نشریه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 62، تابستان 1395)

Groundwater resources management is very important in arid and semi-arid areas. Water for drinking and agriculture is very limited in terms of quantity and quality. Increase of population and urbanization, technology development and uncontrolled discharge of domestic, industrial and agricultural sewage in water bodies due to that use of this water resource is limited while the demand for them is greater always. Increased utilization of these valuable resources has led, not only reduce the quantity of groundwater resources, but also the quality of these resources is declining Thus use of methods that can able to determine the condition of these resources for management is required. Study of spatial variation of groundwater quality parameters have important role in recognition of aquifer quality condition, pollution sources and determination the most suitable managerial strategies. To achieve this aim, monitor and evaluate the quality of groundwater resource is expensive and hard work, therefore accessible and inexpensive methods such as Geostatistics and GIS are useful in this regard. The aim of this research is to evaluate the parameters distribution such as EC, TDS, TH and pH in the groundwater of Zanjan Plain by using of Geostatistics method as IDW, RBF, GPI, LPI and OK in ArcGIS software and spatial distribution maps of these parameters was prepared. Finally, the water quality is determined by using of Drinking World Standard in the Zanjan Plain.2- MethodologyIn this research, pollutants distribution of EC, TDS, TH and PH in Zanjan plain which is located in zanjan province, assessment by using of different methods of geostatistical such as Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method and Radial Basis Function (RBF), Global Polynomial Interpolation (GPI), Local Polynomial Interpolation (LPI) and Ordinary Kriging in ArcGIS software, and spatial distribution maps were prepared for each one. Accordingly, groundwater samples of 34 wells were analyzed. After the variogram reviewed and the spatial variations of parameters studied, parameters with mentioned different ways interpolation was done and using with Cross Validation method and Root mean square error the best model for evaluation with the lowest RMSE was selected.3– DiscussionIn classical statistical analysis, samples were obtained from the community are randomly assigned and Measured value of a certain quantity in a particular sample, do not have any information about the same value of the quantity in the another sample and with clear distance. While Geostatistic methods can be used to make a relation between values of quantity in population, samples, the distance and orientation of the samples to each other. To evaluation the accuracy of methods can use of the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The best method has the lowest RMSE. Results showed that the TDS and TH parameters had lowest RMSE with using RBF method, PH and EC parameter had lowest RMSE with using IDW method and to catering spatial distribution map of groundwater quality parameters used with methods. Assess the trend of spatial distribution for EC, TDS and TH in the Zanjan plain show that concentration of them increases as linear in the west to east and from north to south. Spatial distribution trend of pH show that variability has the U Curve form and increase in the west to east and from north to south of zanjan plain.4– ConclusionAccording to the drinking water standards of the world health organization and map obtained with using from geostatistical method, the results showed that pH parameters in the plains don’t have limits for drinking. EC parameter in the Four wellsValaiesh, Dizaj Abad, Zanjan and Mehtar that are located in southeastern, center and northwestern of plain, have limited due to agriculture actions. TDS parameter have limited in the total of the zanjan plain except the northeastern in terms of drinking. In the many wells, TH parameter has limitation effect. In the terms of water hardness, total wells of zanjan plain are located in the hard and the hardest class. The excessive harvesting of groundwater resource and illegal drilling wells and industrial actions development can be the reasons for decreasing trend of groundwater resources quality

Most old towns in old tissues have many problems that are causing the problems retardation is such Bafts. The recent era of rapid changes in the lifestyles of people living in metropolitan and wide with mass By Bafts care of the old and updated to suit the needs life, causing failure Inserts in the physical presence of the Bafts to meet the needs of the present, and stagnation or slow drain, along with physical erosion and structural damage and occasional interventions in the urban managers often leads to aggravation of it.updated to suit the needs life, causing failure Inserts in the physical presence of the Bafts to meet the needs of the present, and stagnation or slow drain, along with physical erosion and structural damage and occasional interventions in the urban managers often leads to aggravation of it. updated to suit the needs life, causing failure Inserts in the physical presence of the Bafts to meet the needs of the present, and stagnation or slow drain, along with physical erosion and structural damage and occasional interventions in the urban managers often leads to aggravation of it.

1- Introduction The sun is the primary source of all energy in the climate system is derived and so it is clear that changes in solar output can affect the Earth 's climate .The most important and most obvious indicator that expresses the variation of solar variability is a variable number of black spots on its surface(Friis-Christensen, 2000). In a recent study to measure solar activity is used parameters such as sunspot number, sunspot area ratio and area (Hoyt, 1979) and the length of sunspot cycles (Christensen and Lassen, 1991). The importance of this phenomenon in the variation of the sun's surface variability and its impact on Earth 's climate and atmospheric phenomena provides an. 2- Materials and Methods To achieve the effect of sunspot activity to a minimum temperature of Isfahan, is required data at the provincial level and the minimum temperature of sunspots. In this regard, were used the minimum temperature data from 16 synoptic stations and 5 stations for better coverage of climatology within the province and outside the province during the period 2010-1961.Data on the number of sunspots was prepared from the geophysical America (NGDC). were studied the minimum temperature in the discussion of data analysis and data homogeneity test, Runs test subjects. Then, according to this study, the data station with surfer software interpolation method kriging the pixel data with dimensions of 5 × 5 km into. It is also a test to measure the pixel size of 5 × 5 graphics were used and were recognized as the most appropriate dimensions.Then remove pixels outside the boundaries of the province , and finally 4260 pixels , which covered the range further studies remained . Resulting in more pixels and the average pixel separation of each month every month for the poll associated with sunspots, respectively. Matlab software was performed then polls the relationship between the pixels of Isfahan Province and the sunspot minimum temperature with continuous wavelet analysis Morlt cross wavelet analysis. 3 - Discussion According to the results of the analysis of continuous wavelet obvious during January 8 to 11 -year cycle of sunspots can be seen in all the years studied . While the typical cycle of 2 to 5 years , there are temperature variations during 1961-1968 . The arrows also indicate that changes in temperature and sunspot January Isfahan significant at all levels and phases (correlation ) are positive so that increases the number of sunspots , also increased in temperature at night . February temperature cycles 1 to 4 years in the years 1970-1975 and sub-cycle is 2 to 3 years during 2008-2010. During March 2 to 4 year cycle has been observed during the years 1975-1985. Cross- wavelet analysis of survey results also indicate that the most significant in a cycle of 8 to 12 years during 1978-1990 and secondary cycles 1 to 3 years and 1 to 4 years during 1965 to 1970 and from 1975 to 1985 has appeared . In April cycles Cycle 1 year 1 to 2 years of age in 1981 and has over the years 2010-2007. In May, there is three cycles of one year during 1980, 1985 and 1990. During June, 1 to 4-year cycle is observed during the period 1965-1970. The continuous wavelet analysis in August during the years 1960-1970 and night temperature cycles from 1 to 4 years old and has had a significant level higher than 5%. Continuous wavelet analysis in September indicates that the temperature changes during the years 1988-1995 in the province of sunspots in cycle 1 to 4 years of age has a significant correlation . In October, 1 to 4-year cycle in the period 1961-1975 in Isfahan has been observed temperature changes. During November, marked 1 to 4 -year cycles during the years 1962-1970 at the 5 % significance level and sub- cycles 2 to 4 years of age during the years 1980 to 1982 have occurred at night, Isfahan province . In December, the night temperature cycle of sunspot activity coincided with a marked 8 to 11 years during 1965 to 1990 and from 1 to 4 -year secondary cycle occurred from 1961 to 1967 years . 4- Conclusion Continuous wavelet analysis of the survey results suggests that Morlt minimum temperature changes in Isfahan has positive and significant cyclical fluctuations during cycles 1 to 4 years is that sunspot activity is coordinated .The cycles are typically have been observed between the years 1965-1970, 1970-1975 and 1975-1980. It cycles through the cold months can be more So that during December, when have occurred two cycles 1 to 4 and 8 to 11 years old during the period 1961 to 1990. In contrast, during the hot months when fewer cycles observed in the months of April and May and the minimum temperature of the cycle has been remarkable . Using the wavelet cross-correlation analysis revealed a strong correlation between the parameters studied. The results of this analysis is indicate a significant positive correlation between temperature and sunspot minimum. It cycles between cycles when the minimum temperature is generally 8 to 11 years And secondary cycles 1 to 4 years , which is occurred concurrently with increased sunspot activity. Cross wavelet analysis as a continuous wavelet analysis results in the cold months of December was particularly further So that the cycle of 8 months to 11 years were studied in statistical terms . Also according to the direction of the arrow can be stated that all of the observed correlation is positive phase except in February, has occurred a significant negative correlation.

Introduction Nowadays, oil is considered as one of important energy resources because its storage for consumers is simple compared to many other energy resources. Furthermore, oil resources are of exhaustible and non-renewable energy sources and hence for compensation of used oils, we should only proceed with the prospecting of new resources. One may say, apart from geologist, geomorphologist also can be effective in determining oil fields by identifying anticlines morphology. Therefore, the study of relations between geomorphology and hydrocarbon resources is important. In this research, we have tried to evaluate the effect of structural geomorphology on the exploration of hydrocarbon resources in Khesht (hydrocarbon rich) and Nora (hydrocarbon-less) anticlines.
Methods The purpose of this research is to evaluate the morphometric characteristics of Khesht and Nora anticlines and the applications as well as the applications of these studies in exploration of hydrocarbon resources. To achieve the purpose of this study, at first the geologic maps from National Iranian Oil Company, at the scale of 1:250000, were prepared and the geological cross-sections of anticlines were obtained. The topographic maps of study area at a scale of 1:50000 were digitized in Arc-GIS software and then the hypsometry and drainage system maps were prepared. After stream ordering based on Strahler’s ordering system, the length and numbers of streams with different orders were obtained and thereby the Bifurcation Ratio (Rb), Drainage Frequency (Fs), Drainage Density (Dd) indexes and and drainage patterns of studied anticlines were calculated. The calculation of Fold Front Sinuosity (FFS), the Length of Anticline Divide (AD), anticline height, Fold Symmetry Index (FSI) and Aspect Ratio (AR) indexes as well as shape and trend of anticlines were made by means of LANDSAT satellite images and geological maps. Finally the relations of geomorphic-tectonic parameters with the formation of hydrocarbon resources in hydrocarbon rich and hydrocarbon-less anticlines, as well as the effects of mentioned parameters in the escapement of hydrocarbon resources were analyzed.
Discussion and Conclusion Results of this study show that here are close relationships between the geomorphology of studied anticline and the dimension of hydrocarbon resources as well as the escapement of hydrocarbon resources so that petroleum resources have been preserved in young, lower amplitude, less-eroded and less-faulted anticlines whereas petroleum resources have been depleted in older more eroded and faulted anticlines. Data analysis shows that the morphometry of petroleum- rich and petroleum-less anticlines is different. The value of Fold Symmetry Index (FSI) is closer to 1 in Nora anticline implying that symmetry and lower tectonic activity in mentioned anticline. The rate of Fold Front Sinuosity (FFS) is same in both anticlines showing the lower performance of FFS index in determining tectonic activities. The lower performance of mentioned index can be attributed to the presence of geologic Fars formations and its high mobility against tectonic activities. The value of Length of Anticline Divide (AD) is 1.12 for Nora anticline showing its older age and application of higher erosion in its hinge. The higher value of Aspect Ratio (AR) in Nora anticline is indicative of its high tectonic activity. Also, the higher rate of bifurcation ratio (Rb) in Nora shows the structural disturbance as well as low development of drainage system and hence high tectonic activity of mentioned anticline. The lower rate of drainage density (Dd) and drainage frequency (Df) in Nora anticline compared with Khesht one is indicative of older age and higher erosion of Nora, and this is a main cause of petroleum resource escapement in this anticline. The drainage patterns in Khesht anticline are parallel, sub-parallel and dendretic that are indicatives of tectonic youthful of mentioned anticline. The young age of mentioned anticline results in petroleum resource in the hinge, on the one hand, and the tectonic activities are not so intense to form profound faults and petroleum escapement, on the other hand. The drainage patterns in Nora anticline are subdendritic and and rectangular (in center) demonstrating the effect of tectonic parameters, such as faults and fractures, on mentioned anticline, and these parameters have resulted in escapement and depletion of its petroleum resources during time. Evaluation of shape and trend of anticlines reveals that Khesht anticline has straight and long trend while Nora anticline has sinuous trend. The more sinuous and deformed anticline hinge, the more probability of petroleum escapement and leakage.
Based on quantitative indexes calculated in this research, it can be expressed that although Nora anticline contains all necessary tectonic conditions to have hydrocarbon resources, the development of erosion in the central part of anticline has resulted in the escapement of hydrocarbon materials from its reserves. If the exploitation of anticline having hydrocarbon resources will not take place in future, the continuation of tectonic activity will result in the development of joints and fractures and hence in the intensification of erosion in the anticline hinge in future , resulting in escapement of resource before exploitation. Therefore, it is necessary to study all country’s anticlines having the potential of hydrocarbon resources formation based on geological history, in order to have an economic and on time exploitation of resources.

Extended abstract 1- Introduction Thanks to improvements in transportation and communication technology and expansion of various spatial interactions nowadays villages are more dynamic than to the past. In such condition not only traditional concept of rural –urban dualism but also uniform look to rural groups and stratums turns pale. More than every time location selecting for life’s basic functions isn’t limited to a unique geographic place and as a result multi-spatial families formed. Absentee (urbanized) farmers are obvious example of such evolution. Their seasonal presence in villages created distinct pattern of water and soil resources’ exploitation in compare with resident farmers. Hence the research main question is that absentee farmers’ emergence has what impacts on organizing production procedure and exploiting villages’ resources. To this end the research was conducted at Hoome sub district in Harsin County. 2- Methodology This research is a descriptive- analytical and from the viewpoint of objective is an applied one. Data gathering conducted via documentary and field work. On the basis of theoretical principles and local interviews various indices regard to ownership and possession, production and income and major crop production procedure identified and investigated. Population size consists of 286 rural or urban householders. According to Cochran’s formula a 140 sample size selected from 196 households resides in 6 villages of mentioned sub district. In addition 90 urban householders were head counted. Research instrument was questionnaire that its validity approved by expert panel and Reliability confirmed via Cronbach’s alpha (&alpha = 0.838). Besides descriptive statistics we utilized independent T-test, Mann-Whitney Test and Spearman correlation for analyzing data. 3- Discussion Findings revealed that absentee farmers had between 8 to 30 years of residential background in towns. Main pattern is commuting among city and village and 75.5 percent of commuters have 1-2 days of presence in village. Absentee farmers’ activities in gardening and animal husbandry are severely fewer than their rural counterparts and about 94 percent of them merely involved to tillage. While rural respondents had no secondary jobs about 63 percent of urbanized farmers engaged in some side works such as construction working and shop keeping. Irrigated and horticultural lands of absentee farmers were lesser than rural farmers. 71 percent of urban respondents had no house in the village and this figure was less than 1.5 percent for their rural counterparts. The recent group owned considerable part of its necessary farm machinery, but absentee farmers provide most of its needs through renting. They had lower performance than the rural farmers in regard to considering crop rotation and cultivating second crops. Also they had much more dependence on wage earner workforce and despite their familiarity with insurance culture had little tendency to crops insurance. Their annual income was fewer than permanent farmers and meanwhile invests more little part of their earnings via farming in the village. Independent T test and Mann-Whitney Test approved significance of differences between two groups in the mentioned cases. Absentee farmers in compare with rural counterparts assess their performance much weaker regard to all of production phases (planting, harvesting and post harvesting) and Spearman correlation indicated that this weakness to large extent related to distance from village, years of living in city, duration of seasonal residence in village and farm size. 4-Conclution Absentee farmers as a kind of multi-spatial households created distinguished lifestyle and livelihood strategy. Their mode of production can be assigned as one type of part-time farming through which they attempt to exploit and earn income from their resources in the village meanwhile availing urban life advantages. Although some experts believe that this method of life is a transition phase to emigration and leaving the village permanently, but as this research revealed, duration of this transition is long-lasting and may be extended one or more generation. Thus the problem can’t be ignored as a temporary and transient subject. Continuity to exploiting household’s resources in village in compare with abandoning it is the advantage of this lifestyle that can be encouraged in the case of deserted and depopulated villages. But considering lower performance and productivity than resident farmers, in the case of rural settlements with water and soil limitation and population surplus turns into an obstacle for rural development. Therefore in rural planning for the country’s villages considering their populational condition and productive resources necessitate. Also comprehensive understanding of rural peoples’ livelihood strategies and pathology of current trends of production and resources exploitation must be prioritized

In this research, desertification intensity of saravan region was evaluated using IMDPA‌ the newest method of Assessment of Desertification Potential in arid and semi arid regions of Iran. For this purpose 4 criteria including climate, vegetation cover, soil and wind erosion were selected. Each criterion was assessed based on it's indices which result in qualitative mapping of each criterion based on geometric average of the indices. Then, sensitive map of region was extracted using geometric average of all criteria. Thematic databases were integrated and elaborated in a GIS. By laminate of thematic databases layers and using this formula DM=(SI×WEI×VI×CLI)1/4 to ‌Calculate ‌the geometric mean Criteria, the desertification intensity map was obtained with analysis IMDPA Model. The result showed that 45.24% of study area was found to be in medium and about 54.39% in high class of desertification And 0.37% of the region including residential aren’t in any classification. Analysis of desertification criteria in Saravan region showed, climate criteria is a major problem with a geometric average of 3.1 which shows high class while soil with a geometric average of 2.35 has lowest effect in desertification. Also vegetation covers and wind erosion criteria with a geometric average of 2.62 and 2.87 show high class desertification.

Arid regions are very diverse in terms of their land forms, soils, fauna, flora, and water resources. However, aridity is the one binding element to all arid lands and is the best indicators for definiation of the climate state in each region. Management of natural resources in an ecologically sustainable manner, especially in arid lands, require to identify and which areas are experiencing drought conditions and how severe the conditions. Linear momentum and cluster analysis techniques are useful in the process of determining of climatic homogeneous regions. The main objects of this research is to determine climatic homogeneous regions using UNEP aridity index applying cluster analysis and linear momentum techniques in eastern Iran. First, by using the meteorological data of 20 synoptic stations in the eastern part of the country (Iran), reference Evapo-Transpiration were calculated using the FAO-Penman Montith method for the period of 36 years. Figure 1 shows distribution map of the selected synoptic stations in Iran. Then, an useful "representation" of aridity i.e. UNEP aridity index were calculated in each stations. The UNEP aridity index employs a ratio of annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration (P/PET). This aridity index includes evaporation from the soil and transpiration from the vegetation from a specific region in a given time interval. Under the UNEP classification, drylands are characterized by a P/PET of between 0.05 and 0.65 as shown in Table 1. In the next step, drought homogeneous stations were selected using cluster analysis technique. Then, the most important parameters which has affects on UNEP aridity index, were determined using factor analysis techniques. Finally, statistical distribution and probability of occurrence and homogeneous of stations were characterized in R software.Results show that combining the linear momentum and cluster analysis techniques are efficiency to identify homogeneous regions. It can be concluded that it is appropriated to determine homogeneous regions using cluster analysis technique initially, and then, it can be approved and accepted by using linear momentum technique.

The Loot plain, a 54,000 km of oval shaped and massive complex with a NS orientation is one of the unique geographic features in the world. This feature has experienced numerous tectonic and climatic changes in the fourth cycle. This unique geomorphologic feature in this region of Iran always raise the question of what could have been the cause of its formative differences, Relying on the concrete evidence and video - digital analysis it becomes evident that first, this feature has experienced numerous tectonic and climatic changes in the fourth cycle and second, the prevailing climatic conditions in the region, unlike other parts of Iran where climatic conditions were accompanied by extreme cold water and glacier activities, has been under the influence of hot and humid climate similar to seasonal climates. Therefore, the formative systems in this Loot compared to other regions exhibits its outstanding differences. The geomorphic studies indicate that in this region rainy and or humid cycles have prevailed. This fact led to the formative of the great Loot Lake as a sample of rainy lakes of the quaternary and justifies the seasonal climates prevalence in this region in being stronger and greater than that of the current that prevails in the SE Iran. The results of geomorphic studies conducted on the margins of this dried lake, mostly based on video-digital analysis of satellite images, indicate the seven erosive stages or terrace of the lake in the EN and N due to the super position principle this surface vividly reveal the numerous moist cycles that have had their influence on this region with strong and weak intensities. Another fact here is the latest tectonic activities in the western part of this lake that caused the displacement and complete depression of terrace. The evidences indicate the tectonic activities are younger than the moist cycles, something that has been traced in the Loot studies. The fractures at the alluvial fans range and the changes in its axial inclination illustrate the tectonic phases during the evaluation and climatic changes in the region. The wind (direction and speed) has had its influence on the formative evolutionary pattern of the Loot exposed to the very strong winds from four cardinal directions, something that still exists with very low intensity in comparison.

Increasing number of vehicles need more streets, roads, open spaces for cars. Therefore, the major cities have confronted with the limited parking space. Using automated car parking introduced in response to increased demand for car parking. In this research we tried to choose the best pattern for automated car parking system using Fuzzy Taguchi DOE and Fuzzy AHP. In this study, for the first time using the Fuzzy Taguchi method to calculate weight of each criterion and by combining this method with Fuzzy AHP (Mikhailov) products are prioritized. The results showed that among the five types of automated car parking including, Mini Rotary 12 and 16 each, Tower Parking 40 and 30 each and Lift Parking Dual are ranked first to third respectively.

Today tourism is one of the largest and fastest growing sectors of economy with the potential to support local communities in developing economic diversity. While tourism development in rural areas induces both different positive and negative environmental consequences. Planning to find an optimal balance between benefit and cost of environments raised from tourism development need to understand attitude of host community towards the environmental impacts of tourism. Aqso area in Kalaleh County of Golestan province has many natural attractions and in different seasons is always great interest to tourists. This research aimed to investigate rural community attitudes towards the environmental impacts of tourism in Aqso area of Golestan province. Descriptive-analytical research methods technique based on a questionnaire survey was employed. The questionnaire was used for data gathering. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by local experts and some faculty members and its reliability way verified through calculated Cronbach's alpha coefficient between α= 0.687 till α=0.888. Data from 130 head of households who selected randomly from 5 villages in Aqsou sub-district are used in the empirical analysis. In this research two dependent variables include positive and negative environment impacts of tourism and independent variables include, economical dependency on the tourism resources, environmental attitude community attachment, using tourism attractions, community concerns and perceived state of the economy were analyzed by multiple enter regression. Moreover these two dependent variables were compared based on different groups of respondents by independent t-test and one-way ANOVA. The results showed most important of environment positive impact was "increase in local people’s cooperation to environment conservation" and "greater attention to sanitation and the prevention of mass usage" and most important of environment negative impact was "increase in sewage, waste and rubbish" and "crowds in the direction of the forest area". Gender, marriage status, being native, education age, income, as well as distance from tourism place have no influence on perceived environmental negative and positive impacts. While respondents with membership in rural civic groups less value negative impact but people with more length of residency less value positive impacts. The results of Wilcoxon test revealed that negative environmental impacts of tourism development have been assessed more than its positive environmental impacts by respondents. The results of regression analysis showed that community attachment, environmental attitude and community concerns have direct significantly influences on perceive environmental negative impacts. Also community attachment, economical dependency on the tourism resources and perceived state of the economy have direct significantly influences on perceive environmental positive impacts.