فصلنامه اندازه گیری تربیتی
پیاپی 22 (زمستان 1394)

The purpose of this study was investigate the effect of education, gender and age on spiritual intelligence while well-being was mediator and using partial least square structural equation modeling. In order to 220 students of the Amir Kabir University at the under graduate, master’s and doctoral degree using systematic random sampling were selected. They completed Spiritual Intelligence Scale of King (2007) and Keyes comprehensive scale of well-being (1998). Results showed that high scores in spiritual intelligence increased with education and direct effect was β=0.2. Also education has an indirect effect on sq with the mediating of well-being and the indirect effect was β=0.12. So the total effect was β=0.32. The direct effect of education on well-being was β= 0.25 and the total effect of well-being on sq was β=0.5. Gender and age have no effect on well-being and spiritual intelligence. The results emphasize the role of education on sq and well-being.

Traditional approaches in educational measurement have some practical and theoretical challenges in demonstrating language competencies and their abilities in assessment candidate's skills and selecting them have been questioned. In order to overcome these restrictions cognitive diagnostic models (CDMs) have been introduced and applied.
The purpose of this study was diagnostic analysis of reading comprehension items of a general English language test (PhD entrance exam) to investigate underlying skills of a given test, inspection of model convergence and its fit, diagnostic power of the test and the mastery status of examinees.
The study conducted in cognitive diagnostic modeling. The population was all PhD candidates which majored in English teaching, linguistics, translation, and English literature. 2754 examinees were used as a sample. Task analysis, coding and verbal reports were applied to determine underlying skills of the test.
In qualitative section, 6 skills including using vocabulary knowledge, using syntactic knowledge, extracting explicit information or scan, drawing inference, connecting and synthesizing and using pragmatic knowledge were investigated. Also, quantitative analyses using non-compensatory reduced fusion model (FM) based on a Monte Carlo Markov chain (MCMC) indicated MCMC convergence and model fit and possibility of application of fusion model in English language's tests. The ability parameters were low for all skills. Using vocabulary knowledge was the simplest skill. The mean of item proportion-correct scores was .42 and the test did not have a high diagnostic power.
Discussion and Using cognitive diagnostic models in general and fusion model in particular results in achieving more information about tests and examinee's responses and it helps to reach the goal of assessment for learning and classify examinees as masters or non-masters correctly.

The skill of concentration is reckoned as one of the necessary skills of learning and the most important factor of successfulness. Therefore, in order to know it better, sharp measurement tool is needed.
The present study aims to make and define the psychometric characteristics (validity & reliability) of the questionnaire of concentration skill.
The sample of the present study includes 200 students (100 male & 100 female) of Ahvaz Payam-e-noor university who were selected randomly from population of all students of the university. The research method is descriptive-explorative, and the data is obtained by the researcher's questionnaire and the explorative-confirmative method is used to analyze it.
The finding showed that the questionnaire of the concentration skill include 13 articles, 2 intentional concentration scales with 8 articles, and unintentional concentration with 5 articles and was remarkably reliable & variable.
This questionnaire can be used to measure the amount of individual's concentration in learning and clinical research.

Emotions are vital phenomenons in each organism and regulating those emotions is an important issue for mental health and well-being. In another hand, human beliefs affect his life and this point of view make “Self-efficacy” an important construct. Considering the great importance of self-efficacy beliefs in emotion regulation across students’ life span, the present study was aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Regulatory Emotional Self-efficacy Scale (RESE) which was designed by Bandura & colleqgues. Participants were 291 high-school students in Shiraz. They were selected based on stratified-cluster sampling. 160 girls and 130 boys filled the ERAS. To investigate the construct validity of the questionnaire exploratory factor analysis with Varimax rotation was performed using SPSS (V. 20). Measures of sampling adequacy were satisfying. EFA revealed two factors, perceived self-efficacy in managing negative emotions & perceived self-efficacy in expressing positive emotions which explain 36 percent of variance. In addition, the obtained Chronbach’s alpha was 0.70 and it was revealed that RESE is reliable to be used in Iran. For second order factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis was performed using AMOS. The results indicated two subscales of regulating negative emotions factor and it was the same with the source model. In general, the results revealed that regulatory emotional self-efficacy scale is a reliable and valid measure to be used for Iranian high-school students and it can be use for clinical and research purposes.

the aim of the present research was to determine the reliability and validity of the Persian version of Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI).
In this descriptive study, 682 students (292 female, 390 male) were selected through the multistage cluster sampling method from different universities in Tehran and Pathological Narcissism Inventory was administered to them. Cronbach’s alpha, test-retest reliability, and confirmatory factor analysis were used to determine reliability and validity of Pathological Narcissism Inventory.
The test-retest correlation coefficient for the total scale was 0.90. The cronbach's alpha of the total scale was 0.95 and ranged from 0.78 to 0.92 for its components. Results of first-order confirmatory factor analysis indicated that seven component of PNI load on one factor and seven-factor model fit in Iranian sample. Also, Results of two-order confirmatory factor analysis showed that seven components of PNI load on narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic vulnerability factors and two-factor model has an acceptable fitness.
The obtained results, replicated findings of previous researches and supported the seven first-order factors and two second- order factors of PNI structure. Considering results of this study, the Persian version of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory possess suitable reliability and validity in order to assess the pathological narcissism in Iranian sample.

Post-event processing involves rumination about perceived inadequacy in a past social situation and has been proposed as an important maintaining factor in social phobia.
Aims: This paper investigated the psychometric properties of Post Event Processing Questionnaire (PEPQ) in a student sample.
Participants were 460 people (280 female, 180 male) who answered the PEPQ, and 284 of the subjects (198 female and 86 male) completed four Social anxiety related questionnaires including SPAI, SAFE, LSAS-SR and SPS in addition to PEPQ. Also, fifty-five Social Phobic patients answered the PEPQ. The Pearson correlation, Independent sample t-test, Cronbach Alpha and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) is used as the data analysis method.
The Pearson correlation between the PEPQ and the Criteria Scales and between the test and re-test PEPQ score was significant. The CFA replicated the one factor solution for the PEPQ. The Independent sample t-test showed significant difference in PEPQ score between social anxiety group and control group. Also, internal consistency of the PEPQ was acceptable. Comparing with people with self-perspective, participants with observer perspective had a higher score in PEPQ, state anxiety, SPAI, LSAS-SR, SAFE and SPS.
Thereupon, it seems the PEPQ is a reliable instrument for assessment of the Post Event processing in Iranian population.

To investigate a model about body image of Iranian’s female students and determining structural relations of physical and psychological factors related to body image, 497 female students from Islamic Azad University Zarand Branch randomly selected. After measuring weight, height and calculating body mass index of participants, they assessed by body image state scale, self- esteem scale of Marsh self-concept test, the appearance schema inventory-revised, personal appearance beliefs test and body checking questionnaire. Evaluation of the proposed model with structural equation modeling (SEM) by using of maximum likelihood estimation of AMOS software and calculation of fit indices indicated that, hypothetical model has the goodness of fit with the data. Results showed that, these model direct and indirect effects of physical and cognitive-behavioral factors respectively, .417 and .33, explain 53% of variation in body image. These findings are consistent with the results of other research, modeling in the area of body image, and furthermore, helping in better knowing complex biological and psychological structure of body image.

The aim of this study was the validation of 3 wisdom scales consist of Ardelt’s Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale, Adult Self-Transcendence Inventory and Fundamental Values Scale. In this cross-sectional study, 899 person (585 females and 314 males) high school and college students were selected by multistage cluster sampling and adults were chosen by available Sampling. The Cronbach's alpha was used to calculate the reliability of each scale. Construct validity, Convergent validity and Divergent validity were used to calculate the validity of each scale. Cronbach's alpha for each scale was in the acceptable range (α from 0.565 to 0.899). Construct validity was examined by factor analysis and principal component (PCA), Factor analysis of Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale confirmed the 4-factor solution, as name Self-approved, reflective, cognitive and affective,they Respectively explained 15.61&6.77 & 4.72 and 4.28 percent of the total variance. Factor analysis of Adult Self-Transcendence Inventory confirmed the presence of 2 factors, Cosmic and Equanimity they Respectively explained 27.64 and 10.18 percent of the total variance. Factor analysis of Fundamental Values Scale confirmed the presence of 3 factors, first dimension is Spirituality, harmony and intelligence, twice is Sense of humor and third is Warmth they Respectively explained 32.04 and 6.45 and 5.95 percent of the total variance. For convergent validity of wisdom scales, two indicators of age and purpose in life were used. The correlation between Ardelt’s Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale, Adult Self-Transcendence Inventory and Fundamental Values Scale with age and purpose in life Respectively is (0.127 & .0425), (0.169 &0.518 ) and (0.292 & 0.091) This results showed that all three scales of wisdom have acceptable convergent validity. For Divergent validity of wisdom scales, alienation was used as an indicator. The correlation between Ardelt’s Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale, Adult Self-Transcendence Inventory and Fundamental Values Scale with alienation Respectively is -0.309 and -0.344 and -0.238.

kenny defines Music Performance Anxiety (MPA) as the maeked and constant anxiety of musicians about their performance which shows itself in combination of affective, cognitive, physical, and behavioral symptoms. The aim of this research was normalization Dianna T. kennys MPA questionnaire among Iranian sample. The descriptive-surveyial and correlation method was used in this research. In total 450 musicians, teachers and students, who have experienced stage-performance in two city, Mashhad and specially Shiraz, participated in this research and completed MPA questionnaire and Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI). Convergent validity , internal consistency and factorial analysis methods have used in order to examination the validity and reliability MPA questionnaire. Finally The results showed: internal consistency in terms of Kronbakhs Alpha is 0/82 and concurrent validity with STAI is 0/16 which are significant in 0001/0 level. The results of factorial analysis also showed that this questionnaire has two factors which these two factors are able to explain 35/14 of the variance. This tow factors are called performance anxiety or shift attention and anxiety .According to these results, current research confirms and supports from reliability and validity of MPA questionnaire among Iranian sample and thus MPA questionnaire is applicable among Iranian society.