فهرست مطالب

هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی - سال بیست و سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 73، بهار 1397)

فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی
سال بیست و سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 73، بهار 1397)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1397/03/05
  • تعداد عناوین: 7
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  • امیر سعید محمودی *، مهیار باستانی صفحات 5-18
    ایده پردازی (خلق ایده و کانسپت) به عنوان بخش مهمی از فرآیند طراحی، همواره در ادبیات طراحی پژوهی مورد توجه بوده است. این پژوهش در بخش نخست، پس از بررسی آراء نظریه پردازان، با استفاده از روشی توصیفی-تحلیلی، فرآیند طراحی را در دو نسل الگوهای نظام مند و محیط شناسانه و روش های خلق ایده و کانسپت را در چهار مقوله قیاسی، الگوواره، منطقی و نظری طبقه بندی می کند. در بخش دوم، در پیمایشی میدانی رابطه فرآیند طراحی و روش های خلق ایده در گروه دانشجویان کارشناسی و مشاورین تراز 1 معماری تهران بررسی شد. گردآوری داده ها با استفاده از پرسشنامه بسته و در سه حوزه ساختمان های مسکونی، تجاری-اداری و آموزشی انجام گرفت. تحلیل داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار SMART-PLS و روش تحلیل مسیر، نشان می دهد در هر دو گروه تمایل به استفاده از فرآیند نظام مند و روش منطقی بیشتر است. نوع کاربری ساختمان در مدل ارتباطی چندان تاثیرگذار نیست و در نتایج حاصل از مشاورین و دانشجویان تفاوت هایی وجود دارد. در بیشتر موارد ارتباط معنادار و مطلوب تری بین فرآیند نظام مند و روش منطقی، فرآیند تعاملی و روش قیاسی و نظری، فرآیند مشارکتی و روش منطقی و قیاسی به چشم می خورد. نتایج این پژوهش می تواند برای پیشرفت حرفه معماری و بخصوص آموزش دانشجویان این رشته بسیار مفید واقع شود.
    کلیدواژگان: فرآیند طراحی، ایده و کانسپت، روش قیاسی، روش الگوواره، روش منطقی، روش نظری
  • فرشاد نوریان* ، مهدی میکائیلی صفحات 31-40
    جذابیت و رقابت پذیری یک شهر بستگی به نحوه مدیریت تصویر آن شهر داشته و استراتژی های برنامه ریزی تصویر شهر برای شهرهایی که به دنبال رشد اقتصادی هستند به امری ضروری بدل گشته است. یکی از این استراتژی ها که شهرهای پیشروی جهان برای بهبود تصویر خود به کار گرفته اند برندسازی شهری است. با توجه به فقدان تصویری روشن و قوی از ارومیه، هدف اصلی مقاله، مدل سازی تصویر شهر ارومیه در جهت روشن شدن اقدامات اصلی در زمینه برندسازی این شهر است. پس از مطالعه متون نظری و مشخص شدن ارتباط میان برندسازی شهری و تصویر شهر، چارچوب نظری پژوهش تدوین شد. در بخش تحلیل و یافته ها بر اساس 9 مؤلفه و 46 معیار برگرفته شده از چارچوب نظری، تصویر شهر ارومیه در ذهن ساکنانش با استفاده از مدل سازی معادلات ساختاری مورد کنکاش قرارگرفته و تاثیرگذارترین مؤلفه ها و معیارهای تشکیل دهنده تصویر شهر ارومیه مشخص شدند. درنهایت، اولویت اقدامات در زمینه برندسازی ارومیه تعیین و پیشنهاد هایی ارائه شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد که شهر ارومیه برای بهبود تصویر خود باید در ابتدا به تقویت امکانات و زیرساخت های خود بپردازد و در کنار آن با تکیه بر تاریخ و فرهنگ و همچنین موقعیت مرزی و تجاری و طبیعت خود اقدام به ایجاد برندی منحصربه فرد کند.
    کلیدواژگان: برندسازی شهری، تصویر شهر، مدل سازی معادلات ساختاری، شهر ارومیه
  • علی اکبر حیدری، یعقوب پیوسته گر *، مریم کیایی صفحات 41-54
    مسئله تامین امنیت در بازارها، یکی از مهمترین عوامل در توسعه و رونق اقتصادی این اماکن شهری است. در همین ارتباط، میزان و کیفیت نفوذپذیری به این فضاها، عاملی تاثیرگذار بر این مهم می باشد. لذا پژوهش حاضر ضمن تحلیل کیفیت نفوذپذیری لبه های خارجی چند نمونه تیمچه به عنوان بخشی از فضای بازار، به بررسی مسئله تامین امنیت در این گونه از فضاها می پردازد. بر این اساس پس از تدوین چارچوب نظری تحقیق، سه پارامتر " خوانایی"، "کنترل و دسترسی بصری" و "یکپارچگی فضایی" به عنوان عوامل موثر بر امنیت فضایی معرفی گردید و با استفاده از تکنیک نحو فضا و در محیط نرم افزار Depthmap، به بررسی مسئله امنیت در نمونه های مورد نظر پرداخته شد. نمونه های موردی شامل هفت الگوی تیمچه با کیفیت نفوذپذیری متفاوت در لبه آنها می باشند. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که تیمچه ی نفوذ ناپذیر از نظر شاخص خوانایی در سطح مطلوبی قرار دارد و به واسطه داشتن تنها یک ورودی، امکان کنترل ورود و خروج افراد را فراهم می آورد. این در حالی است که تیمچه ی چهار جهت نفوذپذیر، از منظر شاخص های کنترل و یکپارچگی فضایی در سطح بالاتری نسبت سایر به سایر تیمچه ها قرار دارد که این موضوع در تامین امنیت این گونه از تیمچه ها تاثیر بسزایی دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: لبه، نحو فضا، امنیت، بازار، تیمچه
  • مجتبی رضازاده اردبیلی*، ندا اسدی جعفری صفحات 55-66
    کتیبه ها به عنوان عناصر معنایی و تزئینی در معماری اسلامی از ابزارهای مهم در جهت گسترش عقاید و سیاست های مذهبی حکومت ها بر مردم در دوره های مختلف به لحاظ ماهیت مکتوب خود، بیانگر اندیشه های هر عصر هستند با این ایده، تزئینات متبرکه با اسلیمی های گیاهی و نقوش هندسی و ترنج ها باهم درمی آمیختند و زیباترین آثار هنری را در مساجد به نمایش می گذاشتند. دو مسجد گوهرشاد و شاه مشهد به عنوان شاهکارهای معماری ایرانی اسلامی از تزئینات و کتیبه های مختلفی با مضامین دینی شامل اسماء الهی، آیات قرآن و احادیث و روایات برخوردارند. بر این اساس، مطالعه درباره دو بنای ارزشمند (مسجد گوهرشاد و شاه مشهد) با تاکید بر تطبیق پذیری تزئینات متبرکه و مضامین آنها در مناره های این دو مسجد، هدف این پژوهش قرار گرفت. برای این منظور، مقاله حاضر از نوع تحقیقات کیفی با روش تحلیلی- تطبیقی و با استناد بر منابع کتابخانه ای، اسناد تاریخی و مشاهدات میدانی بر دو بنای مذکور به نگارش درآمد. طبق مطالعات و تحلیل های انجام شده، مشخص گردید که مناره های دو مسجد گوهرشاد و شاه مشهد در یک دوره تاریخی و معماری بنا گردیده اند و تزئینات متبرکه ی موجود در مناره های این دو مسجد از لحاظ محتوا، رنگ، رسم-الخط، اسماء الهی، کاشیکاری و… از تطبیق پذیری بالایی برخوردارند.
    کلیدواژگان: تطبیق پذیری، تزئینات، کتیبه:ها، مناره، مسجد گوهرشاد، مسجد شاه مشهد
  • مینو قره بگلو *، سولماز روحی فر صفحات 67-80
    امروزه جدایی میان ذهنیت ساکنین و بناها تنزل کیفیت در محیط های مسکونی را به دنبال داشته است. این نوشتار با این پیش فرض که تاریخ ذهنیت عامه می تواند عاملی تاثیرگذار در کیفیت مسکن باشد، در پی پاسخگویی به این سوال است که تاریخ ذهنیت عامه مسکن در زمان حال در مقایسه با زمان گذشته در شهر زنجان چه تغییراتی داشته است؟ در این راستا با مرور مبانی نظری در حوزه تاریخ ذهنیت سه مولفه بازنمایی، ساختار و هویت به عنوان عناصر شکل دهنده این موضوع شناسایی گردید. سپس در گام دوم به کمک تحلیل محتوای مصاحبه ها اقدام به استخراج مقوله های اصلی تاریخ ذهنیت عامه ساکنان خانه های قدیمی و جدید در شهر زنجان در خصوص مسکن نمودیم. جهت پایایی پژوهش نیز مقولات مستخرج را در طی پژوهشی کمی در جامعه وسیع تر به آزمون گذاشتیم. نتایج حاکی از آن است که ذهنیت عامه ساکنین مسکن های امروزی زنجان رو به سوی زیبایی صرفا بصری و مصرف گرایی دارد؛ این در حالی است که ذهنیت گذشته ساکنین شهر زنجان در خصوص کیفیت مسکن عمل گرا، دارای روایی و جامعه گرا بوده و اعتبار، شان و هویت را در اولویت قرار می دهد. دستاورد نهایی تحقیق با توجه به ذات پویای فرهنگ، تغییر در نگرش ها است که قطعا عاملی تاثیرگذار بر کیفیت محیط می باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: کیفیت، مسکن، تاریخ ذهنیت عامه، حافظه، شهر زنجان
  • فاطمه یوسفی ، یعقوب قلی پور * صفحات 81-92
    در میان ملاک های موجود برای تشخیص ساختمان های کم انرژی، مصرف انرژی طول عمر ساختمان یکی از جامع ترین معیارها می باشد که می تواند برآورد درستی از کل انرژی مصرفی ساختمان در اختیار مهندسان قرار دهد. با توجه به عدم وجود پیشینه مناسب در خصوص بررسی وضعیت انرژی طول عمر ساختمان ها در ایران، در این مطالعه سعی شده است که مصرف انرژی طول عمر یک ساختمان واقعی با جزییات کامل برآورد گردد تا ضمن ارائه پارامترهای موثر و چالش های موجود در هر بخش، روند محاسبه به عنوان یک الگو قابل استفاده باشد. بدین منظور، یک ساختمان واقعی با اسکلت بتنی و پلان متداول که اخیرا در شهر تهران ساخته شده، به عنوان نمونه انتخاب گردید و ضمن تشریح روند محاسبه مصرف انرژی طول عمر، انرژی مراحل مختلف چرخه حیات آن برآورد شد. دستاوردهای این مطالعه حاکی از آن است که سهم انرژی نهفته اولیه ساختمان معادل 13% از کل انرژی طول عمر آن می باشد و در محدوده متداول ارقام جهانی قرار دارد. همچنین نتایج نشان می دهد که 85% مصرف انرژی طول عمر ساختمان نمونه بتنی مربوط به دوره بهره برداری است که با توجه به طول عمر نسبتا کم ساختمان ها در ایران نسبت به مقادیر جهانی، رقم بالایی محسوب می شود.
    کلیدواژگان: انرژی طول عمر، ساختمان مسکونی، انرژی نهفته، اسکلت بتنی، ایران
  • آزاده خاکی قصر*، حسین پورمهدی قائم مقامی صفحات 93-104
    مقاله حاضر به بیان و تحلیل تجربه آموزشی در سال اول کارشناسی معماری دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی با هدف مرجعیت عناصر طبیعی به عنوان نمونه های تام طراحی، می پردازد. روش تحقیق از حیث هدف، کاربردی و به لحاظ محتوا توصیفی-تحلیلی است و بر مطالعات کتابخانه ای و میدانی استوار است. فرایند نمونه موردی تمرین گل آفتابگردان، از دقیق نگریستن و کشف قاعده های ترسیمی گل آغاز می شود و در قیاس و تحلیل یافته ها و نحوه به کار بستن در آثار معماری قوام می یابد و با استفاده از درسهای آموخته در رفع نیازهای طراحانه کارگاه به انجام می رسد.
    از یافته های تحقیق آنست که مرجعیت طبیعت، مشو ق دانشجویان به خوب دیدن عناصر طبیعی و مصادیق معماری متاثر از نظم طبیعی است. بر اساس بازخوردها، چنین تمریناتی به لحاظ جامعیت با کارگاه سال اول مناسبت دارند. دستاورد فرایند برای کارگاه سال اول، تقرب به زیبایی معقول، تقویت قوای تحلیلی، ورود به خلاقیت، هندسه و ساخت است. از چالش های پیش روی مدرسان، هدایت نسبتا پیچیده ایست که متوجه کمتر آماده بودن دانشجویان سال اولی برای دقیق دیدن طبیعت و انجام کارهای عملی-گروهی و زمانبر بودن تمرین است. از آفت های تعریف نامناسب چنین تمریناتی، گرفتار شدن در اقتباس صرفا فرمی است.
    کلیدواژگان: مرجعیت طبیعت، تمرین معماری، دروس پایه، گل آفتابگردان، هندسه پنهان، کشف قاعده
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  • AMIR SAEID MAHMOODI*, Mahyar Bastani Pages 5-18
    One of the most exciting periods for architectural designers in design research is the time in which design ideas turn into a major design concept. This period is called “conceptualization” and it may occur differently in different projects. Studies show that there are several levels of idealization involved in developing a design concept. Many basic ideas related to each goal of the designer for his/her project contribute to the development of the most comprehensive concept which is called a design “parti”.
    This article takes a close look at the subject of conceptualization in the design process of architecture. There are two main sections which form the structure of this article. The first section, using descriptive as well as analytic methods, introduces the two most regarded design process approaches in architecture: the step by step approach also called “systematic”, and the interactive approach called “environmental”. This section also reviews four major design methods frequently used by architects. They are called: analogic, typologic, pragmatic, and theoretic methods.
    The second section, using survey method, investigates the relation between the design process and design methods used by 30 grade-one architectural consultants in Tehran and 350 undergraduate students of architecture at different universities in Iran. As far as the function of the projects, the three most applied functions were chosen as: residential, office/commercial, and educational projects. In order to investigate about the preference of each group in using design process and design methods in each of the three categories, some questionnaires were developed and collected from the professional group as well as the student group. The responses of the participants were analyzed by SMART-PLS software.
    The results of the research indicate that both groups of professionals and students tend to use more “systematic” approach in their design process, and “pragmatic” design method in their projects. In an analytic view, one could compare the preferred design process and design methods used in each group:In the students group:In residential projects: there is a desire to use “systematic” approach with “pragmatic” method, “collaborative” approach with “analogic” method, and “interactive” approach with “theoretic” and “analogic” methods.
    In office/commercial projects: there is a meaningful relation between “systematic” approach and “pragmatic” and “typologic” methods, “collaborative” approach and “analogic” method, and “interactive” approach and “analogic and “theoretic” methods.
    In educational projects: there is a meaningful relation between the “systematic” approach and “pragmatic” method, “interactive” approach with “theoretic” method, and “collaborative “approach and “typologic” method.
    In the professional consultants group:In residential projects: there is a desire to use “systematic” approach with “analogic” and “pragmatic” methods, “collaborative” approach with “analogic” and “pragmatic” methods, and “”interactive” approach with “theoretic” and “analogic” methods.
    In office/commercial projects: there is a meaningful relation between “systematic” approach and “analogic” and “pragmatic” methods, “collaborative” approach with “analogic” and “typologic” and “pragmatic” methods, and “interactive” approach with “analogic” method.
    In educational projects: there is a meaningful relation between “collaborative” approach with “analogic” method, “interactive” approach with “analogic” and “theoretic” methods, and “systematic” approach with “pragmatic” and “typologic” methods.
    Keywords: Design process, Idea, concept, Analogic Method, Typologic Method, Pragmatic Method, Theoretic Method
  • farshad nourian*, mehdi mikaeili Pages 31-40
    City’s competitiveness and attractiveness depend on effective management of the city’s image. Leading cities in the world have always used different approaches in order to improve their image. One of these modern approaches is city branding. Many cities in countries ranging from India and China to Russia and England have employed this approach in order to improve their image. In a world where cities and regions aggressively compete for investment from public and private sectors, brand reputation is critical. The motivation for cities to engage in city branding frequently stems from a feeling that existing perceptions of the city have become outdated and need to be updated in order to reflect the contemporary reality of the city. Repositioning the city brand is often seen as necessary and urgent. Indeed, a brand is the DNA of a place, i.e., its material and essence which pass from one generation to another. Today, many cities attempt to use city branding concepts to find a niche in the competition for resources and wealth.
    Like many other cities in Iran, Urmia City doesn’t project a strong and clear image to its dwellers and beyond. Most of its cultural, historical and natural features have been neglected. Anonymity of these features causes Urmia City to encounter problems in attracting investment and tourists, losing the competition to cities with stronger image. The main purpose of this paper is to model an image for the Urmia City based on the concepts pertaining to city branding. Since a city brand needs to be rooted in reality, the starting point for an effective and inclusive branding strategy, would be a search for the elements which the city has to offer to its current and potential residents, as well as the visitors and investors. It also needs to tap its unique assets and strengths and to address its flaws and weaknesses. Here after a review of the theories associated with city branding and its relation to city image, a theoretical was developed. This framework provided us with nine components and 46 criteria to be used in the analysis of the Urmia City’s image. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used in order to identify the components and the criteria which influence the City’s image the most. Finally, priority of actions in Urmia City branding is determined and suggestions are presented. Results show that, Urmia city needs strategies which can upgrade its urban facilities and infrastructure along other measures that deal with its unique history, culture as well as its location on the border with Turkey to the west. In addition, the City’s strong environmental quality and natural features need to be emphasized in the strategies and action plans for the sake of the City’s image. In our findings, we can also note that the City's dwellers have a negative view of its economy and job opportunities, while the life style and social Issues are not much of an issue in formation of the City’s image.
    Keywords: City Branding, City Image, Structural Equation Modeling, Urmia City
  • Aliakbar Heidari, Yaghowb Peyvastegar * Pages 41-54
    In the historical form of the cities of Iran, the Bazzar is considered as an integral part of the city's structure which has formed the core and the main axis of the city and has guided the bones and development of the city. On the other hand, due to the economic role of the Bazzar in the city, the issue of security has been of particular importance. Therefore, it seems that the builders of this kind of buildings have special attention to their physical aspects in order to achieve this goal. For example, the establishment of Qaisarra as a space for the supply of valuable goods in the central Bazzar segment could be a effect in securing these usages. In this regard, it seems that the qualities of the edges of the Bazzar can also have a significant effect on this. Accordingly, the present study by investigates and analyzes various edges in the area around the Bazzar, examines the level of security in these spaces. On the other hand, Timcheh’s space was selected as a case study from among the various spaces available on the Bazzar. Therefore, the present study, while analyzing the permeability quality of the outer edges of several Timches, as part of the Bazzar space, addresses the issue of security in this type of space. In this research, space syntax technique has been used to analyze the configuration of the space of the towns. However, it is necessary to note that this technique is generally used to analyze the spatial structure of environments that consist of several small spaces. While the Timches in their physical structure are composed of spaces such as store, resting place, cellar, courtyards, corridors, entrances, Hashti, and so on. This justifies the application of this technique in the analysis of this kind of construction. After reviewing the literature, three indicators including “readablity”, “visual control and access”, and “space integration” were considered as theoretical framework of the research and tools like “Step depth”, “Integration”, “Connectivity”, “Physical accessibility(Metric depth)”, “Isovist area”, and “Isovist perimeter” were used to analyze them in the Depthmap software environment. The results of the study showed that the impermeable Timcheh in terms of readability index is in a desirable level, and due to having only one input, it is possible to control the entrance and exit of individuals. However, the four-directional permeable Timcheh in term of control and spatial integration indicator are at a higher level than the other Timches this has a significant impact on the security of these Timches. Also, the edge properties of the input (s) are more important in providing space security. Because it determines the amount of accumulated load to space and thus the permeability to space. The location of the Timches is one of the other things that have a significant impact on their security and their creation of crime scenes. Moreover, the presence of concave geometries in the space structure leads to inadequate visual visibility and the possibility of a massive increase in space.
    Keywords: the way, space, security, Bazar, Timcheh
  • Mojtaba Rezazadeh Ardebili *, neda asadi jafari Pages 55-66
    Recognized as the most important religious pillars and centers of urban and rural development in Muslim societies, mosques have, throughout the history of Islamic Architecture, significantly influenced the stylistic and architectural features as well as the development of urban and architectural environments. Accordingly, mosques have often reflected the most prominent and fundamental architectural characteristics of their respective eras. Therefore, careful study of Mosque Minarets Gohar Shad Mosque and Shah Mashhad is undeniably important in revealing these characteristics.
    The Timurid era is a significant period in the Iranian history in terms of intellectual and religious and cultural developments. During this period, transmigration of artists and craftsmen, particularly architects, from different regions of Iran to Khorasan and Transoxiana led to the revival of artistic/architectural styles in Khorasan after a period of decline. The transmigration was initially forced upon Iranian artists and craftsmen. However, with Khorasan and Transoxiana achieving cultural and economic prosperity during the reigns of King Shahrokh and other Timurid rulers, the artists started migrating to this region voluntarily. Members of the Timurid Royal Family and their high-ranking government officials were active patrons of public works and commissioned the building of many aesthetically and architecturally prominent constructions, among, mosques in particular. The special significance of the Timurid period history is due to religious and cultural developments. so, members of senior government officials built an amazing building.
    As semantic and decorative elements in the Islamic Architecture, inscriptions were important tools for extending the religious beliefs and policies of the ruling system in different periods. Due to their written form, these elements clearly expressed the prevailing ideas/thoughts of their respective eras. The holy decorations and inscriptions used in different architectural elements of mosques, including Divine Names, Quranic verses, and Islamic hadiths and narratives, have always inspired artists and been regarded as the best examples of Islamic and moral teachings, often being referred to by religious preachers in mosques to guide their congregation. Based on this idea, the holy inscriptions would be aesthetically combined with arabesques of various foliage and geometric patterns as well as central designs (called Toranj or medallion) to display in mosques the most exquisite and thought-provoking examples of Islamic art. As masterpieces of Iranian Islamic architecture and Goharshad and Shah Mosques in Mashhad have been provided with various decorations as well as religious inscriptions (including Divine Names, Quranic verses, and Islamic hadiths and narratives) that reflect the thoughts/ideas of their architects as well as Timurid rulers of the time. In view of this, this study aims to examine these two distinguished Timurid mosques with special emphasis on the adaptability of the holy decorations created on the minarets of these mosques in mashad. The qualitative analytic-comparative methodology was adopted based on the relevant library resources, historical documents, and field observations. Our results revealed that the minarets of the studied mosques had been built in the same historical/architectural period. We also found that the holy decorations on the minarets were highly adaptable in terms of content, color, calligraphy/orthography, Divine Names, and tiling.
    Keywords: decorations, inscriptions (cornices), mosque minaret, Goharshad Mosque Mashhad, Shah Mosque Mashhad
  • minou gharehbaglou *, Solmaz Roohifar Pages 67-80
    Today, there is a separation between the mentality of residents and buildings in the quality of residential constructions. This is due to factors such as the rise of modernity, the increasing population and urbanization along with the complexity of the relationship between the employer, the designer, and the user, the development of singularity, and quantity-oriented approach to residential environments. The history of public mentalities through the use of memory tool is a kind of interface between our subjectivities and their representations in the residential environments. This representation sometimes monitors the problem of meaning and sometimes reveals an identity or structure and thus influences all three dimensions of the quality of residential environments including micro, medium, and macro scale. At a micro scale, internal relations among residential units, at a medium scale, neighborhood relations among units and at a macro scale, relations between a complex and city are considered. By this assumption, this research seeks to answer the following question: What has changed the history of popular housing in the present time compared to the past in Zanjan? To this end, interviews were initially conducted with two groups of residents of new apartments and those living traditional and old constructions. Then, by analyzing the content, the main categories regarding the history of public mentalities were extracted from both groups. To test the reliability and generalizability of the categories to Zanjan, we tested them through a quantitative study. The results of the research indicate that the identity layer in all three scales of modern apartments is weak compared to old ones and therefore, today's mindset about the quality of housing is an individualistic and introverted subjectivity. However, in traditional houses, communication with other residents of the neighborhood and the city is always prioritized. This leads to the formation of a collective mentality. On the other hand, today, the physical, functional, and visual perspicacity of the interior spaces and houses receives top priority. Therefore, the history of today's mentality is somewhat more in the face of visualization, consumerism, and aesthetics (from a purely visual point of view) than it was in the past. Also, due to the weakening of today's houses, the importance of religion has diminished whilst the ancient houses were based on faith and religion, and portrayed a story of priority for credibility and pragmatism. Nowadays, environmental designers, planners, architects, etc., have to make the necessary assessments and implement them based on the findings of the research and take advantage of these rich traditional architectural teachings to find solutions to the problem. It is clear that the solution to this problem, in addition to the need for a change in the physical patterns, requires discussion of culture and change in the way of history and the history of public mentality. Thus, it is hoped that the path could be redirected while referring to the fundamental categories of human needs in the public domain in the sense of habitation in an interactive pattern of behavior.
    Keywords: Quality, habitation, History of public mentalities, Memory, Zanjan city
  • Fatemeh Yousefi, Yaghob Gholipour * Pages 81-92
    Among many aspects considered to evaluate the low energy buildings, the Life Cycle Energy Consumption (LCEC) is the most comprehensive factor that can properly direct engineers and architectures to the buildings’ optimum design. The LCEC is introduced as the total energy usage associated with all stages of a building’s life cycle mainly consists of production of its materials, transportation of the materials and components, on-site construction, operation, maintenance, demolition and waste treatment. This study aims to evaluate the LCEC factor of a real building located in Tehran, Iran. Due to the lack of the investigations in this field in Iran, the methodology of estimating the building’s energy consumption is comprehensively introduced in this paper. For this purpose, a real multi-family residential building with common architectural plan and residences is selected and the process of evaluating the building’s energy consumption during various periods of its life cycle is discussed in detail. These periods include the material production, transportation, on-site construction, operation, and maintenance stage. Demolition and disposal stage is excluded from the scope of this study because of the lack of the clear information about the waste treatment process in the country. Beside, the energy usage of this stage is reported to be less than 1% of the buildings’ total LCEC according to the literature. The results of this analysis show that the embodied energy of the considered case is about 15% of its LCEC. This embodied energy that is indeed in the range of the internationally reported values can be divided into three separate parts including: 1) 12% energy usage for the building material production, 2) 1% energy usage for the material transportation and on-site construction, and 3) 2% energy consumption for the building maintenance stage. In this regard, it seems that the energy usage during on-site construction period of the building has the minimum effect on the building’s LCEC (about 0.2%) and consequently may be ignored in the LCEC process. It is also concluded that 85% of the considered building’s LCEC belongs to the operation stage in which the effect of climate change in terms of global warming is considered via a simple method based on the change of the thermal comfort setpoints. Although this operational energy is in the range of the values reported in the common international investigations, it is too high for Iran where the lifespan of the residential buildings is respectively short. If the lifespan of the considered building in this study increase from 35 years to 60 years, the portion of the operational energy can increase up to 91% of the building’s LCEC. Therefore, proper estimation of the building’s lifespan is demanded for most of the energy assessment studies. Accurate estimation of the energy content of the building materials in Iran is also highly necessitated. If the material production industry in Iran consumes averagely 30% more energy respect to the average values of the world’s industry, the building’s operational energy will reduce about 3% and respectively its total embodied energy will increase about the same amount.
    Keywords: Life Cycle, Energy consumption, Residential building, Concrete frame, Embodied energy, Iran
  • Azadeh Khaki Ghasr *, Hossein Pour Mehdi Ghayem Maghami Pages 93-104
    This written is going to express and analyze an educational experience during first-year of architecture which had been referenced to elements of nature as complete design patterns. The research method is descriptive-analytical and it is operational and based on case study which examined several semesters by different students and different natural elements. The case study, had been done in department of Architecture and Urban planning at Shahid Beheshti University. In case study, the research based on observation and understanding natural elements, study of architecture cases referenced to nature during visiting places and library studying.
    In case of sunflower consequence exercise, the process starts from exact observation, deep discovering and complicated origins during hand drawing of the sunflower by first-year architecture students. They compared their finding as drawing by samples of geometry in architecture cases which referenced to sunflower. They have found that the geometry of sunflower has been simplified to some extent to be easy to be used in buildings. Also they said besides the geometry had been simplified, the cases reflected nature reference which was sunflower.
    The process was being continued by how the rules and results of discovering could be used to design needs of students in studio.
    The students realized that the geometry gained from sunflower has a center oriented property and it has symmetry so it should be used to build something which needs focus on center. The volumes which students have started to build was a hanging ceiling to corridor which ends to their studio. After that choosing material and way of making something by students would be followed. The chosen materials were balsa wood and woolen. The handmade ceiling was built by 11 students. Students studio had 3 ones which were different from each other but each of them refers to sunflower.
    In result, it could be said that focus on nature as rich origin to be referenced by architecture students has advantages such as: encourage students to exact observation, approach to intellectual beauty, richness of analyzing, creating entrance to creation, attraction of doing in team-work, entrance to geometry and hand-made in real scale. In other hand, as feedbacks of the case exercise it must be said that such process are suitable to first-year of architecture education and they can cause to express the hidden affordances of students.
    The challenges which teachers are encountered by are that guiding students in such process is different and hard to some extent Because the background of students is not adapted to team-work and operational exercise. In other word, the students are not prepared to do observation in exact way to understand nature. In other hand, doing these exercises is time consuming. Also different natural elements differ to each other to understand their hidden geometry.
    Finally, it should be said that being in process to find origins of natural creations to create for design needs of first year architecture students is an old and responsive strategy. But, the limitation by such exercises is being surrounded by only form derived from it is not enough useful for architecture students.
    Keywords: referring to nature, architecture exercise, first-year courses, sunflower, hidden geometry, to find origins