پژوهشنامه ادبیات تعلیمی
پیاپی 8 (زمستان 1389)

Metaphor is one of those subjects that have attracted the attention of Scholars in different fields of studies all across the world from long time ago. In the literature, due to the fact that metaphor is the highest artistic achievement in the field of art and most efficient instrument of imagination in speech, hence it has become the subject of critical review by the greatest critics and literary men. Among Islamic rhetoricians, Iranian scholars are in high positions. These Iranian scholars began their pioneering work in rhetoric by mastering Arabic and then, like other scholars of literature, explored the figurative art by going deep into history of world literature. Abdolghaher Jorjani (died in 471/1078A.D) is one of the well-known Muslim critics and master of literature who with his directed literary work succeeded in bringing and casting new approaches and perspectives on metaphor which were innovative and therefore unprecedented up to his time. He has outlined the aesthetic bases of metaphor. In the present study, the aim is to explain the aesthetic foundations of metaphor in Jorjani's thought in a brief way.

After composing Khamse by Nezami especially two famous lyrical works; namely, Leyli and Majnoon and Khosro and Shirin, many poets have tried to imitate his style. One of them is Shahabe Torshizi, the famous poet of twelve and early Thirteenth century. Shahab has two versified stories under the titles of Yoosuf and Zoleykhah and Khosro and Shirin. The former was composed by imitating from Jami and the latter one was basen on Nezami. Shahab has paid attention to the two versified stories of Nezami and some of the resources like Shahnameh. Two versified stories of Nezami; namely, Haft Peykar which was used as a model in Haft Majles contained similar rhythm and story telling and Shirin which was used the love story of Khosro to Shirin likened to Nezamis. However, there are some basic differences in these two works. 1)The rhythm of Shahab's work is faelaton Mafaelon Faelon that is Bahre Mokhafaf. Therefore, it is similar to Haft Peykar. 2)The Style of Story telling in Haft Majles is Similar to Haft Peykar. 3)Many episods in Shahab's versified story are removed and Some of Story characters are different.

Description, image, imagination, emotion, affection are some of the basic constituents of poetry. Although poetry is the result of inner thirsty and its manifestation is only through figurative language, poetry imaginations cause extenction, variation, and dynamic in poems. Poet because of his/her decent emontion and feelings, in order to form a perfect image in the mind of the reader, look at a thing or phenomenon from different angles and brings images continously and gives various descriptions to them. This article studies Khaghani's poetic descriptions and constituent materials and elements of images. the study of addressee in descriptions, coherence and contrast between images in vertical axis and coordination with poem content, their cultural support novelty and innovations of descriptions etc…….. There are various innovations for presenting of images and discovering of relations between phenomenon and things, using of different Knowledg in descriptions. Additionally, accuracy and creativity show the skill and particular tendency of the Khaghani to the universe and nature.

In the recent decades, changes in IT and great leaps forward in the field of internet are important events in human history. They affect all social aspects of human beings. They both provide a wide variety of facilities for all scholors specially those who are working in the field of literature. They are able to access to all sort of information in the internet easily. In this way, they present their findings to all users of the internet. Easy and cheap use of various references and sources in internet laying the ground works for quality and development in the area of literary researches in Iran. Therefore, familiarity with these references and acquiring skills for using them is unavoidable. The purpose of this paper is to show the extent and variations in internet resources in comparison with the printed ones and drawing attention to them as well. Therefore, this article enumerates the advantages of internet resources as well as presenting different sort of them in the field of literary researches. There are also obstacles for Iranian students who use them which all have been introduced plus some important databases.

Since miracle is an extraordinary and supernatural power, everybody can`t do it, expect God who grant it to special people. However, some Sufis by focusing of their mental or physical capabilities can cause miracles such as mortifications and physical practices, starvation and walking in the fire or in the snow are some examples. They do this by sweating or many other capabilities in some of the emotional and behavioral actions such as inspirations or having the inoffensive and fearless spirits which results in occurring such miracles. There are a lot of miracle in Sufi books and writings, such as to influence on the audiences through speech and imposing the death and unconscious mode to people, praying for punishing the wrong doers and high intimacy of Sufi with the wild animals.

Soomenat’s Collection includes twelve short stories and it is Abootorab’s second collection of stories. In the present study, after finding the sequences, the structure of the narratives has been analyzed based on structural theory. The analysis of the structure of the narratives helps to understand and explain the complex deep structures. Furthermore, it can clarify the degree of cohesion between the deep structure and the narratives. A structural analysis of the aforementioned collection reveals that the deep structure in all stories aims at time invalidation. In some cases, when the structure of the narratives is not in accordance with the deep structure, the writer develops the deep structure using elements and comments which are in opposition to or invalidate linear time. In some of the stories, some elements of the narrative structure like the complexity of the sequences, the multifariousness of the narrative or the repetition of narrative, causes the heightening of the deep structure. In such cases, the writer has tried to annihilate the linear time and change it to a cyclic one in the form of some opposition like identity/lack of identity; deprivation/recovery and death/life.

Abul-Maali Nasr Allah Monshi and Hakim Sanai Are among the most eminent scholars of the Persian literature who lived nearly at the same period. They have bestowed the two invaluable books Hadighah-al- Haghigha and Kelileh and Demneh upon the rich Persian language and culture. These two works glittered like stars within Bahramsha's sky. Although Abul - Ma' Ali has seemingly translated Ibn al-Moqaffa's Kalilah and Dimnah, we are well-aware that he has manifested his skill because of his proficiency in both Persian and Arabic literature. Besides, by considering fidelity to its original, he has ornamented Ibn al-Moqaffa's writing with quaint verses, Prophet's saying, Adages, and the poem poetry of Iranian and Arab poets. In addition, he has meant to express the content in a more profound and immense way, and he has definitely had a new creation. Therefore, the researcher has compared these two works from the viewpoint of content to examine their mutual influence upon one another within Ghaznavi's cultural atmosphere by relying on anecdotes, Adages, poems, allusions, and special expressions and interpretations. As a result, the Ibn al-Moqaffa's influence on Sanai would be more illuminating than before.

Study and research on Attar's poetry show that signs and symbols have received a lot of attention for expressing Mystical teachings and thoughts. The structure of some of Attar's works such as Elahi Nameh and Mantegh Al Teyr is Symbolic. Sometimes, symbolic concepts are expressed through connotation meanings rather than denotation. One of these words is the word sea. This word is in contrast with the words such as drop, dew wave, fish, pearl etc … have different meanings. Attar has used this symbol for explanation of various concepts. Frequently used word of Sea in Attar's works is for expressing the thought of freedom from oneself or annihilation and accomplishing the excellent truth and achieving Monotheism.