فصلنامه محیط زیست جانوری
سال نهم شماره 1 (بهار 1396)

Touran Biosphere Reserve is located in the North east of Semnan Province and Iran which is the most important core area for critically endangered (Cr) Asiatic cheetah in the country. Identifying suitable habitats and mapping of species distribution area have an important role for appropriate conserving of the endangered species and designing management planning. In this study we applied Maxent software to model the distribution of suitable habitats, identification of the most important environmental, climate and geographical factors for the species in Touran BR which is the second largest habitat of the species in Iran. Cheetah presence data are from 2001 to 2015. Our results showed that 20 percent of Touran is suitable for cheetah and water resources and the perpendicular vegetation index have provided unique information. Moreover, cheetah suitable habitats are plains and hilly areas which have highly overlap with the distribution of the Jebeer Gazelle, Wild sheep and Goitered Gazelle. Moreover, according to the results, cheetah avoid mountainous habitats where is larger competitor, Persian leopard, territory.

The climate change is a major concern for the management and conservation of biodiversity which alters the distribution of many species of fauna. In recent years numerous evidence of the biological effects of climate change provided on various aspects of plant and animal species but a little knowledge is in predicting future impacts of climate change on the species of animal in Iran. This study aimed to reconstruct the climate change in the scope and utility habitat Asiatic cheetah in Iran from the present to the future(2070 year) by Maxent software .In this modeling were used the known locations of the species (cheetah) and 19 climatic variables in the country. The extent of favorable habitat for the specie was recorded in the region of present and future climate in ArcGIS 9.3 separately. The results emphasize the fact that according to the process of global warming in recent years and a growing trend in the future, also review climate change models, habitat area ideal for Asiatic cheetahs in Iran from now Until 2070 has showed Downtrend Which can serve as a serious warning for the implementation of protection preceding for endangered species to be used by the concerned authorities.

Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor), as the biggest cat species in Iran, has an outstanding position in wildlife management. This species has been recognized as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Primary factor contributing to declining number of this species has been recognized as habitat degradation and destruction. Hence, diagnosing influential factors determining habitat suitability could benefit managers in protecting current habitats while looking for never potential patches. Being aided by the maximum entropy approach and detailed field surveys during summer and fall of 2013, this study strives for the development of a habitat suitability model for leopard in Tandooreh National Park, Iran, as one of the significant leopard habitats in the country. Model predictive power has been examined by the AUC index, achieving 0.878 which denotes the high potency of the model in predicting habitat suitability. Given the results, distance to roads has been selected as the most influential factor in explaining presence or absence of leopard in any given region. Moreover, the most suitable habitat for leopards during these seasons, has been in the elevation range of 1900-2300 m.a.s.l. in the northern aspect and 1100-2500m away from springs. The results suggest the adverse effect of roads on this invaluable carnivore in National Reserve Parks in the country.

Iranian black bear (Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus) (IBB) is a critically endangered subspecies in southeastern Iran which is threatened by population decline and habitat fragmentation. This study was carried out with the aim of identifying habitat blocks, habitat patches and habitat corridors of the IBB in Hormozgan province. Field survey was conducted to assess habitat blocks. Habitat modeling was carried out by using MaxEnt and habitat patches and habitat corridors were modelled by using CorridorDesigner. 9 habitat blocks were identified for the IBB in Hormozgan province. The largest population patch of the IBB was about 1041 km2 that covered the most important habitat block (i.e. Bashagard area). Habitat blocks of Bashagard area and Rudan area are linked by the most important and almost the highest length of corridor with about 70 km. Although the density of roads in the all habitat corridors was low (27.73 m/km2), most of habitat corridors were crossed by roads and roads create insecure condition for IBB movement through habitat corridors. Stepping stones, as the cover area for the IBBs, created 13% proportion of all habitat corridors. Conservation of main habitat blocks as well as habitat corridors of this endangered subspecies in Hormozgan province should be taken into consideration by the Department of Environment in Iran.

Selection of habitat used by species that are on the edge of their distribution range is of particular importance in ecology. Fars province is Located in the southern range and distribution of brown bear in the Iran's and world. Khom Mountain area in the Arsanjan County is one of the important brown bear habitat in the Fars province. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting on habitat resources selection of local brown bear population in North margins of Bakhtegan National Park and compare the width of ecological niche with other populations in other Fars province habitats. Based on the concept of Grinnellian niche, we use 175 presence sign in 10 Arc GIS software was used to investigate the factors affecting the ecological spatial niche. Layers is used as the factors affecting the Species ecological niche that include slope, aspect, elevation and land use. Width of ecological niche space in the Khom mountain area using the Shannon-Wiener measure and benchmark Smith (FT) respectively 0.72 and 0.71 been achieved and for other habitat in Fars Province, respectively 0.79 and 0.8 Calculated. To determine significant differences between Khom Mountain area with other habitat resource selection in Fars province of t-test was used. Which showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.487). Although significant differences in environmental factors percent slope habitats was shown but the brown bear use of environmental resources across Fars province is almost identical.

Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) is the smallest member of deer family (Cervidae) in Iran. This deer includes two different species in the world: European-Asian roe deer (C. capreolus) and Siberian roe deer (C. pygargus) which are different morphologically. In Iran, this species mainly lives in forest regions with relatively dense cover, young forests, and the forests between plains and mountain regions. The purpose of this study was to recognize the genetic diversity of Iranian roe deer in studied regions by mitochondrial D-loop gene and its application to conservation programs. Eight samples were collected in Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces. After DNA extraction from samples of muscle tissue and feces, horns, a part of control region of mitochondrial DNA in length 366 base pairs using a universal primer was replicated. The genetic distance and haplotype diversity of obtained sequences was investigated using MEGA 5 and DNASP 5 Softwares. Based on the results, three haplotypes and three polymorphisms were recognized. These results illustrate the connection between these populations. The genetic distance of the populations of two Provinces was low and in point of conservation view, the connection between them must be continued.

Diet composition of the golden jackal (Canis aureus, L.) has been studied by scat analysis. Trophic niche breadth was calculated in accordance with Levin's standardized, Shannon-Wiener and Smith's Measure. The study was carried out by analyzing 32 scats collected during late spring and summer 2009. Altogether 37 categories were identified. The main food source of the jackal in the study area were Poultry (frequency 50%, biomass 41.55%), mammals (frequency 43.75%, biomass 24.99%), Ficus carica (frequency 37.5%, biomass 38.68%), herbaceous species (frequency 34.37%, biomass 15.52%). Furthermore, insects, Pistacia atlantica, Common tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum), Punica granatum were found in the diet of jackals. The results of Levins Standardized niche breadth, Shannon-Wiener Evenness Measure and Smith FT Measure respectively are 0.451, 0.872 and 0.887 (0.794-0.953). Number of frequently used resourcesequal to 7. The findings of the study shows predation, scavengering, herbivorous behaviors that support the opportunistic behavior of jackals to exploitation any available food source. In the study area, probability two factors of habitat diversity and availabity to sttlements area, gardens, agricultural areas and animal husbandry are responsible to diet diversity and extensive niche breadth of jackals.

During more than two years, we investigated Sand Cat habitat peculiarities in Bazman of Sistan and Baluchistan Province in circular plots of 50 m radius. In this presence plots we recorded rodent’s density and richness with live Sherman traps. We also recorded encounter rate with rodents which can not be trapped by Sherman traps such as Dipodidae family. Data from Sand Cat presence plots were compared with absence plots using paired T test analysis.This study showed that there is significant difference in rodent’s density in such two groups of plots. We resulted that the predator micro habitat selection can be strongly affecte by prey habitat selection while this may not be true regarding macro habitat scale such as predator home range. Here habitat variables will be more important which related to the cover, the second most important habitat factor and wildlife welfare variables.

The present study was conducted in order to examine the toxic effect of lithium on changes in serum levels of testosterone and histomorphometrical changes in testicular tissue and particularly on spermatogenesis in testis of newborn rats through breastfeeding. From the first day to the end of breastfeeding period (21 days) and every other day, the newborn rats were fed with lithium carbonate with an average dose of 800 mg/kg that was intraperitoneally injected to their breastfeeding mothers. Hormonal tests were carried out using Free Testosterone kits by ELISA method. The samples of testicular tissue were examined under light microscope by hematoxylin and eosin stain method. The data were presented as Mean±SE, and data analysis was carried out through t-test using SPSS 13.0 in order to compare the difference between the normal and the treatment groups. The results obtained in the present study showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of blood testosterone levels, diameter of seminiferous tubules of testicular tissue, and length and weight of the testicles. However, they were not significantly different with regard to the effect of drug secretion in the breast milk on the newborn rats’ repopulation index. Moreover, division of spermatogenetic meiosis 1 and 2 occurred in the normal group while spermatogenesis was not complete in the treatment group. The results of the present study indicated that spermatogenesis stopped and delayed after lithium carbonate secretion in breast milk, which is in line with the above findings.

The Tufted duck (Aythya fuligula) is one of the most widely distributed of anseriforms. The aim of this study was to analyses the population genetic diversity and structure of the Tufted duckin Gorgan bay with mtDNA genes (Cytochrome b). Extraction of DNA, PCR and DNA sequencing were carried out. Diversity index (Haplotype and nucleotide diversity), Fst index, Gene flow (Nm), exact test, D test of Tajima and Fs test of Fu on 9 sequence were analyzed by DNAsp and Arlequin. Also, we Analysis of the phylogenetic tree and Haplotype network that both draw with our sample and European and Asian population samples existing in Genbank by MEGA, MrBayes and Network. Generally, data set with 961 bp was used for each individual, four haplotypes were obtained, average (±SD) for haplotype diversity was 0.6944 ± 0.147, nucleotide diversity was 0.00095± 0.0008. The high value of Nm (Nm=1.598, P

For the first time, we recorded relatively large breeding colony of Rosy Starlings in Stone pit near Ardabil, Pir Algher area. During spring and summer 2014 we studied Sturnus roseus breeding success and its phenology. We observed that both parents cooperate in nesting which happened in Mid may (20th) and 3-6 eggs was laid in each nest (n=136). After about two months, fledging was accrued and the chicks could leave the nests and fly with parents. Our analysis about breeding success, based on Mayfield method, indicated that the survival rate of the offspring from hatching to fledging varies from 74 to 89 percent. Overall breeding success was assessed about 71 percent. The most failure was recorded in period before egg’s hatching while the amount of offspring mortality decrease significantly in nestling and post nestling periods. It seems that the depth of the nesting place significantly affects breeding success of the bird. The principal diet of Rosy Starlings in the study area consists of various species of grasshoppers (Orthoptera).

In order to study the effect of Tsukamurella inchonensis bacterin on feed conversion ratio in broiler chickens, a total of 140 day-old broiler chicks were purchased and and 20 chicks were bled for determination maternal antibody and remaining chicks divided randomly into 4 equal groups and each group divided into 3 equal subgroups. Chickens of group A received 106 bacterin subcutaneously on 2 days before vaccination against influenza disease. Chickens of group B received 106 bacterin subcutaneously on 6 days after the first injection of bacterin. Chickens of group C received 106 bacterin subcutaneously on 6 days after the second injection of bacterin. Chickens of group D, vaccinated against influenza disease but did not receive bacterin. Mean feed intake, weight gains, and feed conversion ratio of all groups were determined at 21, and 42 days. The results of present study showed that there was not any significant difference between groups that received Tsukamurella inchonensis bacterin compared to control group. Comparison of chicks weight gains showed that there was significant difference between all groups during 21-42 days, and 0-42 days. Comparison of chicks feed intake showed that there was significant difference between all groups during 0-21 days, 21-42 days, and 0-42 days.

Increasing the air velocity is an effective technique for birds cooling in humid climates. In the current study, air velocity in broiler houses and the relationship between indoor air velocity and performance parameters of Tonekabon broiler farms were evaluated. Data were obtained from broiler farms in summer time. A total of 27 farms were visited and interviewed. Broiler houses air velocity, temperature and relative humidity were measured and at the end of the rearing period, performance parameters were recorded. The results showed that air velocity varied between 0.7 and 1.8 m/s (average 1.3 m/s) and in all houses air velocity was lower than 2 m/s. There were negative and significant correlation between house air velocity with feed conversion ratio (P

Regarding to importance and necessity of biodiversity conservation to preserve wildlife habitats and populations, representative natural areas should be selected. The aim of this research is prioritization of candidate areas for environmental protection in Alborz Province. For this purpose, habitats of 5 mammal species, reptile species and important distribution area for raptors and waterfowl birds were used as input criteria. Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) method was used to model the mammals’, reptiles and birds habitats. Simulated annealing was used for prioritization through Marxan software. The goal is to preserve 20, 30,40 and 60 percent of each protection criteria. Based on the results of different scenarios, current protected areas network in Alborz Province were found inadequate to achieve the required conservation goals. These areas only provided the set goals for 4 protection criteria. In most scenarios, overlap between the proposed conservation network and current protected areas were less than 49.5 percent. Results show that different parameters including conservation goals, scale, algorithms and compactness of zones affect the systematic prioritization and selection of protected areas. Consequently, determination of appropriate values for these parameters is among the most important steps in conservation planning. The parameters investigated in this research showed that the simulated annealing algorithm provides plausible results in all cases and its application helps identify the best zones for protection. Therefore, using this method to modify boundaries of current protected areas and introduce new sites for protection of animal species is proposed in the Alborz Province.

Lizards of Iran, includes 11 families, 41 genera and 146 species. The most species-rich family of lizards in Iran is Lacertidae with 47 species. Genus Darevskia is one of 9 genera belonging to the family Lacertidae, including 9 species. This species is endemic in Golestan province. This study was carrird out for the first time on two populations of this species. To study of morphometric and meristic characters of green-bellied lacerta (Darevskia kamii) at Gorgan and Kordkuy cities in Golestan province, we determined some sampling stations in the area. Finally 50 specimens were collected by hand, sticks and other ways from March, 2015 to August, 2015. The living samples were photographed and then the environmental slides were provided. Then some of specimens were fixed in alcohol 75%, and were identified through different valid sources. The sexes of the specimens were determined through observing hemipenis and the testes and the eggs of dissected specimens. 19 metric features were measured by calipers and 14 meristic features were counted to study more about the biological features of specimens. The data obtained was studied by descriptive statistics. An independent t-test (statistical analysis) was used to study of sexual dimorphism. As a result, three characters SVL, AG, LRVS in females more than males and only one characters LA in males more than females. The males have a blue spots in the lateral part of body.

Epigeic species of earthworms have high rates of consumption and digestion of organic matter. Short life cycles and high-reproductive rates, show high potential of them for vermicomposting process. In this study, Epigeic species earthworms of Isfahan Province were investigated. Species were collected from 10 locations and 20 habitats. During the study, four epigeic earthworm species based on morphological markers including earthworm length and diameter, number of segments, number of setae in each segment, color and location of clitellum and tubercles were identified, including: Dendrobaena veneta (Rosa, 1886), Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826), Dendrodrilus rubidus (Savigny, 1826) and Dendrobaena hortensis (Michaelsen, 1890). Dendrobaena veneta had the highest abundance and Dendrobaena hortensis had the lowest. Greatest number of Margalef richness index (0.910) was measured in Chadegan due to optimum conditions for ecological habitats and the lowest was recorded at a rate of zero in the region of Anarak.

Larval and adult food onsumption of Oenopia conglobata contaminata was studied on Aphis gossypii under different temperatures in laboratory conditions. Feeding capacity of each larval stages of coccinellid was studied under five constant temperatures, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, and 32.5ºC. Feeding capacity of adults (male and female) in the first 21 days after emergence were determined under two constant temperatures, 27.5 and 30oC with feeding of A. gossypii. Results showed that larval daily food consumption increase with raising the temperature. Total food consumption of larval stages was changed only slightly with increasing temperature and no significant difference was observed at different temperatures. These results showed that each of the larval stages to complete their growth cycle need to a certain amount of prey. Study of adult females coccinellids showed no significant difference between their food consumption at 27.5 and 30°C. Also there was no difference between food consumption of males Ladybirds in temperatures. Daily food consumption in females was more than males in mentioned temperatures and this is due to more requirements of females for ovipositing.

The most important contamination of flour and wheat silos, are pests that damage them both quantitatively and qualitatively. Wheat stored in ticks infected with increasing heat and humidity is reduced wheat quality. In this study, a faunistic survey of flour and wheat mites during 2015 from different cities of Kurdistan province was conducted. During this study, 11 species of Trombidiformes, Sarcoptiformes and Mesostigmata belonging to nine families and 6 genera, were identified. All of them are new records for Kurdistan Province mite fauna. Among them, Erythraeussouthcotti(Goldarazena and Zhang, 1998) considered to be new records for mite fauna of Iran. The most abundant predator and pest mites were Cheyletus malaccensis (Oudemans) (Cheyletidae) and Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Fumouze & Robin) (Acaridae), respectively. The list of identified species is as follows:
Acaridae
Acarus siro Linnaeus, 1758
Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Fumouze & Robin, 1868)
Tyrophagus putrescentiae Schrank, 1781
Cheyletidae
Acaropsis sollers (Kuzin, 1940)
Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans, 1903
Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank, 1781)
Blattisociidae
Blattisocius keegani Fox, 1947
Dermanyssidae
Liponyssoides sanguineus (Hirst, 1914)
Laelapidae
Pneumolaelaps lubrica (Voigts & Oudemans, 1904)
Erythraeidae
ErythraeusshojaiiSaboori and Babolmorad, 2000
ErythraeussouthcottiGoldarazena and Zhang, 1998

The snails belong to the gastropods and are from the branch of mollusks. Terrestrial snails with regards to medicine, veterinary and agriculture are very important. An example is the white snail of gardens which according to reports cause big damage to the gardeners and farmers every year.The purpose of this study is to evaluate and indicate the phone of terrestrial snails in the central area of the province of Mazandaran. For this purpose the central area of the province of Mazandaran from Chaloos to Babolsarwere divided to eight stations. After nine months sampling from the gathered samples,for the aspect of morphology and systematically and using valid identification keys like identification keys of Bristol they were evaluated and identified by stereomicroscope .
In final according to the results obtained a number of 11 species of eight gender from4 family were identified.
Family: Enidae
Chondrolatridens(muller,1774)
Chondrulamaceadonica(wagner,1914)
Family: Helicidae
Candidulaspade(Calcara – 1845)
Candidulaitnteresecta(Poiret – 1801)
Vidoviciacaerolans( Pfeiffer – 1828)
Chilostomaillyricum( Stabile,1864)
Family: Hygromidae
Cernuellaneglecta(Draparnaud- 1805(
Cochlicellabarbara( Linnaeus- 1718 )
(Cernuella virgate(Darosta 1778
Family: Bradybaenidae
Fruticicolafruticum( Muller 1774)
Clausiliawateliana(Strobel ,1850)
Also the effect of environmental factors for example temperature and relative humidity on transmittance of the species was determined.
Considering the results obtained it was determined the province of Mazandaran had a relatively high diverse species and the temperature and relative humidity of the air had a special importance in the abundance and the distribution of the terrestrial snails in the region such that the most population of snails was evident in the temperature of 18 to 30 degrees of centigrad and the relative humidity of 60%

The use of metal oxide nanoparticles can be effective to eliminate the bacterial infections, as an Alternative to antibiotics. In this study, antibacterial properties of nonmaterials of CuO are investigated against yersinia rockery.The aim of this study this research was introducing the properties of the anti-microbial and antibacterial of CuO Nano-particlesThe Nano-particles caused oxidization and destruction of micro-organisms’ membranes by producing free radicals of OH and O ².The anti-bacterial effect of Cu nano-particles on yersinia ruckery bacteria was investigated separately based on the diameter of the preventive region by experiment the small hole and broth media containing the of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 percent of concentrations, respectively.Comparison of the critical and effective concentrations as well as nano-particles’ synthic-mortality were examined with the common antibiotics of oxi-tetra-cycline.The minimum of the Inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) in this media were analyzed.The results of this study showed that CuO nanoparticles exhibited inhibitory effects against gram-negative bacteria.The diameter of CuO preventive region was 6mm and oxi-tetra-cycline was 7mm (1%).Finally, oxi-tetra-cycline anti-biotics was selected as the best alternative for anti-microbial purposes and secondly CuO nano-particles were recommended as an anti-microbial used for anti-infection of culture water and pool walls. This is of importance hygienically and economically.

Hermatypic corals are hosts to a group of exceptionally diverse dinoflagellate symbiont in the genus Symbiodinium (commonly referred to as zooxanthellae). The genus Symbiodinium is currently classified into nine genetic clades (A–I). These clades possess different ecological and physiological characteristics so they play an important role in survival of corals. Since the survival of coral reefs is related to the resistant types of Symbiodinium clades, so identification of these symbionts seems to be necessary. This study aims to use clade specific primers to clarify the diversity of Symbiodinium in each coral species. For this purpose nine coral species were collected. Coral fragments were airbrushed, then DNA extracted with CTAB method. PCR amplification was performed using clade specific primers. The results showed that multiple Symbiodinium clades are hosted by the most coral species. Clade D and C were detected from eight and seven of the coral species respectively while clade A was found in three of species. Since clade D is the most resistant clade against environmental changes, it is natural to identify this clade. It is predicted that hosting multiple zooxanthellae clades may increase tolerance of coral’s sensitivity to harsh environmental conditions of the Persian Gulf.

In this study marine sponges of inter tidal zone from Bushehr province Persian Gulf were collected by wading at a depth of 8 meters at low tides in South Ouli at locations 27° 49' 923'' N, 51° 54' 135'' E.For Morphological identification of sponge samples, acid digestion method as a method of early detection were used. Samples without macro spicules and micro spicules only has two types as oxysphaerasters and Oxyasters and all Chondrilla species in this study were encrusting with different thickness and colors on the rocks. To identify the species molecular method cytochrome oxidase CO1 was used. In this study, 4 samples of this genus were morphological and molecular identification of a new species was discovered Chondrilla spPGA 2015.

Sponges are one of the most important benthic animal community in the Persian Gulf. This research was conducted in the area of inter-tidal of Hormuz Island during the spring and summer of 2015, and a total of 6 stations were considered for sampling. After sampling from surface, middle and deep sections of sponges and digesting organic material in the samples, spicules were studied. 6 species were identified in this study. The species which were identified in this study belong to the category of Demospongiae, orders of Haplosclerida, Chondrillida, Hadromerida, Halichondria and Astrophorida, families of Chalinidae, Chondrillidae, Hemiasterellidae, Ancorinidae, Niphatidae and Halichondrillidae. The identified species are as follows: Ecionemia solida, Hemiasterella bouilloni, Chondrilla australiensis, Haliclona sp., Halichondria sp. and Niphates sp. The species Haliclona sp., Chondrilla australiensis, Hemiasterella bouilloni and Niphates sp. have spicules with megasclere monaxon shape without microsclere spicules and Ecinemia solida has megasclere tylostyle spicules and star-shaped microsclere.

To survey on population dynamics of Indian Mackerel, (Rastrelliger kanagurta, Cuvier 1817) in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea random sampling was carried out monthly from November 2012 to October 2013. Length frequency data were recorded randomly from Bandar Abbas and Qeshm Island landing monthly. A totally of 2340 individuals were recorded for length frequency thorough, 525 fish were recorded for length- weight relationship. The average total length (TL) of Indian mackerel was calculated 23.6±2.2, with a range of 13.9 to 35.5 centimeters. The length-weight relationship was determined as W= 0.0061FL 3.27, and it showed an isometric growth pattern. The asymptotic length (L∞) and growth coefficient (K) were estimated as 44.2(cm) and 0.64(yr-1), respectively. The value of to was calculated -0.2, and the longevity was estimated 4.38 years. The growth equation of Von Bertalanffy was obtained at L (t) = 44.2(1- exp (-0.64(t-(-0.2))) for Indian mackerel. Maximum recruitment was in June at 16.2 percent. Total mortality (Z) rate was estimated 3.38 (yr-1) on Length-converted catch curve method. The rates of natural mortality (M) on Pauly's empirical equation, fishing mortality (F) and exploitation ratio were estimated 1.29 (yr-1), 2.09 (yr-1) and 0.62, respectively.

Capoeta buhsei is one of nine Iranian species of the genus Capoeta. This species is endemic to the Namak Lake basin.Since limited information is available about biologicalfeatures of this species, and also because of the importance of the skeletal structure to understand biological features of fishes, this study was aimed to provide a detailed description of the osteology features of C. buhsei. For this study, a total of 12 specimens from Kordan River were collected, and then fixed into 10% formalin and cleared and stained with alizarin red S and alcian blue for osteological examinations. After providing a detailed osteological features of this species, the results were compared with those of Capoeta damascina, that its osteological was available. The results showed apparent differences between compared species in structures of the neurocranium, operculum series, hyoid and branch arches, dorsal fin, symplectic and ectopterygoid bones and hemal and neural spines of the caudal fin.

This study, with the aim of considering the sperm morphology of male producer Barbubs barbulus, was performed in Aquatic Culture Institute in south of the country (Ahvaz, Sheiban), and 13 fish were studied. After anaesthetization of producers with MS222 and taking sperms through frictional way by a microsampler from 1ml fresh samples inside the 1.5 ml micro tubes , these samples were centrifuged. Seminal plasma, placed over the vial (super net), was measured through separation of top liquid plasma volume, and PH was measured by a PH-meter . After dilution with water, using a chronometer ,the duration of sperm movement was measured by a microscope equipped with a monitor. For study, sperm density was computed after diluting it in a 1:2000 ratio with distilled water, using hemositometeric standard method. To study the morphology of sperm , a microscope equipped with a monitor was used. A photometric method was used for measuring cholesterol , protein, calcium glucose and phosphor. Ion selective method was used to measure sodium and potassium concentration of seminal plasma. In live collected samples, the average weight was 1433±85.73 gr and average length was 51.85±1.55 cm. In this research the average duration of sperm movement is 332.31±126,37 s, sperm density average was 31.67±12.78, PH average of seminal plasma was 8.05±0/193, and average percentage of spermatocrit was 66%, the average of glucose, cholesterol, and protein of total seminal plasma were 15.39±5.86 , 50±21.2 and 1.66±0/86 mg/dl respectively, the average of Na, Mg, Ca , and P in seminal plasma were 434.15±72.8, 112.39±23.8, 3±0/7, 0/75±0/3 and 16.25±2.4 mlmol/l respectively, as well as the average length of sperm head was 0/66± 0/13mic, the average length of cilium(cirrus) was 2.04±0/29 mic and the total average length of sperm was 2.71±0/32 mic. Duration of movement period had a meaningful relationship with sperm density, seminal plasma PH, glucose and the percentage of spermatocrit (P

Caspian Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum Kamenskii, 1901), is one of the most valuable commercial and endemic fish in the Caspian Sea. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the third generation dopaminergic pharmaceutical compounds antagonists and adrenergic agonist and antagonist pharmaceutics with Buserelin (GnRHa) on plasma levels of 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-hydroxyprogeterone (17α-OHP) in this species. 117 gravid female were selected for the study, pharmaceutics including, Buserelin Acetate (BUS) 5 μg kg-1 BW, Ovaprim, 0. 5 ml kg-1 BW, Salbutamol Sulphate (SLB) 4 mg kg-1 BW, Olanzapine (OLZ) 5 mg kg-1 BW, Clozapine (CZ) 12 mg kg-1 BW و Metoprolol Tartrate (MTP) 5 mg kg-1 BW. Pharmaceutics were divided into 10 groups: Group 1: OLZ+SLB, Group 2: OLZ+MTP, Group 3: OLZ+BUS, Group 4: CZ+SLB, Group 5: CZ+MTP, Group 6: CZ+BUS, Group 7: OLZ+BUS+SLB, Group 8: OLZ+BUS+MTP, Group 9: CZ+BUS+SLB, Group 10: CZ+BUS+MTP. Saline 0. 7% and Inact were considered as the positive and negative Control respectively, also Ovaprim was the evidence treatment (n=9).
The results showed that the level of E2 was increased before administration of pharmaceutics in 0 h, but was decreased followed by pharmaceutics administration (12 h), so that Ovaprim, OLZ+BUS+SLB and CZ+BUS treatments were significantly differed compared with other treatments (P<0. 01). Also the treatment OLZ+SLB, OLZ+MTP, CZ+SLB, OLZ+BUS+MTP and CZ+BUS+SLB were significantly differed in P0. 05). The level of 17α-OHPwas low before pharmaceutics administration in 0 h, but was increased after administration of pharmaceutics (12 h). Ovaprim, OLZ+BUS+SLB, CZ+BUS and OLZ+SLB treatments were significantly differed in compared with other treatments in 12 h (P<0. 01). it could be concluded that, dopaminergic system was inhibited reproductive functions while adrenergic system stimulated it, thus there was an inverse relationship between the dopaminergic and adrenergic systems. So that adrenergic system agonist can be used beside the third generation Dopamine antagonists and GnRH analogue in Caspian Kutum.

The present research aims to evaluate the effects of different methods of LHRHa implants and injections combined with environmental factors changes (temperature and photoperiod) on some biological properties of semen (spermatocrit percent, Spermatization volume) and treatment to ovulation, hatch percent, gonadosomatic index (female) and changes in steroid hormones in males and female goldfish in out-of season reproduction. Fish were included in 4 treatments (injection of normal saline with 0.7%, EVAc 20 micrograms / kg body weight LHRHa with 40 micrograms/ kg body weight Metoclopramide, cholesterol pellets containing 20 micrograms / kg body weight LHRHa with 40 mg / kg body weight Metoclopramide and 100 mg / kg LHRH with 40 mg / kg body weight were Metoclopramide). The results show that time to ovulation between different treatments, were significantly different (P <0.05), so that minimum injection time of ovulation was observed in LHRHa and highest one was recorded in cholesterol pellet. The EVAc and cholesterol accounted for highest and lowest percentage of hatched eggs respectively (P <0.05). Their longest period of sperm motility was attributed to EVAC treatment and there was no significant difference between the treatment groups (P> 0.05). Spermatization volume in different treatments was varied in significant manner (P <0.05) so that the highest and the lowest was observed in the treatments EVAc and control. The highest spermatocrit percentage was in EVAc treatment (P <0.05). Changes in levels of testosterone in EVAc and LHRHa injection showed significant difference compared to other treatments (P≤0.05) and at days 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment this hormone was decreased gradually in blood serum of male goldfish broodstock. The results indicated that in female’s the levels of 17α Digydroxy Progestrin and 17 β Estradiol were significantly different among treatments (P<0.05), in EVAc was higher than other treatments. At days 14 and 21 days after treatment these hormones were increased.

The present study was planned to investigate the effect of different baths copper sulfate and potassium permanganate on bacterial and fungal flora of the skin and gill tissue of Acipenser ruthenus. The study was do neat the center of the culture and propagation of sturgeon stocks Doctor Shahid Beheshtiin1393. For this research, a hundred and five fish were divided with average weight of 41.83±2.85 gr and average length of 23.67±0.48cm.The tank was used with a volume of 40 liters of water. Treatments with concentrations of copper sulfate 2 mg/lit (bathroom of long-term, 12 hours), 5 mg/lit (for short-term ratings, 5-10 minutes), 10 mg/lit (bath of immersion, 30-45 seconds) and potassium permanganate concentrations 1 mg/lit (bath of long-term, 12 hours), 2 mg/lit (for short-term ratings, 5-10 minutes), 3 mg/lit (bath of immersion, 30-45 seconds) and the last group "no matter sterilization" served as a control were done. Bacterial and fungal results showed a statistically significant difference between treatment and control group, in 2 and 3 mg/lit doses decreased the fungal flora of the skin and gills. Also the copper sulfate in 10 mg/lit and 5 mg/lit concentrations reduced the bacterial flora on the skin. Gill histopathology results showed, side effects were seen such as hyperemia, hemorrhage, necrosis, sticking string secondary, wide and erosion of primary lamellae, hyperplasia, separation of the epithelium layer of secondary fibers, sickle and clubbing field. Severity of symptoms in the treatment of 3 mg/lit potassium permanganate and 10 mg/lit of copper sulfate were more than other treatments. According to the results of the sterilization method, sterlet short-term (10 minute) is recommended for both materials.

Prebiotics are not digestible ingredients food that stimulates the growth and activity of bacteria in the intestines through beneficial effects on the health of the host. In addition, this report is shown a positive effect of adding these additives diet on growth performance. The present study was carried out to investigate an intestinal microbial balance, growth performance, and immune responses of fish trough addition of Fermacto prebiotic to diet of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchusmykis. One-hundred and sixty two (162) rainbow trout with mean live weight 19.06±1.83 g were randomly selected and allocated to 9 tanks (18 fish per tank). Three levels of Fermacto (0, 1 and 2 g/kg diet) were used. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. The experiment was carried out for 10 weeks. Fermacto supplement showed a significantly increasing effect on the feed conversion ratio and decreased specific growth rate and weight gain at the end of experiment. Fermacto caused significant differences in bacterial population fish intestinal microbial balance lowest length was observed in fish receiving the diet supplemented with 2 g/kg Fermacto, whereas application of Fermacto at the applied levels showed no effects on growth and health of experimental fish.

The effects of probiotic Primalac (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Enterococcus faecium and Bifidobacterium bifidium) was investigated on Reproductive performance of Famale Livebearing and Survival larvae Black Molly (Poecilia sphenops.)Three practical diets containing 0 (control), 0/4, 0/9 and 0/14% Probiotic Primalac were used to feed fish. Fish were fed 4 times per dayThis experiment was performed since spring 2009 for 60-days in center of Fish propagation and culture at Hemat Abad.132 brood stock (36 males and 96 females) were randomly distributed between12 aquariums (30*40*60) were used with water temperature 28±1◦c. In each aquarium Were placed 8 females and 3 males. The volume of each aquarium was 500 L capacity. For covering the larvae, we made home place with nylone.. At the end of 60-days, the fish receiving Probiotic Primalac feeds showed significantly higher number of larvaethan those fed the control diet So that maximum larva were at 1.4gr/Kg diet Primalac (122 individual.) and minimum larva were at diet without Primalac (54 individual)(P<0.05).Maximum of survival famales and males observed at 1.4gr/Kg diet Primalac and minimum of observed at diet without Primalac (control)(P<0.05).The results indicated that Probiotic Primalac could affect survival and Reproductive performance of Famale Livebearing and Survival larvae Black Molly(P<0.05).

Use herbs as ingredients to stimulate and strengthen the immune system of fish in recent years was considered. Therefore, in this study, the effects of milk thistle seed powder (Silybum mariamum) The immune system and blood biochemical factors fry fish (Abramis brama oriental) were investigated. For this purpose, in 2014 this experiment was done on Abramis brama orientalis fry (initial mean weight 10-12Mg) for 60 days to three levels of dietary S. marianum containing 100, 400 and 800 Mgr, in the form of 4 treatments with 3 replications which a treatment had as a control group(without affecting the S. marianum). To test the hypotheses, one-way variance analysis was used. The results showed that the extract of S. marianum Increase WBC, Hematocrit, Neutrophils, Monocytes, Lysosomal,Igm and also reduce aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the groups treated with 400 and 800 mg compared to control group is effective in strengthening the immune system and has significantly different (P<0.05). Also, due to the Premier 800mg treatment, as compared with other treatments, using doses of diets to enhance safety Abramis braba orientalis fry is suggested.

This experiment was undertaken on Cyprinus carpio (mean body weight 12.84±1.12) to study the effect of stevia extract on growth, survival under stress due to density.
Seven hundred twenty juveniles were randomly distributed into 4 treatments each with three replicates and reared in 300 liter tanks for 2 month. Three experimental treatments were fed with stevia supplemented diet (2000ppm) and were stocked at following density respectively 3,5,10 Kg/m3 and control group were feed with non –supplemented diets and were stocked at the same densities as experimental groups.
At the end of treatments following growth parameters: condition factor, specific growth rate, relative growth rate, weight gain, length gain, food conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio were measured. Results show that there was significant effect on all studied parameters among fish fed with stevia supplemented diet and that of the control. According to the effect of density on the studied parameters Weight gain ( 27.95± 2.33 ),Length Gain (12.7 ±0.58 ),Total length( 10.30±0.62 ), Fork length (11.16±0.58 ), Body weight increase ( 15.77±0.64 ),Length Gain ( 2.43± 0.22), Relative Growth Ratio ( 0.15±0.006 ), Specific Growth Ratio (1.38 ±0.07 ), Protein Efficiency Ratio (0.68±0.11 ),Feed Conversion Ratio (1.78 ±0.01 ), fish that were stocked at 3 Kg/m3 and were fed with stevia supplemented diet had higher value in all parameters.

The comparative effects of Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora Boiss) on growth and health status of common carp juveniles exposed to the cadmium is the aim of current study. 225 juveniles (34±3g) were divided into five groups as followed: the first (control) and second (metal only) group feeding were done based on standard diet for common carp. Third group juveniles fed with diet containing 1 percent Shirazi thyme, for forth group excess amount of 100 mg/Kg dry weight of diet from vitamin E and about the last group combined level of Shirazi thyme and vitamin E as a same level with previous groups were used. Then all of the experimental group (except control) were challenged with sublethal concentration of cadmium (1.5 mg/L) and growth and health parameters were evaluated 3, 7, 10 and 15 days after experiment initiation. Hepatosomatic, viscerosomatic and bile somatic index showed significant improvement in juveniles which gain thyme in their diet based of our obtained results. Weight gain (%), feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, feed conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were also showed more recovery in thyme group (P<0.05). Generally it can be concluded that incorporating of Shirazi thyme in carp diet can decrease the harmful effect of cadmium and improve fish growth parameters. Juveniles which received by 1 percent Shirazi thyme in their diet showed more improvement related to the vitamin E group in the most examining parameters.