نشریه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی
سال بیست و نهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 71، پاییز 1397)

Vegetation is the mirror of climate. So getting information regarding the status of crop such as extent and distribution of it is of great importance. As collecting data about the continuous changes of vegetation is a tedious and hard work and take lots of costs. So in like a condition remote sensing is a very efficient way which provide a good view of a region. The goal of this study is to considering the long term mean of Iran’s vegetation using NDVI index. In this paper, the 16 days data of NDVI data of MODIS Aqua from 1381.4.13 to 1393.12.23 were exploited from MODIS web page and then in the base of 10 billion of codes, the long term mean of 16 days NDVI of Iran during the years was calculated. As the NDVI of above 0.2 represents vegetation the long term mean of vegetation was calculated for each of the 16 days. The findings showed that Iran’s vegetation in the period of December 26th to January 9th is minimum and from April 15th to May 1th is maximum.

Studying hydrodynamic and hydro-chemical properties of springs can be an indicative of the karst development in a karst media. The aim of this study is to determine the hydrodynamic behavior of karstic aquifers and karstification degree of the Alashtar and Nourabad regions by analyzing the physicochemical properties and falling limb of springs hydrographs analysis. To achieve goals of this research, 10 main draining springs were chosen. After the survey of geomorphological, climatic, hydrodynamic, hydro chemical, physiographic properties and several field study, by using Malic and Vojtkova method, the karstification degree was determined. According to the Hydrodynamic Study, Amir, Chenareh and Honam springs and Abdolhosseini and Niaz springs have 2.5-3 degree of karstification. Also the groundwater flow sub-regimes type is the combination of two or more sub-regimes with merely laminar flow characterized by different discharge. Zaz and Ahangaran springs have 4 and 4.3 degree of karstification, respectively, and discharge hydrogram is composed of a sub-regime with turbulent flow and a sub-regime with laminar flow. Golembahri, Laghari and Teymour springs have 5.5 degree of karstification and complex discharge regime, a combination of one sub-regime with turbulent flow and two sub-regimes with laminar groundwater flow. According to the hydrochemical analysis, increasing magnesium ions (Mg), higher cation and anion, increasing in Electrical conductivity (EC) and total hardness (TH) and also lowering the ca/Mg in the Alashtar unit, indicate the presence of dolomitic karstic aquifers, small joints, more contact between water and rock and finally less evolution of karst in Alashtar.

The purpose of this study is to assess the quantitative relationship between the volume of alluvial fans and its relation to active tectonics in the southern slopes of Joghatay Mountains. To achieve this objective, first, the range of alluvial fans, Angle Broom (S) and alluvial fans radius (R) in the software Arc / Gis using digital maps and digital elevation model (DEM) were determined. Then, the difference between the height between the top and base of the alluvial fans (h) was calculated and, based on the above parameters. In order to evaluate the effects of other variables such as tectonic and geomorphic characteristics like lithology using some integral index over the facade (Hi), the index of mountain front sinuosity (Smf), index basin asymmetry (Af), transverse topographic symmetry (T), index ( SL), (BS) and the ratio of valley floor width to depth Valley (Vf). The results of the mean of all indices indicate that 61.55% of the region is located in the active to semi-active tectonic state, which reveals the role of tectonic factors in providing sediment and increasing the volume of alluvial fans in the region. In addition, the common role of lithological factors and tectonic forces can be pointed out. Due to the nature of some of the faults in the region, the soft and loose deposits including Flysch and neogen marls on hard Conglomerate formation have caused the sediment load more to the regional currents and contributes to the development of alluvial fans in the region. Also, the elevation of alluvial fans sediments and the change in the surface of the local area as a result of the faults activity has resulted in the deep excavation of the base of the rivers. This, in turn, contributes to the development of the alluvial fans as a result of base digging and solid loading, leading to the formation of multi-part and fragmented alluvial fans. In order to homogenize the basins in terms of area, they were divided into three groups and these relationships were analyzed in each group. The results indicate that there is a direct and significant relationship between the feeding basin and the volume of alluvial fans, while there is no such relationship between the slope of the basin and the volume of alluvial fans.

The main goal of this study is to evaluate the wind energy potential in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province to identify suitable rural areas for obtaining wind energy. In order to reach this goal (useing 7 meteorology stations information in the province from 2008 to 2016), the Weibull distribution was used for potentiometric; meanwhile, Kriging was applied to interpolate the area. Weibull estimate was done by using the torque method and the codes was written in Maple software. The steps were: measuring Weibull distribution parameters at different heights; calculating monthly and annual (PA); and EA was earned from calculation of data once in three hours in all synoptic stations. The results showed that only Saman district is appropriate to create wind energy and the other areas are not suggested for this purpose. Another result of the study was the wind potential interpolation maps with rural area distribution and without dispersion of them.

Lakes act as a system. Climate, mathematical position, physiographic features (including basin area, perimeter, length, shape, slope, aspect and time of concentration), rugged topography and gravity center (geometric gravity center of basin, geometric gravity center of lake, hydrological gravity center and geomorphological gravity center) are among the affecting factors of lakes survival or destruction. With regard to the peaks, the topographic lines and waterways of the 14 Iranian basins (Urmia, Gavkhoni, Maharloo, Meighan, Qom, Duranjyr, Jazmurian, Abarkuh, Bafegh, Ardestān, Yazd, Qatruyeh, Sirjan and Lut) have been delineated according to the peaks, topography and drainage lines in 1/50000 topographic maps and by the use of Arc GIS software. Altitude of water and dry equilibrium line in some of lakes such as Urmia, Gavkhoni, Meighan, Qom and Maharloo was extracted from the source documents. For the rest of basin lakes, reflected evidence in topographic maps was used. In climatic calculations, temperature and precipitation of the database Asfezari with 50 years duration was used. Lake water volume was calculated according to the altitude of water and dry equilibrium line and the volume of annual rainfall was computed based on basin area in geographic information system. By dividing the volume of lake's water by the volume of precipitation, runoff coefficients have been estimated. Afterwards, geomorphological gravity center and lake and basin's geometric gravity center were determined. Hydrological gravity center was estimated based on river's discharge data. Analyzing the result of holes, runoff coefficient showed the fact that Lut, Dranjyr, Gavkhoni, Abarkuh and Qom basins have allocated the lowest runoff coefficient. The similar coefficients of Gavkhoni and Qom basin's with Lute basin, represent how distanse between basins’ topographic center and geometric center can affect the amount of runoff coefficient. High runoff of Qatruyeh, Ardestān and Sirjan watersheds are as the result of complaining the lowest part of topography with geometric center of the basin. Gravity center of lake have located in the topographic center of Bafgh basin and, this affected the location of Meighan and Maharloo basins accordingly.

Perception is a collection of external stimulus processes driven by schemas. Foreign stimulants include a wide range of which one of its most important elements is the climate. The goal of this research is to investigate the link between micro-climate and space in the human mind as well as the analysis of the impact of the climate on the perception of urban space. This research targets the Park of El Gholi in the city of Tabriz and attempts to prove this hypothesis that: the micro-climate is an important part of the detailed perception of a space; and also is a key factor in shaping our mental schemas against a space, and the way we understand the space. The research has been performed in a qualitative method using cognitive maps and interview with sample candidates, which is one of the most utilized tools in studying the link between climate and space. The results show that for an urban space to achieve success and be accepted by all its users as well as the presence of people in it, the conditions of the space’s micro-climate should be taken into account. Because, the climate is considered as a determinative factor in shaping desired mental schemas from a space by people, and the climate as an ecological factor, has an important impact on people perception from a known space

One of the goals of geomorphologists in working with the models of different landforms is to obtain better relations in realizing the physical realities of environment. In this study, the efficiency of geomorphometric parameters in increasing the accuracy of landslide sensitivity zoning maps has been evaluated. First, the zoning map was prepared via using the first 9 effective parameters in the landfall occurrence including slope, aspect, elevation, land use, lithology, distance from roads, rivers and vegetation index (NDVI). In the next step, the geomorphometric parameters involve in the occurrence of landslide including topographic location index (TPI), surface curvature, curved sections, slope length (LS), Topographic wetness index(TWI), stream flow power (SPI), surface area ration index (SAR), were added to the model and then plotted to the map. In the last step, the zoning maps of the two approaches were evaluated using the ROC curve. For preparing zoning maps, a new hybrid model was used. In order to determine the weight of the criteria, the multivariate regression method was used and the frequency ratio method was used to determine the weight of the classes. Finally, the linear regression relationship of the type of audit analysis was used as the basis of preparation and comparison of landslide sensitivity map and applied to the two approaches without using geomorphometric indices. The findings of this research indicated that geomorphometric indices have a significant effect on increasing the accuracy of the identification of landslide sensitive areas and increasing the accuracy of the zoning map from 0.731 to 0.938. These indices have also increased the resolution of the slip layers. According to the results of the topography location indices parameters, surface curvature and surface ratio have the highest influence on the accuracy of zoning maps. Based on the results of zoning with geomorphometric parameters, 8/68 percent (6737 ha) of the region are at very high risk and 15.3% (11906 ha) have been identified as high-risk areas. Considering the high power of geomorphometric parameters in determining the sensitive areas of slip, it is recommended to use these parameters in landslide zonation.

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Therefore, identifying the causes of the disease and recognizing its focal role is one of the factors for the control and reduction of the disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between heavy metal in water and cancer in rural villages of Isfahan province. The statistical population of this research consists of two parts of human society and environmental data. The human population of research has two parts, the first part is related to medical documents and records in the health centers and health houses of the villages of west of Isfahan province, and the second part includes the rural communities of west of Isfahan province. Also, environmental data were heavy metals available in water and soil. The analysis of these data was done using statistical methods and the frequency of mean, percent, nominal and rank correlation, and for the analysis of water and soil, an atomic absorption device was used. For fitting these models, ARC GIS, SPSS software was used. This research was an applied one in terms of purpose and had a descriptive-analytical methodology. Documents, reports and field studies were used for data collection. The results of this study showed that the highest amount of heavy metals including manganese, copper, lead, chromium and nickel were found in rural soils that are more frequent with blood pressure and cancer. Also, there is a positive and meaningful relationship between heavy elements in water and a combination of non-contagious diseases such as blood pressure and diabetes, and cancers.

Several factors affect the rate of annual sediment basin. Components of the basin and drainage network have a very important role in river sedimentation rate. This study calculated morphometric parameters of basin such as: area (A), the perimeter (P), the ratio of a circle (Re), elongation ratio (Rf), mean height (H), mean slope (S), drainage density (Dd), drainage frequency (Df) along the channels (BL), fault density (DF), the percentage of Quaternary formations (PQ), bifurcation ratio (Rb), the number of hierarchical anomaly (Ha), hierarchical anomaly index (Δ a), density hierarchical anomaly (ga) in the 17 Basins in the North east of Iran. Then, the annual sedimentation rate of the basins (t / y per square kilometer) and the annual sediment suspended (ss) of each station were determined by multivariate statistical methods and using discharge and sediment data Khorasan Razavi regional water authority. Then the annual sedimentation rate of the basins (tons per year per square kilometer) was calculated. Finally, linear regression and correlation coefficients were evaluated among the components of the basin and the rate of annual sediment. The results of the research show that the highest annual sedimentation rates are in the Torghabeh and Radekan basins, respectively, with 1533.1, 1437.1 tons / km2. The lowest annual sedimentation rate is in Yangaje and Bar watersheds with 224.1, 462.3tons / km2 per year. According to the calculations of P, Ga, A, L, Ha, Δa, and Re indexes, with the values of 0.301, 0.249 0.232 and 0.230, respectively, have the most correlation with the annual sedimentation rate. In addition, there is a relatively weak correlation between PQ, S, Dd, Rb and annual sedimentation rates. In the case of other parameters, there is no correlation with the annual rate of sedimentation of the basins. The analysis indicated that annual precipitation rates are not entirely affected by morphometric factors in research basins. Factors such as intensity and duration of precipitation, soil type, land use and vegetation in estimating the annual sedimentation rate of the basins should be considered to achieve more accurate results.

Dendrogeomorphology is one of the most important techniques for determining the age of geomorphological processes such as slope movements, flooding, erosion, earthquakes and other processes. One advantage of application of dendrogeomorphology in the estimation of gully erosion is that it can estimate the annual rates of erosion. The aim of this research is to estimate the lateral and bed erosion of gully by dendrogeomorphological analysis of tree roots in Nilkooh catchment. To achieve this goal, a total of 50 samples from the roots of broadleaf trees, including Evangelical, wild persimmons, alder, oak, hornbeam, hawthorn and maple that have been exposed after erosion, were dated. The 35 samples were tested for lateral erosion of gully and 15 samples were also examined for gully bed erosion. During sampling, the information such as slope gradient, distance of the sample from the wall of gully and geographical coordinates were also recorded. Samples were dried in natural conditions and have been sanded for better clarity. In this study, exposed roots were sampled during 2013-2014. The minimum and maximum ages of roots were 3 and 14 years, respectively. The study reveals that the average rate of lateral and bed erosion of gully are 0.053 and 0.107 meter, respectively. The lateral erosion of gully has inverse correlation with elevation and gradient, whereas bed erosion of gully has positive correlation with elevation gradient.