پژوهشنامه اصلاح گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 29 (بهار 1398)

Soil salinity is one of the most critical factors reducing crop yield. SOS signaling is one of the significant pathways that regulate ion homeostasis and it has the important role in mechanism of plant resistance to environmental stresses such as salt stress. Roots are the first organ of plants exposed to salt, so the role of genes involved in this pathway and their relation to salt tolerance were investigated between 73-M4-30, a salt tolerant mutant genotype, and Zarjou, as its wild type, genotypes. In this research, patterns of expression of HvSOS1, HvSOS2 (CIPK24) and HvSOS3 (CBL4) genes were studied under 300 mM salt concentration at 0 (control), 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours between two genotypes. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of these three genes under salt stress in root tissue of the salt-tolerant mutant genotype in compared to its wild genotype were much more and stronger in early time of 6-hour. The parallel up-regulation of these three genes in the root tissue of the mutant genotype demonstrated the activity of Na+/H+ antiporter and Na+ exclusion toward apoplast as well as its transportation from the root to the shoot. The lack of similarity in expression pattern of SOS genes between the two genotypes of salt-tolerant mutant and wild parent showed that the mutation could alter the ability of the salt tolerant mutant genotype in the use of ionic homeostasis in response to the salt stress.

Determining the level of genetic diversity and relationships among genotypes is foundation for identifying the appropriate parents in different breeding objects. In present study, the genetic diversity of 22 wheat cultivars were tested using 22 pairs of SSR primers. Out of 24 detected alleles, 11 were able to show desirable polymorphism. In average 2.18 alleles per locus were generated, in which differed from 2 to 3 alleles in each locus. The average of 0.573 polymorphism information content were achieved that Xgwm60 for having high content of polymorphism, was the most appropriate marker for studying genetic diversity in this study. Similarity coefficient was formed with Dice similarity matrix and genotypes were classified into 4 groups. Principal component analysis confirms most of genetic diversity feature derived from cluster analysis. Results of current study showed the vast range of genetic diversity among wheat cultivars that illustrating their possible use in breeding programs.

In order to estimate the effects of general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability, heterosis and genetic control of different traits in rapeseed including yield and seed oil content, six lines of spring type and three testers Opera, Parade and Licord of winter type were crossed in 2014-2015. The 18 progenies and their parents were evaluated in a randomized complete block design at the Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (Sararood) under water-stressed (WS) and well-watered (WW) conditions in 2015-2016 cropping season.The results of line × tester analysis revealed that the GCA due to lines in all traits except for pod length in WW and the SCA due to line × tester in all of the traits except for seeds per pod and oil content in WS, and pod length in WW were significant for both environments.The genetic control of the traits was different in both conditions indicating that the gene effects were influenced by the environment for most studied traits. For seed yield, additive and non-additive effects were more important in WS and WW environments, respectively. Seed oil content had relatively low narrow sence heritability in both conditions. The most heterosis for seed yield was belonged to Comet × Opera (168%, WS) and Amica × Licord (171%, WW) hybrids The highest heterosis for seed oil content was observed in Shiralee × Opera hybrid in both environments (12.6% in WS and 6.4% in WW). The testers Opera and Licord were suitable to improve yield in WS and WW environments, respectively. The lines Comet and Dalgan had the highest GCA and the Dalgan × Licord hybrid had the highest SCA (Top cross) for seed yield in both conditions.

Lettuce is belong to the Cichorium family with leaf consumption, Annual cold weather plants and rich in minerals, vitamins and nutrients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of 15 varieties and lettuce populations using the ITS area. Sequence quality was evaluated using Chromas 2.1.1 software, aligned by MegAlign 5 software and then similarity matrix and dendrogram of phylogenic relationships of Lettuce sequences were conducted using Mega 6 software. Also, a comparison was conducted among the lettuce were used in this research and other plants of the Asteraceae genus family (presented on NCBI site). The numerical value of the ratio (dN/dS) was 0.015, which indicates a pure selection in the examined gene and has not caused any key changes. Cluster analysis split the different genotypes of lettuce into 3 groups and could not differentiate by geographical location but it could separate the lettuce of this research and other plants from different species of the Asteraceae family related by NCBI. Therefore, it can be concluded that ITS can be a suitable tool for genetic evaluations among genus and among species. The inability of ITS marker to separate the intra-species of populations it could be because dN/dS was less than and a small number of deletion and insertion sites (376 out of 1551 positions) indicating low variation between different genotypes and populations. Considering that the Initial origin of the plants is belong to the centers that are most diverse and because varzaneh Lettuce populations of Isfahan have the most varieties, as a result, it is necessary to pay more attention to the Varzaneh region of Isfahan to collection of lettuce germplasms for breeding programs.

In order to investigate the effect of putrescin and salicylic acid on some physiological and antioxidant properties of stevia under salinity stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. In this experiment, samples were exposed to different concentrations of putrescine (0, 0.5 and 1 mM), salicylic acid (0 and 0.5 mM) and salinity (0, 75 and 150 mM of NaCl). The results showed that putrescine solubilization at different concentrations caused a significant increase in chlorophyll spray values ​​and antioxidant enzymes of catalase and peroxidase, while the amount of malondialdehyde and relative humidity content were decreased. This research showed that salinity reduced the photosynthetic pigmentation and increased antioxidant enzyme activity. Also, the use of salicylic acid resulted in an increase in the amounts of catalase and peroxidase enzymes. Based on the results of interaction between putrescine and salinity, the photosynthetic pigments and anthocyanin contents were increased by increasing putrescine at different levels of salinity compared to the control sample. Also, the catalase and peroxidase enzymes have significantly increased. With respect to mean interaction effect of putrescine, salicylic acid and salinity, an increase in leakage levels was observed with increasing levels of putrescine levels at 75 mM level of salinity and 0.5 mM level of salicylic acid. In salinity level and salicylic acid concentration of 0.5 mM, the amount of malondialdehyde decreased with decreasing amount of putrescine, and the amount of peroxidase enzyme increased as compared to the control sample that caused resistance of this plant to salinity stress. Therefore, the application of both concentrations of putrescine and salicylic acid would be effective and recommendable.

For evaluation of the reaction of twenty red beans ecotypes to drought stress, an experiment was conducted in split plot as Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replications in 2016-2017 at research field of Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran. In this study, the main plots were three irrigation levels and sub-plot were twenty red beans ecotypes which they are sub-population from different regions of Iran. The results showed significant difference between stress levels and between ecotypes for all studied traits (chla, chlb, chlt, carotenoied, Redusing sugars, total porotein and prolin amino acid). Stress caused to significantly decrease in level 0.01 of chla, chlb, chlt, carotenoied, Redusing sugars, total porotein and caused to significantly increase in level 0.01 of prolin amino acid. There were 3 factors that explained 82 percent in non stress condition and 83 percent of total variations in moderate stress condition and 81 percent of total variations in severe stress condition. Cluster analysis (Ward) was used to categorize ecotypes based on biochemical traits. This study showed that the in tolerance of red bean plant to drought stress was most likely due to chlorophyll degradation, reduction in sugars and protein reduction. As a result, these biochemical changes have made the plant susceptible to drought stress.

Study of the morphological genetic diversity of 114 lines, which have been derived from the crosses between Tarom Mahalli and Khazar cultivars, has been performed at seedling stage as completely randomized design at the normal condition and salinity stress of 8 dS.m-1 in a hydroponic system. Significant differences were detected between genotypes for all traits. Mean of comparison demonstrated that differences between all traits except root diameter were significant. Under salt stress, genetic code, number and stomata density and dry weight ratio root to stem increased. Significant difference was detected between the lines for  traits in. The highest correlation belongs to the biomass and stem dry weight. Stem length, root area density, dry weight ratio of root to stem explained the greatest biomass variations under normal conditions. In salin conditions, dry weight ratio of root to the stem, leaf area, stem length and diameter of the root explained the greatest variations of biomass,. Factor analysis showed that in normal conditions and salinity are 5 factors involved in the observed variations. Under normal condition, stem length, biomass and leaf area and under salinity stress, stem dry weight, biomass and stem length had the greatest influence on total variance. Lines were assigned in two and three groups based on biomass and also assigned into three groups based on genetic code. Tolerant lines had a high biomass. Stem length, stem dry weight can be introduced as a selection criterion in order to increase the biomass.

18 soybean genotypes were examined to investigate the relationships between some principal attributions of morphology with seed yield per soybean, by Random Complete Block Design (RCBD) study. This study was also carried out three replicates to gain reliable results. The results of variance analysis indicated that, there were significance differences among all soybean genotypes. Moreover, the results of correlated analysis revealed that biological yield (0.96), harvest index (0.92), and number of branches (0.92) had the uttermost correlation with seed yield. To data factor analysis, four independent variables justified 99.92 percent of all data. The first variable, seed yield, justified 96.71 percent of entire variance. Multiple-Regression Model with method Analytical Regression Model (step-by-step) was utilized to examine soybean seed yield. This model proved that number of branches entered into model and justified 85.20 percent of variation of seed yield. A correlated coefficient of considered attributions was equal 0.92 and these indexes had significant at 1% in statistical process. Therefore, these traits can be notability used in soybean breeding programs. Also, accordance to cluster analysis, the sample was divided into three groups.

The objectives of this study were to analyze genotype by environment (GE) interactions effects on the yield of barley lines and varieties, identifying salinity tolerant genotypes with stable yield and also evaluating genotype (G), environments (E) and GE interactions using different stability parameters. The research was set up as two Randomized Complete Block design with three replications at the agriculture research station of Neishabur, Khorasan razavi, during 2013-2015. Each experiment included 17 barley varieties and promising lines. According to Eberhart and Russell stability parameters, genotypes Fajre30, Nik and MBS82-4 had general adaptation. Genotypes Fajre30, Nik, Rihan, Valfajr, MBS82-5 and Mbs87-12 were selected by Simultaneous selection for yield and yield stability (YSi) method. The results of AMMI analysis for seed yield indicated that the Genotype (G) main effects, environment (E), and GE interactions as well as two first interaction principal components (IPCA1-2) were significant. AMMI biplot was able to distinguish stable genotypes and environments with high discrimination ability from low ones. According to the AMMI analysis, genotypes MBS87-12 and Fajre30, with seed yield higher than grand mean, were the most stable genotypes and with high specific adaptation to the saline environment.

Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) in combination with cluster analysis and genotype by trait (GT) biplot analysis methods were used to assess 9 wheat cultivars having different degrees of tolerance along with 36 F1 hybrids derived from partial diallel crosses, using stress tolerance indices, in two levels (well watered and cessation of irrigation at pollination stage). Cluster analysis classified genotypes into three clusters and the results used to CDA as classifying variable. The first canonical variable was under the influence of high canonical coefficients for STI, HM, MP, GMP, Yp and Ys. Canonical coefficients for SSI and TOL in the second canonical variable were remarkable. The first canonical variable differentiated genotypes based on yield potential and stress tolerance and the second canonical variable distinguished stress tolerant genotypes from the sensitive ones. The scatter plot of two significant canonical variables characterized three distinct groups and all pairwise Mahalanobis distances among groups were significant. The genotypes in group 1 had high yield in stress and non-stress conditions and the genotypes of group 3 had more stress tolerance and less susceptibility to stress. To identify tolerant and high yielding genotypes in both stress and non- stress conditions, GT biplot analysis based on combination of STI and SSI was used and superior genotypes which simultaneously have higher yield potential and stress tolerance were introduced.

Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic factors which adversely affects growth, metabolism and yield of crops worldwide. The goal of the research was identify drought tolerate canola genotypes using the different drought tolerance indices. The experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the experimental farm of agricultural and natural resources research center, Yazd, Iran .Two irrigation levels consisting of irrigation after 80mm evaporation from class “A” pan as control, no irrigation from flowering stage were applied in main plots and subplots were 21 winter canola cultivars/double haploid. Six drought tolerance indices, including stress tolerance index (STI), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress susceptibility index (SSI), mean productivity (MP), stress tolerance (TOL), harmonic mean (HM) were used and calculated for all treatments. Then selection index of ideal genotype (SIIG) based on both tolerance indices (STI, GMP, SSI, MP, TOL, and HM) and morphological traits were defined and calculated. Selection index of ideal genotype (SIIG) is a decision making method that is very simple to implement. The results showed water stress negatively affected yield and yield components, plant height, and number of branches of rapeseed genotypes. Based on the results "SLM046" and "Adriana" with maximum SIIG (0.791 and 0.756) were identified as the most ideal genotypes among assessed genotypes. As "SLM046" and "Adriana" genotypes were superior to the other genotypes under drought condition, they can be considered as promising genotypes for drought regions. These results were also approved by three dimensional scatter graphs. It is concluded that selection index of ideal genotype (SIIG) could be serve as an appropriate index to identify drought tolerance genotypes based on a set of drought stress tolerance indices and morphological traits in crops.

In current research, the expression level of Dx2 and Dy12 genes on Glu-D1 locus that encoding the high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs), with negative impact on quality of bakery in genotype mutant bread wheat called RO-3 with high quality of bakery and its parent (Roshan) with low quality of bakery was investigated. For this purpose, sampling was performed grains at intervals of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 days post-anthesis (DPA). The gene expression results showed that RO-3 genotype had the highest gene expression decreasing for Dy12 genes at 5 DPA compared to parental genotype, and for Dx2 gene the highest gene expression decreasing was 10 DPA compared to parental genotype. Generally, during seed development both genes in mutant genotype had gene expression decreasing than the parental genotype. The most dry weight accumulation rates occurred in 10 to 15 DPA in mutant genotype. So, the early stages of seed development for reducing the expression of these genes and rates dry weight accumulation is critical in mutant genotype. The grain-filling rate and the maximum grain weight were higher in mutant genotype than the parental genotype. Therefore breeding the cultivars with higher grain filling rate and also selection of varieties with low expression for Dx2 and Dy12 genes play important role in the selection of varieties with high yield and quality of bakery.

To determine the relationships between agronomic and physiological characteristics of soybean, 30 soybean genotypes in factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design were planted in Sari of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU). Correlation coefficients between traits showed positive and significant correlation between the considered traits and grain yield except 100- grain weight. Path analysis for grain yield showed that maximum positive direct effect is related to chlorophyll b content that imply the important role of this trait in grain yield. This trait can be used as indirect selection for genetic improvement of grain yield. Cluster analysis based on Ward method has divided the soybean genotypes into two distinct groups. The first group genotypes due to high level of traits were identified as highly valuable sources in breeding programs.

Abiotic stresses are the most important factors that reduce the yield of crops. In this case, Bioinformatics analysis plays an important role to study genes, and their relatedness as well as prediction their function in response to abiotic stresses. Among all domains, ARID-PHD domain has been identified in plants and animals and has a very significant role in growth regulation, cell cycle, and expression of specific genes in each tissue. In this study, we looked for the conserved sequences of the ARID family in various plant species from the NCBI database to evaluate its expression in Aeluropus littoralis. Based on the result, 10 plants that had protein containing the ARID-PHD domain were identified. Then, sequences alignment, designing phylogenetic tree, protein characterization and relative expression assessment of ARID gene in Aeluropus littoralis were done. The results showed that in addition to the similarity of amino acid sequences, proteins were divided into two groups of monocotyledons and di-cotyledons plants. Protein characteristics and structure investigation indicated a high degree of conserved sequences in proteins from different plant species. Regarding gene expression analysis, the maximum level of transcripts belongs to this gene expressed in plant aerial tissue after 6 hours of salinity stress and did not show a significant decrease until 24 hours, which probably suggested the probable role of this protein in plant tolerance to various stresses. Also, in the root, the gene expression was not significantly different from control treatment. This study was the first report to investigate protein characteristics and changing in ARID gene expression in halophyte plant (Aeluropus littoralis) under salt stress conditions and could be used as a useful reference to make plants tolerable specifically to salinity in using this gene family to modify plants to tolerate abiotic stresses especially salinity.

The present research was performed for studying morphological variation and investigating the presence of relationship between molecular markers related tillering in some genotypes of bread wheat under the field farm and laboratory conditions. In the field experiment, three seed densities including 150, 300 and 450 seed per square meter as the main plot factor and also 10 genotypes including the cultivars of Arta, Inia, Tajan, Darya, Shirudi, Golestan, Gonbad, Morvarid, Moghan3 and Line N-87-20 as sub plot factor at three replications were applied. Evaluating characteristics were included of the number of secondary spikes, the weight of main and secondary spikes, the contribution of main and secondary spikes, seed yield per plant and plot, length of main spike and the height of plant. The results of analysis of variance showed that genotypes had significant different on all investigating characteristic, while the effect of factor density was significant only for the weight of the spikes, yield per plant and plot and the length of main spike. None of the characteristic was not affected by the interaction of genotype  density. Based on the results, density and genotype had important effect on seed yield of the genotypes, however the effect of genotype was more than density. Mean comparison of the genotypes showed that secondary spikes had more contribution in the grain yield. In molecular experiment, SSR marker namely Xgwm136 associated to gene tin (tiller inhibition gene) was tested. Evaluation of the PCR product of this marker showed that the presence of band with the size of 300 to 350 base per is relating to reduction that tillering was confirmed in cultivar Tajan, Shirudi, Golestan, Darya and Gonbad genotypes that their low number of spikes had already been proven. So the efficiency of tin marker was proved for screening wheat for tillering.

Salicornia europaea is a halophytic annual plant of the Chenopodiaceae family, which is considered as an oil plant in marine irrigation. This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of salinity and to reach the best hormonal treatment for shoot regeneration. After washing and sterilization, seeds of S. europaea were cultured under controlled light and temperature conditions at five salinity levels consisting of 0, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mM of NaCl in plots including sterilized soil and vermicompost for 30 days. Germination percentage, germination rate, plant height, the fresh and dry weight of the plant, and relative water content were then recorded. For in vitro culture, the shoot-tips were excided and cultivated in Murashige and Skoog medium containing combinations of various plant growth regulators (BA and NAA including 0 and 100 mM salinity levels) under laboratory conditions, and then plant regeneration was investigated. These experiments were performed in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. The results showed that high salinity exerted a low effect on seedlings of the Salicornia and the rest of traits indicated high levels of salinity tolerance and showed plant high ability to adapt to salinity. In tissue culture experiment, the results of shoot induction indicated that the hormonal treatments in combination with 100 mM of NaCl provided the better regeneration than that of non-salinity conditions. Increasing use of  the hormone were not given the better regeneration results, but it was needed to use a good proportion of hormone level for shoot regeneration. In the present research, the best possible ratio was the combination of 0.5 mg/l-1 NAA + 0.5 mg/l BA + 0.5 + 100mM NaCl, which resulted in 66.67 regeneration percentage.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as one of the main crops is important economically for Iran. Genetic diversity and it`s evaluation is foundation of plant breeding projects. Awareness about genetic variation is effective in selection of parental lines for future breeding programs. This study was aimed to evaluate both morphological and physiological characteristics followed by classification of 18 barley inbred lines based on RCBD design with four replications. Results of descriptive statistics revealed vast range of variation for most of studied traits. Among studied traits, seed yield with standard deviation of 614.06 possessed maximum divergent. Also, hectoliter weight and grain yield had the lowest and the highest coefficients of variation values of 0.58 and 8.88, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analysis of variance depicted remarkable genetic variation among studied genotypes based on morphological and physiological traits. Classification of studied barley genotypes using both types of inspected traits could classify them in 3 separate groups. In this research, there was not any coincidence between two types of classifications. This is resulted that line number 3 with high pedanclean length (7.18 cm), 1000 kernel weight (42.2 gr), yield (5172.5 kgh-1), dry matter percentage (31.3 %), fresh weight (0.463 gr), turgusens weight (0.717 gr), relative water content (58.82 %) and also another moderate characteristics could considerable as promising one for arid and semi-arid region after regional field trials.

Pea cultivation in autumn has a higher yield compared to its spring cultivation. In order to investigate the possibility of changing the planting date of chickpea from spring to autumn in (Kerman province, Iran) and obtaining cultivars that could withstand cold winter and produce more yield, 63 chickpea genotypes were planted in pots at Dec/2016 and evaluated in field .The  agronomic traits including: days from planting to flowering and podding, total number of pods, number of full pods, yield, 100 seed weight, flower color, percentage of cold mortality and harvest index were measured in pot and field conditions and membrane stability of genotypes was measured in growth chamber. The highest coefficient of variation was observed for the percentage of mortality (120%) and the lowest for the number of days from planting to podding (%3.12). In step wise regression, traits of seed number per plant, 100 seed weight, total pod, biological dry weight, harvest index and ion leakage were entered into the model, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the color of the flower and ion leakage, mortality percentage and other quantitative traits. Cluster analysis divided the genotypes into three distinct groups. The second cluster had superiority in terms of cold resistance and many agronomic traits. Urimia 128, Khoy563, Torbatjam 345, Jiroft 289 and Daragaz 474 Genotypes were selected from this cluster based on independent culling levels.

Licorice is a medicinal and aromatic plant that is taken into consideration for its valuable compounds such as glycyrrhizin. Salinity is a major environmental stress that affects the crops productivity. In the present study, the effect of salinity stress (using  irrigation treatment with different salt concentrations; 0, 150 and 300 mM) on fresh weight of root and total plant, concentration of pigments, total antioxidant, phenol content, ascorbate peroxide enzyme activity and glycyrrhizin content was investigated. The experiment was performed as a factorial under complete randomized block design with three replications in field assay in Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran-Isfahan. This experiments showed that, the irrigation treatmentswith150 and 300 mM resulted in increased necrotic leaves, phenol and glycyrrhizin in licorice, i.e. the plants increased their phenolics and glycyrrhizin content, as a part of the mechanism to resist under stress. Increasing the activity of ascorbate peroxide enzyme in plants exposed to salinity stress, indicating the activation of antioxidative and protective systems, and reduction of oxidative damage in these plants. In salinity tolerant genotypes such as Ilam growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments and glycyrrhizin content were higher than sensitive genotypes. The present study has shown that introduction of tolerant genotypes in filed condition can reduce successfully the adverse effects of salinity stress. Therefore, the results of this research can be useful for cultivation of licorice in saline fields and breeding the tolerant genotypes.

The use of appropriate selection methods are important to increase yield in breeding programs. Utilization of selection indices is one of the most effective method for selection of superior genotypes to improve the complex traits such as seed yield. In order to evaluate the efficiency of different selection methods, 63 families of two F3 populations derived from inter-specific hybridization of Carthamus tinctorius ×Carthamus oxyacanthus (IO) and Carthamus palaestinus × Carthamus tinctorius (IP) were evaluated under two moisture environments (normal and drought-stress) at the research farm of Isfahan University of Technology during 2016. The Smith-Hazel 1, Smith-Hazel 2 and Pesek-Baker indices were measured based on the traits entered in step-wise regression model. The results indicated that under normal conditions, Pesek-Baker index was more effective than the Smith-Hazel 1 and Smith-Hazel 2 and was also more efficient for the selection of superior genotypes in IP population. Also, the Smith-Hazel 1 and Smith-Hazel 2 indices were more effective than Pesek-Baker index under drought-stress conditions in this population. Smith-Hazel 1 and Smith-Hazel 2 indices were more effective than Pesek-Baker index in IO population at two moisture environments. Efficiency of selection in IP population was more than IO population, thereby it can be used to develop superior genotypes in breeding programs. Since the C. palaestinus have less undesirable characters compared to other wild parents, it may be suitable source for transferring desirable genes to the cultivated species.