پژوهشنامه ادبیات تعلیمی
پیاپی 13 (بهار 1391)

Love is a phenomenon which associates with spiritual manner, self-experience and interpretation. The description of love and the manner of love and beloved in literature is much expanded and very special. The high frequency about love in literature and in the national literatures proves and shows it. In the Iranian literature we can observe the variety of love ether Gnosticism love of human beings to God or vice versa. It is the most beautiful and so bright of human's thoughts. Lyric and love poems is very important. One of the most characteristics is lover's not accepting advice. In this paper we notice and pay attention to the reasons of not accepting advice by lovers. Furthermore, we notice the variety of advisers and kinds of advices.

For Iranians, Poetry is so important that most of rulers have used poetry as a tool for their aims. However, at the start of parliamentary movement, the poets’ view towards rulers and social issues changed. Malek Al Shooaraye Bahar is the most prominent literal – Political figure and the best example of this evolution- His poem is brimful of moral and didactic tips such as justice, Forgiveness, devotion and so on which has been written to awaken rulers from ignorance. These teaching advices cover the various aspects of governorship due to their variety. This poet has focused on justice based on Islamic culture. He introduced it as prosperity of the two worlds. While spiritual values and human perfection are not obtained in tyranny, we must seek the Bahar’s didactic advices in Islamic teaching as well as in the history of ancient Iran which is accompanied by his insight, sympathy, bravery and art.

Molana’sMathnavi is a work in which mood; artistic talent، love، and confusion are expressed within the framework of education. In this work، in addition to the Islamic-mystic concepts and meanings some article are mentioned that show the ways of human purification and the position of Allah caliph which the most important of them is good morality. The aim of Mollana is to teach how to arrive at human perfection. Didactic thinking of Molana makes his mystical moods quite different from others which introduce him as mystic، philosopher، and Islamic jurist. Molana with his mystical teachings teach a wayfarer that releasing from human temptations is among important mystical and moral points. Molana considers morality and mysticism as two related categories and believes that unless wayfarer obtains Allah morality he/she couldn''t achieve the stages of the path of self-enlightment in Sufism and a true wayfarer unless purifies him from wrong actions he/she couldn’t attain perfection. In this article with emphasis on the analysis of Molana’s verses and analytical-descriptive method consider this important issue to remind the readers the education is the most important approaches in Molana’s work.

The field of the didactic Persian literature is different not only from style of expressing ideas but it also different from the contents of ideas which they include from very individual aspects to social and political phenomena. In the present study، there is an attempt to examine Persian didactic literature as a gender oriented genre. In other words، this study aims to determine if ethical instructions in the ancient Persian culture as used up to the present time are mostly partial toward education of the male gender. In this light، women، who have been entirely neglected in the so-called educational system، have inevitably based their values and logical on the predominant perspective. Therefore، females have been basically deprived of a significant part of their own entity and as a result they have lost it.

The aim of this research is content analysis of general skills in marital and familial life in Boostan of Saadi. The study is descriptive، content analysis and qualitative. Boostan of Saadi is analyzed by check list of researcher that is made with marital and familial life in general skills. Then the data are analyzed by statistical indicator. The results showed that 302 times in Boostan of Saadi mentioned to marital and familial life in general skills totally. Boostan of Saadi has attended to skills such as deliberate speech، not verbosity، speak in fit opportunities، benefit of silence، importance of nonverbal rather than verbal communication، controlling anger، love، patience، not impulsive acts، forgive and overlook، censurable and good tempered. Study on marital and family life in general skills in Boostan of Saadi shown that how Saadi mentioned to skills of marital and familial skills in each his poem. Marital and familial skills drew the field of poetry with specific sweets. Saadi in compare with other Persian language poets has considered more the familial and social problems and religious attitudes and values. Several factors are linked with locution’s eloquence of Sheykh e Ajal. He is using from every opportunity to deliver his own language and to attract audiences. Although the main goal of Saadi didn’t story making his subtlety and delicacy in individuals selection and anecdote elements are effective on his rhetoric.

Kingship was considered as a divine glory for a long time in the culture and beliefs of Iranians. Although kings used to rely on their power by the aid of their wealth and oppression or by inheritance، they regarded the rights of governing as a gift of God and their own indisputable rights. Even if we verify this unstable idea، we should mention that there have been few kings in the history that appreciated the divine blessing to use it for the interests and benefits of the community. Most of them were the ones that used to oppress their subordinates for the continuity of their power and sovereignty، and sacrificed the peoples'' safety and financial securities for their own insatiable desires. Our aim in this article is to point out to the characteristics of an ideal government by relying on 4th to 7th century (A. H.) literature in order to indicate how a government should behave to the community، for the people to feel peacefulness and security، to have a relative welfare. Then، we have dealt with recalling the behavior and moral of the kings، who according to narrations of the poets and authors of that era benefitted justice and fairness، and proper governance has been seen in their life. Clearly، what you are observing includes evidences extracted from literature contexts that could be compared with ideal governorships introduced by the philosophers and sociologists.

A major part of Saadi reputation owes to his talent of speech and his great eloquence. However، he is not one of the poets that show his ability of writing and speaking for just reputation and eminence. Saadi is a reformist of societies who comprehend the society’s problem and monarch of his time and uses his writing for amending and modifying the culpability and deficiency. It is clear that the mechanism and instrument of this poet is his language and always he uses this language for advising the ruler of his time. His art manifest itself in advising this monarch. In other word، the poet prefers the indirect way of education for leaders. In this way the poet tries to advise in his story and save himself from the punishment of ruler. In this way، he escapes from the punishment of the rulers and their bad tempers and makes the bitter drug of advice sweeter. In this paper، this didactic technique of Saadi will be discussed.

The authors of Kelile Va Demne and Golestan have emphasized on government and the need of political states. In both works، civil manners، governments، its methods and ways have between considered. Regarding moral standards and principles like justice public care about peasants etc، has a close relation with Kings'' personal manners and this is even evident in Iran''s historical resources. Kelile Va Demne and Golestan have played an important role in this context. Saa''di has allocated a chapter (Bab) to Kings; nature and pointed out some important issues. In Kelile Va Demne these issues have been repeated in another way and through animals'' language. The authors of these two books seek a solution for people''s problems and repelling oppression، corruption and destruction. Both have know cruel governments as unjust and introduced suitable patterns are followed and achieved، people''s prosperity in this world and futurity will be met. In authors'' opinion، every act of King، government elements and profession owners will be effective and suitable provided that it is not neglecting God but just for his satisfaction and people''s compassion. Both writers have a symbolic attitude toward achieving the best governmental pattern and have relied on religious training to show its exact characteristics. They have also emphasized on care for religion and world affairs. Both have regarded justice and public care as the basis of pious government. This article is aimed to explain just governmental manners regarding justice in Kelile Va Demne and Golestan. Research findings are presented descriptively and analytically.