فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی
سال بیست و یکم شماره 3 (پیاپی 67، پاییز 1395)

In Iran, discourse on cultural heritage politically started to burgeon during the 1930s by efforts of enlightened thinkers (roshanfekran) and Western Orientalists. By the rise of Reza Shah in 1925 and during the Pahlavi epoch (1925-1979), the Western archaeologists or architects were closely engaged in cultural heritage affairs, which effectively manipulated the concept of Iranian nationalism particularly through focusing on the pre-Islamic heritage. While, in a few publications the foreigners’ contribution and the activities of Western archeologists was studied under archaeological light, in this paper,for the first time, the fundamental role of Western Orientalists regarding conservation of architectural heritage will be scrutinised. Thorough applying interpretive-historical research method, and investigating the primary sources, this paper will survey about the role of Western men in built heritage affairs during the Pahlavi era, during the Twentieth Century Iran. To this end, the letters, books, speeches, and unpublished memoirs of either enlightened thinkers or influential members in charge of the National Heritage Society have been referred to, in this study, with careful consideration given to their conflicting viewpoint against the Qajar rulers. Some of these men were: Isa Sedigh (1945-1970s), Arthur Pope (1925-1970s), Andre Godard (1931-1960s) and Asghar Hekmat (1933-1955). Other primary sources benefiting this study include: government documents; legislative documents of the National Heritage Society (NHS); unpublished memos; diaries; archival materials; old newspapers and library sources. These materials have been collected from four major libraries and archives in Iran. These included the the Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization Document Centre in Tehran; the Library and Archive Centre of the University of Tehran; Malek National Library and Museum Institution in Tehran; National Library and Archives of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Tehran; and Organization of Libraries, Museums and Document Centre of Astan Quds Razavi in Mashhad.At the first stage of this research, the attitudes of the Qajar kings towards historical buildings and heritage will be reviewed. Moreover, the reasons behind the erection of the National Heritage Society and the involvement of Western Orientalists will be explained. At the second stage, the impacts of Western Orientalists on Pahlavi’s policy regarding restoration of historical buildings will be scrutinized. The focus of this paper is to elaborate the involvement of four key people namely: Ernst Herzfeld, André Godard, Arthur Upham Pope and Maxime Siroux. The paper will deal with of how these men were invited by the key members of National Heritage Society (Anjoman-e Asar-e Melli), and how they were involved in restoration projects. This paper will also examine their approach or activities regarding built heritage in Iran that simply slipped into neglect after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. Having studied the under-researched and unpublished materials that have been gathered from the extensive documentary and archival sources, this research aims to illuminate the various aspects of Western orientalist involvement in terms of conservation or destruction of cultural heritage in the Twentieth Century Iran.

The informal settlements are those parts of city which have been formed without plan or minimum facilities and services. Therefore, they are considered as priorities in management cities for services and improving quality of life. In this regard, it is important to get solutions to make positive changes with the lowest cost and direct intervention. Therefore, this study aims to explore the linkage of spatial configuration with physical characteristics in these sites.
The present study was conducted through analytical-interpretive method, document research, and hypothesis testing on a case study. At the beginning, the literature was obtained through library research. In order to analyze spatial configuration of the selected neighborhood, the researcher then made attempts to prepare the blocking map of the city so that the full and empty spaces could be separated. In the next phase, Axial map was delineated using Depth map software. Finally, though Axial map of the city, different components of spatial configuration such as Integration, Depth, and Connectivity were extracted.
On the other hand, thirty street segment lengths were randomly selected in Hesar neighborhood. The physical characteristics such as quality and age of the buildings were removed in such a way that for each street segment length with regard to the physical variable score from 0 to 20 was dedicated. Then, configuration parameters (extracted from Depth map software) and physical variables (resulted from field study) for thirty selected street segment length were put into SPSS software. Next, through using multivariate linear regression analysis (and the stepwise method) the correlations between the variables were investigated. Within running this model, the linkage between one of the physical variables with of spatial configuration (such as Integration, Depth, etc.) was investigated.
According to multivariate linear regression analysis it was found that the buildings’ quality variable is affected by local integration (R2 = 0.578). This correlations can be interpreted when a street segment length has a higher of local integration, the quality of the building around the street segment length would be better. And it was also found that the light quality is affected by the direct length of streets (R2 = 0.699). This correlation can be defined as the higher is the street, the better is the light quality of the street. In addition, it was found that commercial use is impacted by the depth of the street (R2 = 0.514). This correlation can be interpreted that as a street is deeper, the quality and quantity of commercial use the around it decrease. Regarding the number of building floors, unused lands and the age of building, it should be said that no correlation was observed between these variables and spatial configuration parameters. Given variables, it was shown that at the significance level of 95% there existed no association between the variables and spatial configuration parameters. At the end, it should be noted that spatial configuration, as a factor can affect some environmental variables and presenting a comprehensive analysis requires to include other social and economic characteristics along each other.

Physical decline and the necessity of redevelopment are never-ending challenges for built communities. Neighborhoods undergo cycles of birth, growth, stabilization, decline and rejuvenation. Redevelopment is a mechanism that can reduce the time an area is in decline and spur the process of revitalization. Furthermore, redevelopment can provide incentives for a developer to build in a community that will benefit greatly from the improvements. Urban decay is natural consequence of economic, social and physical declination. This process gradually leads to loss of efficiency and significance, especially at city centers, older and valuable districts of cities. There is a considerable potential and capacities in urban neighborhoods and older neighborhoods that have shaped over the years. Older neighborhoods and central city have enormous financial, environmental and social values, but usually have been overlooked because of lack of enough recognition, efficient management and experiments. Babol is one of the oldest and most populated cities in Mazandaran province. This City has many old neighborhoods with development capacities. Unfortunately these capacities have been overlooked in physical growth and development of the City. Thus the main part of development has occurred in agricultural areas and gardens that are in the vicinity of the City. This study is intended to recognize existing capacities and potentials in neighborhoods for redevelopment and finding the ways to fulfill them. The redevelopment area plan can accomplished multiple goals, such as preserving historic landmarks, promotion of downtown commercial growth by strengthen the existing commercial corridor and create new commercial areas, gardens and farmlands protection and provides public infrastructures and amenities within a walkable distance to its residents. Central city hopes to offer business opportunities such as retail services, offices, recreational opportunities and limited industrials. In addition redevelopment area plan wants to remove existing blighting conditions that threaten public health, safety and welfare; reduce crime by provide safer, cleaner and more attractive neighborhoods and commercial areas. The redevelopment strategy therefore identifies and locates improvements among three classes of action: Conservation, Upgrade and Development. Urban analyze techniques such as AHP are used to evaluate the capacity and redevelopment parameters. Then according to their importance and priority, their role in future developments can be determined. In this study, by using AHP approach, the importance of parameters of neighborhoods development such as development of brownfields, compatibility, congestion of population and etc., have been evaluated. Therefore these parameters have been given priority in future plans according to their importance. As a conclusion, in this study it is argued that, if we use existing capacities in City and older neighborhoods as a resource for redevelopment of areas, the city's problems could be solved more efficiently. This approach leads to infill development or redevelopment of areas in order to obtain sustainable development. It can be said redevelopment area plan can maintain the character of the community, provide both market-rate and affordable housing and balanced land use mix, create economic development opportunities, expand and enhance community facilities and services, and also improve the city's transportation network for automobiles and pedestrian alike.

Urban large-scale projects have always been a controversial topic of debates. These projects are time- and money-consuming and the rejection or approve of their functionality is based on political intentions. In the last hundred years, each of them costed billions of dollars from private or public budgeting, used technical and human resources. These risky-complex creatures are built to fulfill different desires from infrastructural needs like gas or oil projects up to luxurious projects like flagship projects in urban regeneration. The planning and construction of them accelerated specially after the World War II. In Tehran, Abasabad is a great example of these projects. Abasabad is a complex of fields at the center of Tehran, which they were used to be unused hills and gardens. However, the majority of urban planning policies lead to turning them into large-scale projects. All the process of planning and construction of Abasabad urban large-scale projects has done in non-participatory way. So, the question of whether Abasabad large-scale projects meet citizens’ interest or not has been arisen. It assumed that citizens are satisfied with the function of these projects. In order to prove the assumption, “Spatial citizenship” as an applied participatory approach was used. Spatial citizenship has been created as a practical approach to use the special potential of virtual spaces and spatial data. This method is supported by GIS and participation concepts via internet. The two main components of “Spatial citizenship” are “Spatial citizen” and “geomedia”. A geomedia provides a space for citizens to criticize urban planning trends without concerning to be recognized. Therefore, citizens can be easily part of planning procedures. To add to the point raised before, this kind of planning is more effective and creative in problem solving. To start out with, “Our Abasabad” as a geomedia of this approach, is designed and implemented. There are two major sections in “Our Abasabad”. Active participation takes place in the first section based on PPGIS concept. An online survey is in the second one. There are also other sections based on a standard geomedia, e.g. geocommunication or geovisualization parts. During the test time of geomedia 510 users used it. By analyzing the answer of survey with statistical test of t- One sample, it has been proved that citizens of Tehran are satisfied with Abasabad large-scale projects. When all is said and done, a broad spectrum of research conducted in this area reveals that, Abasabad large-scale projects have inherent difference from the other large-scale projects. Most of these projects are environmental-friendly and public beneficiary, they develop the sense of belonging and local identity of citizens. So that they succeeded in capturing citizens’ attention and made them satisfy. Consistent with this, the result of satisfaction or dissatisfaction of citizen for each project is depicted on a map due to 136 users who participate in the second section. Finally, the research concludes that spatial citizenship is a method which leads to participation improvement, power transparency and it is an effective way in problem solving in urban planning.

designing upon knowledge produced by research has always been a matter of challenge among designers and design theorists. Artistic-based design thinking insists on intuition as well as tacit knowledge while scientific-oriented mode of design is conceived as dependent on explicit knowledge. Here two obstacles which prevents design field from fully embracement of experimental and research-based knowledge into design are discussed: first, the idea that vast expansion of design problem makes creativity too restricted. Here some new researches which show contrary results towards this conception are presented and ethical responsibility of the profession for quality of life of users is mentioned. The second matter is usability of explicated knowledge in the design process. For this subject to be studied, after a theoretical review, an experimental design method proposed by the authors is described. What Zeisel (after Krobkin) proposed for kinds of information in the design process is followed in this research. He puts knowledge in two categories upon their usage for the designers so it is not seen as matter of variety of the knowledge itself but as its modes of use: 1. Image information and 2. Test information. Based on an action research method a full-semester program of design studio of first year students was intended to explore that how such kinds of information about real user can be produced and how can be applied in the design process. A four stage program was finally applied: 1. Emergency shelter for one-month staying after earthquake for your family; 2. Personal space for a summer afternoon; 3. A two-person home in an old courtyard and 4. A house for your family. The first three ones were seen as preparatory steps for introduction of various kinds of user needs (physical as well as psychological ones) while the last was intended to be an experiment of Zeisel’s proposal in a semi-real project for students. At first stage students were asked to study their own family attitudes about home-design; this was done via questionnaires and behavioral maps and discussion of results in some studio sessions along with some small-scale design assignment for insertion of the resulted information and criteria for design. In these assignments the main aspect of using information was ‘idea’ one (in terms of Krobkin). For instance the form of living room was to be determined by usual kind of family sittings, their orientation, social connectivity of living room and bedrooms, etc. that all were extracted from behavioral maps or the same matter about entrance that was to be extracted from questionnaires. In the final stage, students were asked to select exactly four criteria from analyzed information for judgment of their final design. These were intended as explicated ‘test’ information (in Krobkin’s terms). The results of qualifying selected criteria and final designs upon these criteria were discussed. The main finding of this study is that Krobkin’s division of information usage is an appropriate tool for research-based design not only in the architectural education, but also in the real design process, as well.

Contemporary cities from many aspects have challenges with the phenomenon of injustice and in different areas suffer from the distribution of benefits, housing, and access to services. Meanwhile, the spatial justice and related studies have raised in response to these issues as an emerging and interdisciplinary field. Hence, justice has become a principal goal of urban planning in its institutions and grassroots forms. In parallel, in the last decade in Iran, spatial justice has also been the fundamental issue in the field of urban studies. Several scholars have contributed and commented to this issue. Also, various researches have been conducted in this Academic field. Activists seeking a more fair distribution of the benefits and burdens of society have increasingly turned to broader coalitions of justice. Therefore, this paper intends to analyze theoretical framework of researches in the realm of urban spatial justice in Iran. The article is based on a mixed method research plan and meta-study strategy. Meta-study is a second-order analysis that seeks to not only synthesize the results of prior works, but also to reflect upon the processes within that research. The research design of this meta-study is developed by Paterson et al., which itself was based on Zhao’s approach. The two phases of the Meta - study are analysis and synthesis. The analysis must take place before synthesis in order to generate new and more complete understandings of the phenomenon under study. In order to perform this meta-study, the databases of all articles published in Iranian journals and elated papers presented at the Congress, and the Student thesis was searched. Finally, the study population consists of 44 articles with a focus on spatial justice in the period 1383-1394. Also, methods such as systematic review and open coding were used to collect and analyze the data. Then, a comprehensive form for summarizing and extracting data from selected researches were prepared to include categories about the article details and the theoretical framework. The results indicate that the concept of spatial justice is of great value today in Iran to geography and urban planning in particular since it is a concept which transcends disciplinary boundaries. Howbeit, there are shallow studies in the interdisciplinary realm of spatial justice too. Also, it is necessary to say that many researches are based on the presumption of socialist definition of justice. Therefore, more articles were addressed in distribution approach of spatial justice based on equality. In these articles justice is frequently evaluated on the basis of “results” or spatial distributions .Meanwhile, they neglected the structural roots of injustice in the form of spatial justice. These roots engage with issues of representational space where identities and experiences constitute the process of justice. Distributive justice is a necessary but not sufficient aspect of a normative pitch in planning, which is badly needed. It fails to address the causes of injustice, which are structural and lie in the role of power. So it is better for the further studies of spatial justice to focus on decision-making procedures.

Architecture precedents are important sources to educate architecture students. Inappropriate use of precedents may lead to design fixation. The use of precedents is common in architectural design and there is no clear difference between copy and inspiration. Therefore it is important to know what the true mapping is and how we can evaluate the relation between precedent and design outcome.
In this paper with the aim to recognize the true mapping, we describe the different mapping models and analyze those based on bloom taxonomy from remember layer to understand, apply, analyze and create layers. Based on this model 20 steps must be done: recognizing, recalling, remember, interpreting, exemplifying, classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing, explaining, executing, implanting, differentiating, organizing, attributing, checking, critiquing , generating, planning and producing. The Eilouti model is more comprehensive than others and comprise all layers, but it is a complicated model and difficult to reuse by educators. The models compared based on new findings of design theories. Six models are categorized in normative models and one is categorized empirical. Therefore there is no mapping model based on studding the design behavior of expert designers, observing designers during design process and interacting between designer and design idea presentation. Thus none of these models didn’t use by other researchers or in architecture education. But visual analogy model became an educational method because of its empirical merit.
We investigated all different methods that evaluate relation between precedent and design idea. There are two approaches, first approach evaluate idea without considering precedent. In this approach good idea is creative ones and four creativity parameters, novelty, quality, quantity and diversity, are evaluated in qualitative, quantitative, or synthesis methods. Second approach evaluates design idea in comparison with precedent based on originality, design fixation and similarity type definitions. Some evaluation methods such as quantity, diversity or repeated ideas are used in conditions that designers produced all possible ideas and are not usable in normal conditions. Some methods need to predict all possible solutions by researcher and count all precedent features that almost impossible in architectural design. Therefore most of the quantitative methods are not usable in architectural education and qualitative methods based on expert judges are preferred.
We presented four mapping definitions based on four different approaches, mapping process, creative idea, design fixation, and structural mapping. For every definition there is an evaluation method. The comprehensive definition is offered that true mapping is going beyond levels of thinking and achieve creation level that leads to structural similarity and enhances novelty and quality of design idea. The similarity between source and idea and novelty and quality of idea must be evaluated based on this definition. Knowing the true definition and having a mapping process model cannot guarantee the design results. Students copy the source examples because lack of design ability, idea presentation skills or ideation ability. Thus there is need to purposeful and designed practices to help students. Finding educational ways to enhance students’ ability in true mapping are recommended for Future studies.

Several factors such as socio-economic, physical and environmental vulnerability affects the crime rate and each with its own special place in altered offense in a variety of play spaces. The aim of this study is one of the components of physical environmental factors in terms of crime, as one of the most important factors in the environment is secure and in this regard, housing spaces around it, as the human life is assessed. On the issue raised, three outdoor pattern among residential blocks were that the receiver has a central courtyard patterns, lines or rows and blocks scattered or isolated. Assessment tool in this regard in order to achieve this goal, syntax-space theory is that by using the software analysis, done. Computer studies done by the software Depthmap indicators "Physical accessibility", "visual accessibility", "local access" universal access "analyzed the rest. In general, this research first the factors contributing to the change in crime rate and paid for residential outdoor spaces And then given the tools used to study space syntax theory to explain the theoretical framework will be discussed. Then, taking into consideration the findings of this part of the study case studies, raised factor test and data analysis carried out and in the end, according to the results of this section, the final pattern optimized with the lowest rate is likely to rise in crime And of course the physical and environmental features, introduction and ways to explain the result. is. the outdoor design blocks scattered, due to the disproportionate fines reduced by factors in the environment, the possibility of crime where most of the other examples mentioned. In this study, one of the most important factors associated with the issue of crime was physical. The ability to access a variety of important factors in assessing the security environment. residential as one of the most important human settlements that spent the most hours of the day and security is very important, as the sample was included in this study einally, with regard to three single central linear pattern, according to the analysis of some indicators of criminology perspective, central open space as a set of security environment more favorable to gender learn the pattern of the other adopted was and linear pattern and the next single was in place. Therefore, considering the above process, in addition to the physical features and get the optimal solution proposals in connection with the promotion of safety in the adopt pattern is: - Non-breeding tall trees and dense surrounding residential areas, especially in blind spots
- Appropriate layout of urban indicators, such as statues, etc. in order not to create a visually inaccessible places
- Appropriate lighting in places inaccessible and Cottrell at intervals extended
- Locating the security environment in places that have a good sight to the blind
- The edges of the space has a special place because of what we reap the center space availability is reduced.
- Control and protection of these areas also seem necessary.