole northern half of the country. The daily precipitation data gathered from the country’s synoptic stations and the digital data were selected from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset for a 20-year period (1986-2005) in order to determine the synoptic patterns of the summertime severe precipitations and their influences on the summer climate of the northern half of the country. The criterion for selecting the date of the rainy systems was based on the fact that at least at two thirds of the study stations, it the occurrence of rainfall during the examined periods had been reported. The composite maps of geopotential height, relative vorticity, and streamlines were produced by using the reanalysis data of geopotential height, U and V wind components, vertical velocity, relative humidity, sea level pressure and temperature at various levels of the atmosphere, and then the precipitation patterns were analyzed. Finally the thermodynamic characteristics were investigated by generating the skew-t diagrams using RAOB software. Since the main objective of the present research was to determine the summertime comprehensive precipitation patterns over the northern half of the country, in this section the atmospheric maps of comprehensive precipitation for 3 extracted patterns are investigated in a thermodynamics-synoptically manner. In the 1st pattern, the formation of low centers over the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea result in transferring the humidity onto the central Asia as well as the study area. The first pattern was identified as the prevailing pattern for the summertime precipitation occurrence in the northern half of the country, as most of the rainy systems have taken place in the form of the 1st pattern. In the 2nd pattern, the high latitude and polar region lows eastward movements and extending its tongues towards south affect the lower latitude regions so that the detached cut-off lows from these systems cause the summertime rainfalls over the area. In the 3rd pattern, a blocking system is formed between the latitudes 350-600north due to the interaction of Saudi Arabia’s high and the polar front’s lows. Through formation of the mentioned blocking system over the region and simultaneously the Arabia’s high retreating southward, its western low causes the summertime precipitation of the northern regions of the country. The positive relative vorticity value was very considerable in all the low’s troughs of the study patterns, so that the values estimated between 1-5s-1and 9-5 s -1 showing a very suitable condition for dynamical climbing of the air. This condition was observed for all systems under study at 500 hPa level. The relative humidity condition indicates that the rainy systems are mainly fed the humidity by the Caspian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and the emigrant anticyclones. But the separated lows formation along the northern border of the Caspian Sea should not be ignored which cause northern streams. The northern border of the country at 1st pattern has been experienced a 60-90 percentage of cloudiness cover of the sky during the examined periods. In the 2nd pattern, the mean relative humidity condition and the total cloud cover were observed 40-90% and 50-90%, respectively. By having the rainy systems investigated, three prevailing patterns were identified. The results showed that in the 1st pattern, the formation of low centers over the Mediterranean Sea and somewhat on the Black Sea over the Europe and their eastward movement cause the summertime rainfalls. In the 2nd pattern, movement and extension of the high latitudes and polar region lows toward east and extending its ridges southward as well as formation of the atmospheric cut-off lows resulted in the summertime rainfalls in the region. In the 3rd pattern, the interaction between Arabia’s high and the polar front’s lows leading to a blocking system formation in the northern latitudes and simultaneously with Arabia’s high going back southward, Its western lows cause the summertime precipitations over the northern half of the country. The relative humidity condition indicates that the rainy systems are mainly fed the humidity by the Caspian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and the emigrant anticyclones. Although, the separated lows formation along the northern border of the Caspian Sea should not be ignored which cause northern streams. The northern border of the country in the 1st pattern has experienced a 60-90 percentage of the cloudiness cover of the sky during the examined periods.The thermodynamics diagrams analysis at the study patterns showed that the convective available potential energy (CAPE) plays a very significant role in strengthen the instability condition at the lower levels of the atmosphere.

The expansion of permanent snow-line in glacial period left behind its evidence as cirque, valley wide, polished rocks and Moraines in low land. As considering climate zones as elevation level, the height express geomorphic system and dominant erosion processes. The goal of this research is to determine snow-line in last glacial period at Dalakhani Basin, Northeastern of Kermanshah. Area of the basin is 819 square kilometers and Songhor city is located in the basin. Minimum of its elevation is 1500 meters and the maximum is 3300 meters.

The materials we used include Topographical map (1:25000) and (1:5000), geological map (1:100000), elevation data of Aster, field research. At first, the cirques were detected based on field research and Topographical map. Then snow-line in the last glaciation was determined by using Wright method. Isotherm map of the last glacial period was provided by using regression of temperature and elevation and the height with 60 percent of the cirques. Sediment samples from the area (six sites) were used to calculate granulometry, deposition parameters and microscopy analyses. Statistics parameters were calculated by Folk method and microscopic studies on thin sections of sediments 1 mm to. 063 micron was applied for tracking the source.

The result was shown that the glacial domain was located upper than 2820 meters in the last glacial period. The mean temperature of the domain is up to 5.38C at present, so the mean temperature was -5.38C at the last glacial and in winter it has probably been more reduced that caused the glaciers to create a variety of erosional land forms. The high percentage of the samples with angled deposition which despite their transport by water the angles have not been rounded because of low distance and it expresses the glacial origin. Cumulative curves obtained from the granulometry of the samples were drawn for coarse particle and the Sorting indicators of the granulometry were more than 1 so they indicated the combination of large and small particles in the sediment. Microscopy of thin sections shows about 70-40 percent angular particles. The roundness of most particles was poor. Due to the accumulation of sediments in the position and location of samples, the angled sediments do not show aeolian origin. Accordingly, the assumption that physical weathering due to lack of contact with the destruction processes such as daily temperature difference is not acceptable. The areas below the snow-line has expressed that they has received more rain in the glacial period and flood flows moved the sediment and deposited them in lower elevations on which some cities such as Songhor are located. Thus, according to the results of the granulometry that represented sorting poorly and also Microscopic result that it was calculated to have a high angular percentage of deposits, it was possibly with Glacial origin. The sediments were moved to lowland by the floods preglacier. Transport in short distances did not have enough time to eliminate the angles by the current flood. Thus climate change and the subsequent evolution of the system were acted in the region.

Dalakhani Catchment with an area of 819 km and elevation ranges between 1,500 to 3,300 meters has recorded evidences of glacial periods as small or large cirques and U shape valleys. The results showed that the maximum evidences were located above 2820 meters. The elevation is the permanent snow-line in last glacial period, which the average temperature is 5.38 degrees Celsius at the present. In other words, the average temperature at the last cold period in Dalakhani basin has decreased by 5.38 degrees Celsius. Other researches have showed lower elevation on snow-line and temperatures in the same conditions probably due to the orientation of slopes in front of wet air mass and the sun.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of changing precipitation in Debi on the Urmia Lake’s surface. Calculation and analysis on the Urmia basin’s average rainfall and discharge is performed. In this study, a 42-year period from 1345 until 1386 took place for precipitation factors and Debbi. We used the SPI model to identify precipitation fluctuations and drought periods and then using Spearman correlation test the relationship between precipitation and Debi in different stations were displayed. Graphical diagrams analysis shows that fluctuations in rainfall caused swings in Debi and in those years that SPI model shows a drought the average flow rate in Debi reduces the average level prevailingand based on phases of increasing and decreasing rainfall in between 1365-1385, Debi was impacted by these phases. Lands intense rainfall and its effect on runoff caused a mutation in Man Kendall test and this model also shows the reduction rate in Debi. This mutant formed in 1374 and has continued until the end of the study period. By reducing the amount of precipitation the standard deviation and average Debi in flow stations was reduced and linear equation in forward rates was declined and the decline has continued until today.

In this study has been used hourly data of dust 87 synoptic stations in the country in 2008. After extraction of dusty days in 2008 for each station, 1 July 2008 was chosen as a case study, because of having lower horizontal vision than 1000 m in most of the studied stations of the western part of Iran. Then, AVHRR images of NOAA satellite were used in order to detection and monitoring of the dust storm. The aims of this study are to recognize the capability of this sensor in separation of dusty area, identifying dusty sources entering to the country and the regions that are affected by those sources. In comparison whit band 4 of this sensor, in band 5, dust has more radiation and temperature than water vapor and inverse; so the brightness temperature index between bands 4 and 5 known as BTD and AVI were employed for recognizing the dust phenomena in the images. In addition, bands of 2 and 4 this sensor were used for detection of the dust storm in order to evaluation their capabilities and also ability of supervised classification methods for this work. Results indicated that considering all studied methods, the brightness temperature indexes, despite of having some disadvantages and limitation, are proper for detection and monitoring this phenomenon in the AVHRR images. According to the results of monitoring, in 30 June, dust sources were in Iraq, the south Syria and the south Arabia. In 1 July, dust entered to west Iran and decreasing its intensity, had lasted until 4 July. In 5 July, it had flight out completely.

Rural housing as a component material and cultural has been from changes and transformations extensive in recent decades. The group wants to preserve the traditional face of rural housing and a group such developments as inevitable and as a result of the globalization process. This paper will attempt to effect of Cultural change in the lives of villagers on rural housing patterns were analyzed. The methodology used in this study, form the goal applied and from the method, is descriptive - analytic and correlation, the main part of the data based on field studies and sampling (Cochran) was collected from 232 households in the sample. Findings based on the results of Pearson correlation tests indicate type are significant and relatively strong relationship with 0.473 between Cultural changes factors and rural housing pattern, so that Cultural changes factors will range 35.1% of the variability. Vogue of consumerism culture amount of 37.4% change in rural housing pattern has been effective and in route analyzing with the greatest impact on the factors of architectural plans and housing quality for the coefficients 0.36 and 0.23 is on the left. The spatial distribution of relationship between social changes and rural housing pattern, on seven villages, and almost complete direct correlation there. Regard to, strategies include according to Proper use of indigenous materials and repairing old buildings by modern utility, Efforts in preservation of old houses and traditional in the villages, etc., have been proposed.

Sand bars are river are morphology units that associated with amount of discharge change the river plan forms. The propose of this study was to investigation on changes of channel plan forms, bars and point bars in1955 to 2010 in Gamasiab River in Kermanshah province. This study used historical method and aerial photography taken in 1955, 1969, 2003 and IRS satellite imagery of 2010 with a resolution of 2 m done, Aerial photographs were orthophoto in ARCMAP software based on1/25000 topographic map. Shoreline and bars was digit and river divided 12 reach. Area of bars and point bar was measured in each reach and changes of river plan forms using of braided index and sinuosity in plan forms have been identified. Result showed that mid cannel bars area was 84.39 (ha) in 1955 increased to 204.5(ha) in 2010. This increase was changed mid bars in channel plan form from meandering to wandering gravel bed, anabranching and changes to braided. But river in downstream Reach hadn’t plan form changes and from 1955 to 2010 had a meandering plan form. Decrease in discharge, remove sand and gravel and low slope causes river hasn’t change in plan form. The total amounts of point bars area have been decrease from 849/5 (h) in1955 to 500(h) in 2010.river changes in plan form and progressive farmland cause point bar area decrease.

Word of the renovation and improvement of the urban environment generally means a change is in order to improve the urban problems, Among these problems, urban wear weave and tackle social factors - the economy is Although the main goal of most of the urban social problems such as the destruction of the existing social networks Destruction of existing social networks (cohesion local residents), excluding vulnerable groups and the media have a negative impact These phenomena and problems of urban renewal planners have been forced to implement an effective manner In recent years, a phenomenon that has been of most interest to policy makers to deal with problems Sustainable urban planning and urban renewal projects is improving. Theoretical bases: One of the fundamental preconditions for achieving sustainable development, extensive public participation in decision-making. Including the need to engage individuals, groups and organizations in assessing the effects of the environment, their awareness of their decisions and participation in the decision-making process is, The individuals, groups and organizations to information that the authorities of their country, have access, The role of local people in the process of sustainable development is also emphasized, Indigenous people and their communities have a long relationship with their land, but today they can be their participation in activities related to sustainable development in their land due to factors such as the nature of economic, social, historical, has been limited.

The concept of sustainable urban planning in this paper refers to a process in the sense of stability. When a fault occurs, and it was decided that planning is coordinated with the plans of modernization and urban development Sustainable urban development in the past decade was an obscure character The concept of sustainable development by the World Council as a development environment called Today's generation needs without harming future generation's needs are met This type of development is generally based on the balance of social, economic, and environmental sustainability are the three main components of the concept.

This study examines the sustainability of urban planning based on information collected from Mashhad city has The results of the questionnaires have been collected Resident's views on the factors studied were renovation projects. 5– Suggestions The first factor that the highest value in managing access to services and harvest of green space and the job is in fact the significance and value of the central city of Mashhad tissue has caused to public open spaces and especially urban green space is also less attention on changes of urban change in the use of commercial and residential constructions and use of residential use, commercial and small to large group – has caused the residents of your housing or jobs or lost Or are forced to change jobs, and this is what makes the distance between jobs and housing and creating problems for the residents. The second factor that has the highest value among the factors of residents satisfaction factor and its economic welfare is, in fact, the goal of any sustainable urban design, creating the environment for the residents of the area satisfactory that the original owners of these designs are, is. Also, residents should be satisfaction of the implementation plans have fashions so this will be a time for satisfaction that by increasing the price of land and income increase of capital (job satisfaction) and welfare for the implementation of the plan for the construction and renovation of solidarity. in the central city of Mashhad to run requires the destruction of a small commercial units and residential constructions that cause the loss of jobs and housing, on the other hand the lack of licensing and ownership changes in the tissue and exhaustion Price of land in this area is reduced and this would reduce the turnout in the implementation of the plan and has been selling real estate. The other factor that residents in renovation projects stability affecting environmental contamination and know the status of the implementation of the plan of implementation of the plan of improvement with residents of destruction with pollution and on the other hand with the construction were actually facing residual waste from destruction and environmental pollution, expansion and construction of some contagious diseases-diseases spread of disease like the Salk have Is this the direction in the implementation of the project. the urban environmental and sustainability must be caused by pollution it is noted