پژوهشنامه ادبیات تعلیمی
پیاپی 29 (بهار 1395)

In didactic literature like other literary genres, the connection and correlation of sounds letters content are of great significance. The manner of utilizing the phonemes in the diction of a work play pivotal role in creating the intended subject and conveying the speaker's purpose. With regards to the sounds, the method of creating meaning and their juxtaposition and phonemes which are employed in a special literary genre can enhance the richness of the genre to a considerable degree. Therefore, using various phonemes is not the same in different literary genres. In the present study, with focusing on the importance of phonemes in language, consonants, vowels and the balance of morphemes are investigated in the diction of didactic literature especially in the works of Hafez, Saadi (the Boostan and the Golestan) and Naser khosro. Moreover, the impact of the employed phonemes in conveying the meaning to the audience of didactic literature is studied.

Literature has certain content and formal characteristics. Didactic literature is not an exception to this regard. Its prominent characteristics are teaching moral and educational points in the form advice and recommendation. On the other hand, the theme of didactic literature is so deeply integrated with Persian literature that it cannot be separated from it. What makes didactic literature different us the purpose of its writer. Therefore, the field of the present paper includes the most important works i in the form if didactic literature. Based on this, what has been given of a poet work makes clear to the researcher that the didactic literature has two origins. Firstly, the characteristics of poet him or herself. If a poet reaches to a high developmental position she or he gives advice about positive discourse and reject negative discourse. Secondly, the dominant discourse of the society affects directly both poet and his or her poetry. Therefore, didactic literature prior to Islam is the deflection cruel government because the artist has not tried to reach to a high developmental ego. In fact, the artist has confirmed the dominant discourse of the society. After Islam, in the work of Sanaie and poets proceeding him we see ego development in didactic literature.

Parvin, the contemporary and famous poet, is mostly known for her moral orientation toward education. She has tried to use poetry for increasing knowledge and wisdom. Undoubtedly, previous poets of her time followed the same procedures .Parvin’s approach in poetry has some similarities with people like Nasir, Saadi, and Ebne Yamin. Generally, these poets tried to moralize the atmosphere of poetry. Unfortunately, some literary critics devalued her work because of imitation; however, in reality it is something else. Parvin without being aware of new ideas in contemporary literature presented her poetry in a quite artistic manner. Parvin’s tendency in didactic literature with the flavor of femininity is her starting point for success. In this article, we look at the theory of " Harold Bloom‘s anxiety of influence " in order to see whether the shadow of anxiety in the art of writing by Parvin was under the influence of poets proceeding her or not. The result of this article shows that with regard to the political and intellectual developments of her time, Parvin didn’t follow the style of poetry of proceeding male poets. In fact, she followed her own personal style in writing poetry

Judges in the socio-political system play important role in the defense of the rights, dispute resolution, and protection of property especially people who are intellectually undeveloped and vindication of property acquiring Muslims’ property. As a result, people who want to reach this position should have certain conditions including moral virtues and stay away from vices. The aim of this paper is to investigate the moral characteristics of judges in classical Persian literature as one of foundations for reflecting these principles. Analyzing moral virtues of judges, criticizing them, and using issues related to judgment affairs in visualization for transferring moral and didactic concepts are subjects included in this study. Being religious and being learned, seeking justice staying away from operation, patience, and consulting are among characteristics of judges. Furthermore, the judges have been criticized in the Persian literature for vices like bribery, abusing the properties of orphans, pride and telling lies. Some poets in order to teach the moral, mystical and lovely thoughts have used judging system in their works.

Today, inter-textuality is referred to literary and linguistic theories. Julia Christo for the first time proposed this term. Then, the theory was developed by Gerald Janet. The inter-texturality theory emphasizes that no work is independently made by the author. In fact, it is affected by previous texts and contemporary thoughts of contemporary literature. Inter-texturality examines the relationship of a text with others texts as a structural method for making literary texts and arriving to effective purpose. The present paper aims at evaluating the moral and social doctrine of Parvin Etesami based on inter-texturality theory. For this purpose, one of the poems of Parvin has been chosen. In this article, the poem of "the orphan tears “by Parvin Etesami with poem of" the governor of our city is shameless beggar " by Anvari was studied, analyzed and contrasted from inter-textuality theory.

Nezami Ganjei is one of the greatest poets of Persian language. His poetic power caused many to think of imitating his style in poetry. Among those who imitate him is Khwaju Kermani, one of the most successful poets, who composed some poetry very near to the style of Nezami in Khamse. Rowżat-al-anw’s Khwaju, as he called it, was written to imitate Makhzan al-Asrar. This imitation is manifested both in the form and content. One of the most important aspects of the effectiveness of content is reflected in the field of education. Therefore, what will be explored in future research are guidelines of praise and criticism similar to that Khwaju under the influence of the Nezami in the Rozatol al-anvar. The research method is descriptive-analytical; results show that the main approaches taken by two poets in teaching and praising, based on frequency, are as the following: "The praise of reason and thought, '' praise of humility and forgetting", "praise of the generosity and mercy", " the voluntary giving of help to people", "appealing to God and obedience to him, '' Attention to Heart, "" praise of good companion and finally" praise of silence and reticence. In connection with the criticism views of Nezami and Khajooyei’s, the following itms could be mentioned: “world criticism and its belongings", "criticism of injustice and oppression", "criticism of the fanatics 'and' criticism of hypocrisy" . Of he mentioned criticism world criticism and its belongings is the most frequently ones in both book of poems.