فصلنامه پژوهشهای تولیدات دامی
پیاپی 22 (زمستان 1397)

This experiment was conducted to determine in the threonine requirements laying japanese quail. A total of 240 female Japanese quails were used from 10 to 17 weeks of age, in a completely randomized design (CRD). Experimental treatments consisted of three treatments: basal diet (0.69% threonine), basal diet+0.05% L- threonine (0.74% threonine) and basal diet+0.1% L- threonine (0.79% threonine), with 4 replicates and 20 quails in each. Feed intake, egg production, egg mass, feed conversion ratio and body growth rate were recorded during this study. Egg quality traits were measured biweekly. Performance parameters were not affected by supplementation L- threonine. Quail requirement for threonize was evaluated using, linear regression and quadratic equation. The lowest feed intake and the highest thin albumen of height showed by 0.74% dietary threonine with a quadratic trend. Albumen height, albumen index, yolk color and Haugh unit were decreased linearly by increasing threonine levels. Based on these results, it is concluded that the 0.69% threonine level in the diet was enough to achieve the potential of egg performance in of laying Japanese Quail.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of soybean meal peptides on body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, feed intake intestinal morphology and microbial population in broiler chicks. In a completely randomized design 280 one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were allocated to 7 treatments with 4 replicates and 10 chicks per replicate. Broiler chicks were fed with 100 mg antibiotic, 0 (control), 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 mg soybean meal peptides /kg of diet to 42d. The results showed that in treatment received 350 mg peptide to the diet had significantly higher body weight gain and better feed conversion ratio than the other groups (P<0.05). The villus height, crypt depth and villus height to crypt depth ratio in duodenum and, jejunum and ileum in chicks fed with 350 mg soybean meal peptides/kg to diet significantly increased (P<0.05). Also, supplementation 350 mg soybean meal peptides to diet decreased coliform and Escherichia coli counts and increased lactobacillus counts in ileum compared to the control treatment. It is concluded that adding 350 mg soybean meal peptides to broiler diet increased body weight gain, decreased feed conversion ratio, increased villus height, crypt depth and villus height to crypt depth ratio in duodenum, jejunum and ileum and increased lactobacillus count in ileum compared to the control treatment.

In the present study 252 fertile eggs from Ross 308 strin broiler breeders flock were divided into three experimental group and at 5th day of incubation period were in ovo injected into the air cell by 0.1 ml of green tea extract, fadrozole hydrochloride or distilled water. The hatched chickens then were arranged based on the experimental groups of incubation period in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 6 replicates. In ovo injection of 0.1 mL of fadrozole hydrochloride and green tea extract led to 100 and 80 percent sex reversal, respectively (P≤0.05). During whole the exprimental period, daily feed intake and daily weight gain of chickens of fadrozole hydrochloride and greean tea extract groups were higher than those on the control group (P≤0.05). Compared with other treatments, in ovo injection of green tea extract caused a significant increase in the number and average diameter of muscle fibers (P≤0.05). The findings of this study suggest that broiler sex reversal by using green extract and fadrozole hydrochloride resulting to increases the growth rate of broilers. Also high anti-aromatase characteristic of green extract can be a good alternative to chemical drugs such as fadrozole hydrochloride.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of dietary nanoparticels curcumin on egg quality, serum biochemical, immune response and digestibility of laying hens. A total of 160 laying hens (Hy-line w-36) at 60 weeks of ages, were used in a completely randomized design, with four treatments and four replicates and 10 hens each. Dietary treatments were a basal diet without nano curcumin (control) and diets containing 400, 800 and 1200 mg nanomicelles curcumin per kg of diet. Egg quality and quantity variables were measured bi-weekly. The serum biochemical parameters were measured in the middle and at the end of experiment. In sixth week of trail, SRBC was injected to breast muscle and then serum immunological factors were mausured at seven and eight of weeks. Addition of nano curcumin had no effect on shell thickness, but in the final weeks of experiments nono curcumin showed significant effect on yolk color. It was revealed that ALT and AST concentration were significantly affected (P<0.05) by the nano curcumin dosages. At the end of experiment, cholesterol and LDL concentrations and HDL: LDL ratio was affected by consuming levels (P<0.05). 400 mg of nano curcumin showed the best immune response compared to control group. The highest amount of absorption was revealed in 800 and 1200 mg nanoparticles. Low levels of nano curcumin (400 mg) showed the positive and consistent effects on serum biochemical and immunological parameters, Curcumin digestibility and also yolk color.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of broad bean on physical properties of testis and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of epididymal spermatozoa of the ramZell breed. The sixteen sexually matured rams weight approximately 29±1 kg were selected and randomly divided into four treatments and four replicates in a completely randomized design. The treatments included: 1) control diet, 2) control diet + 5% broad bean, 3) control diet + 10% broad bean, and 4) control diet + 15% broad bean. At the end of the experiment (75 days) characteristics of spermatozoa and testicle properties were measured. The results showed that different levels of broad bean from 5% to 15% increased the total motility and progressive motility of spermatozoa compared to the control group (P< 0.05). The high percentage of abnormal spermatozoid were seen in the 15% broad bean group. Addition of broad bean to the rations increased the percentage of live spermatozoa and decreased the percentage of dead spermatozoa in comparison to the control group (P< 0.05). Broad bean feeding was not influenced on sperm concentration, plasma membrane integrity of spermatozoa and testicular characteristics. In conclusion, the addition of broad bean to basal ration improved semen quality and quantity at the levels of 5 and 10 %.

The purpose of this study was to compare effects of the different types of feed additives consumption including probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in Japanese quails. A total of 384 Japanese quail chicks were randomly assigned to 8 treatments with 4 replicates and 12 birds per replicate (cage). The experimental diets (treatments) were included: Basal diet without additive (control) and protexin 0.2 g/kg (probiotic), Yeast 2 g/kg (probiotic), Fermacto 1.6 g/kg (prebiotic), Tepax 1 g/kg (prebiotic), Biomin IMBO 1 g/kg (synbiotic), Protexin 0.1+Fermacto 0.8 g/kg (synbiotic), Yeast 1+Tepax 0.5 g/kg (synbiotic) which were added to the basal diet. feed intake and body weight was higher (P<0.05) in quail fed detail containing additives.. The best feed conversion ratio were observed in quails fed diets containing tepax, yeast, biomin IMBO and fermacto (P<0.05). The use of additives affected the blood glucose, albumin, globulin and immunoglobulins A and G levels (P<0.05). In the laying birds at the early stage of laying, the amount of blood triglycerides increased with diets containing synbiotic additives (P<0.01) The LDL level increased in females fed additive with exception of tepax and yeast+tepax (P<0.01). In male quails fed with the diet containing of the additives, the concentration of immunoglobulin M increased and HDL level decreased (P<0.05). The use of synbiotics and prebiotics improved the growth performance and increased blood albumin to globulin (A/G) ratio as an index of osmotic pressure in the blood. It is possible to use feed additives particular synbiotics while maintaining and improving the health of quails for organic meat and eggs production without the use of vaccines and antibiotics.

The aim of this study was to determine correlation of plasma lipids profile with testicular histology parameters in Ross-308 broiler breeder roosters. This study was performed on 12 male ross 308 broiler breeder. Blood samples were collected from a wing vein to measure plasma lipid profiles (cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL lipoproteins, cholesterol, and glucose). The concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL were measured by spectrophotometric method using commercial kits of pars azmoon co. though, glucose concentration was measured by electrochemical method using glucose monitoring system. For testicular histology study (endocrine parameters of the testis); the 5 μm paraffin cross sections of testis tissue was used. The data were analyzed by the Pearson correlation test. Our results showed that the plasma HDL values were positively correlated with the number of leydig cells (r=0.73; p<0.01), the number of spermatogonia cells (r=0.92; p<0.001), seminiferous epithelium thickness (r=0.86; p<0.001) and diameter of seminiferous tubules (r=0.62; p<0.001). Also, plasma cholesterol and glucose values were negatively correlated with the number of the leydig cells (r=-0.78; p<0.01؛ r=-0.69; p<0.001), spermatogonia cells number (r=-0.68; p<0.001؛ r=-0.72; p<0.01), seminiferous epithelium thickness (r=-0.80; p<0.01؛ r=-0.82; p<0.001), and diameter of seminiferous tubules (r=-0.80; p<0.01؛ r=-0.82; p<0.001). Plasma LDL value also had a negative correlation with the number of spermatogonia cells (r= -0.39; p<0.001), and also, diameter of seminiferous tubules (r= -0.69; p<0.01). Plasma triglyceride values was negatively correlated with the number of spermatogonia cells (r= -0.79; p<0.001), and seminiferous epithelium thickness (r= -0.76; p<0.01). In conclusion, HDL lipoprotein had a positive correlation with testicular histology indexes, on the other hand, triglyceride, cholesterol, lipoprotein LDL, and glucose showed a negative correlation with that.

IIn order to study the effects of increasing level of metabolizable energy and protein on feed intake, improve nutrient digestibility, performance and blood metabolites of Zell pregnant ewes at late gestation, 32 pregnant ewe (mean body weight 42.1 kg, 2.5 years-old, multiparous, 100 days of pregnancy) were used in completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 8 replicates. Treatments were included: 1) diet adapted to the requirement of pregnant ewes in accordance with the metabolizable energy and protein recommended in (NRC, 2007) on the 100th day of pregnancy (control). 2) diet with a high level of metabolizable energy (+10NRC) with corn. 3) diet with the high level of metabolizable energy (+10NRC) with micro-capsulated flax seed. diet with the high level of metabolizable protein (+10NRC) with Lys and Met. The results showed that nutrient consumption and digestibility of nutrients significantly increased in treatments with an increased level of metabolizable energy and protein (P <0.0231). The treatments with synthetic amino acids had the highest dry matter and digestibility. The effects of experimental treatments on rumen fluid pH and volatile fatty acids were not significant. Ammonia nitrogen content of ruminal fluid was significantly higher in control group (P<0.05). Increasing levels of metabolizable energy and protein could significantly reduce the weight loss and body condition score (P<0.001). The treatments with the high level of metabolizable energy were able significantly to avoid to reduce energy carriers (glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides) and also reduce the level of ketone bodies and NEFA in blood metabolites (P<0.0071). Generally according to the results of this study increasing levels of metabolizable energy and protein in rationy could be prevented to negative energy balance and metabolic disorders in pregnant ewes at late gestation.

This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of chemical and biological processing on the chemical composition, gas production parameters and in vitro digestibility of Cicer arietinum wastes in a completely randomized design (7 treatments and 3 replicates). Treatments were: unprocessed Cicer arietinum wastes (control) and processed with water (2.5 liter/kg DM), sodium hydroxide (50 g/kg DM), hydrogen peroxide (114 ml/ kg DM), Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma harzianum and Pleurotus ostreatus fungi (5×105 spores/ml). The chemical composition of the samples was determined using the standard methods. Gas production test was used to estimate the parameters of gas production in samples. In vitro digestibility of the samples was determined by the batch culture method. Processing was effective on chemical composition of treatments (P<0.03). Except for water, the other treatments increased ash and decreased organic matter. Crude protein content was increased by different treatments. The highest amount was observed in Trichoderma harzianum (4.76 percent). Sodium hydroxide decreased neutral detergent fiber compared to control (54 percent versus 56.66 percent). Processing decreased gas production potential and rate. The lowest amount of these traits was observed in Trichoderma harzianum (162.9 ml/ 200 mg DM and 0.052 ml/ h respectively). Sodium hydroxide and Aspergillus niger treatments increased (P<0.01) dry matter and organic matter digestibility (58 and 62 percent for dry mater digestibility, 57 and 62 percent for organic matter digestibility respectively). Microbial mass production and its efficiency was increased by the treatments (P<0.0003). The highest increase was seen in Aspergillus niger treatment (160.28 mg/g DM and 0.48 respectively). Based on the results of this research, sodium hydroxide and Aspergillus niger treatments were effective in improving the nutritional value of Cicer arietinum wastes in laboratory conditions.

This research was carried out to investigate the carcass physical and chemical characteristic of fattening black male kids. The 36 black male kids (native) weaned (4 months) with 25 kg initial weight fattened in closed nutrition system. They were received different diets of 1, 2 and 3 by different levels of 2, 2.4 and 2.8 Mcal/kg DM metabolizable energy (ME) respectively and 14 per cent crud protein. At the end of experiment 6 kids of each treatment randomly were selected, slaughtered and determined carcass physical and chemical characteristics. All data were analyzed in completely random design with using the GLM procedure of Statistical Analysis System package (SAS) ver. 8.2 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C.) and Duncan’s multiple range test was used to determine differences between treatment means (P< 0.05). The result showed that the best of carcass efficiency and empty body weight were 46.5 and 91 per cent in 2.8 Mcal/kg DM of ME diets respectively (P<0.05).The highest percentage of valuable parts of carcass included shoulder, leg and longissimus lumbar (eye) muscle were 23.2, 28.5 and 20.9 per cent respectively (P<0.05). Also, the highest percentage of red meat were 74.5 and 57.1 per cent in the leg and longissimus lumbar muscle respectively (P<0.05). The maximum eye muscle area and length of eye muscle were in 2.8 Mcal/kg DM ME (P<0.05) diet. The highest percentage of carcass crud protein was 22.7 in diet 1, but the lowest was 21.4 per cent in diet 2 (P<0.05). In conclusion, the diet of 2.8 Mcal/kg DM ME and 90 days fattening period recommended because it improved carcass physical and chemical composition characteristics of black male kids.

This study was conducted to determine the important nutritional properties of pomegranate by-product (seed and peel) for evaluating its potential in silage preparation compared to corn forage. At first, enough fresh pomegranate by-products were prepared from a fruit juice factory in the fall season. Then, the chemical composition, fatty acid profiles, phenolic compounds and gas production parameters were measured in dried pomegranate and corn forage samples. Also, the parameters of silage preparation were determined in fresh samples. The results showed that dry matter, crud protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and lignin content of pomegranate seed was higher (P <0.05) than peel. But, the water soluble carbohydrates and ash content of pomegranate seed was lower (P <0.05) than pomegranate peel. The water soluble carbohydrates in pomegranate peel was about two times more than corn forage. Moreover, pomegranate peel had high content of phenolic compounds (6.17%), total tannin (4.5%) and antioxidant activity (99.1%). Pomegranate seed and peel had 88.3% and 77.9% unsaturated fatty acids, respectively and the punicic acid content of pomegranate seed and peel was 64.9% and 46.9% of total fatty acids, respectively. The gas production parameters showed that metabolizable energy, net energy for lactation, short chain fatty acid, and organic matter digestibility in pomegranate seed and peel were lower (P <0.05) than corn forage. The buffering capacity of the mixture of pomegranate seed and peel (1:4) was in the proper range for the preparation of silage. Water storage capacity in the mixture of pomegranate seed and peel was lower (P <0.05) than corn forage. It was concluded that the mixture of pomegranate seed and peel (1:4) has suitable chemical composition for preparation of silage, and due to the antioxidant activity and fatty acids profile, could be considered as a valuable feed ingredient in replacement with the part of ruminant's required silage.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of washing, storage time and storage temperature on hatchability and post- hatch growth of East Azarbaijan goose eggs. A total of 144 clean goose eggs were randomly selected from Malekan goose research station, East Azarbaijan and were asigned randomly for each treatment. There were 12 treatments in a factorial arrangement 2×3×2 based on a completely randomized design with main effects pre- incubation egg washing and non- wash, storage period: 1, 10 and 20 days and two egg storage temperature 25°C and 7°C with 3 replicates of 4 eggs per each. Initial egg weight, egg weight after storage, egg weight before transfer to setter and egg weight loss during storage time were individulay measured. After hatch, chicks were individually weighed and the quality of gooslings were measured individualy by Tona method. Results showed that egg storage time and temperature had a significant effect on total egg weight loss (P<0.05). Egg storage time and temperature had a significant effect on fertility and hatchability of eggs (P<0.05), but washing of eggs had no significant effect (P>0.05). The lowest initial gosling weight was seen in eggs that stored 20d. The highest body weight at day 7 were seen in eggs stored 10 days in 7˚C with pre incubation washing (276.3 g). Egg storage time and storage temperature had significant effect on fertility and hatchability of goose eggs (P<0.05). The hatchability of eggs stored in 7˚ and 25˚ C were 82.75 and 75%, respectively. Increasing egg storage time and storage temperature had negative effect on the goosling quality. In conclusion, the increasing egg storage time and storage temperature can decrease the fertility, the hatchability of eggs and the post-hatch gosling quality, but pre-incubation egg washing had no significant effect on fertility and post- hatch quality of gosling.

The purpose of this work was to scan chromosome 5 for mapping QTL affecting live weight in an F2 population. A three generation resource population was developed by using two distinct Japanese quail strains, wild and white to map quantitative trait loci underlying hatching weight and growth traits. Eight pairs of white (S) and wild (W) birds were crossed reciprocally and 34 F1 birds were produced. The F1 birds were intercrossed to generate 422 F2 offspring. All of the birds from three generations (472 birds) were genotyped for three microsatellite markers on chromosome 5. Studied traits in this research were live weight from hatch to 5 weeks of age. QTL analysis was conducted applying the line-cross model and the least-squares interval mapping approach. In different situation QTL were live weight at hatch, live detected for weight at 1 week and 2 week. Although was theadditive effect for detected QTL significant but the dominant and tmprinting effects on these traits was not significant and the variance explained by the detected additive QTL effects ranged from 1.1 to 3.6 for different tariats.

The objective of this study was to investigate the role of genetic relationships between training and validation set with considering different ratio of phenotypic records of training set on accuracy of genomic prediction via animal models containing genotype × environment interactions in simulated imputation data. For this purpose, four different scenarios using 15k density containing different levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD= low and high) and quantitative trait loci (90 and 300) was simulated. After simulating the population, the markers randomly masked with 50 and 95 percentage of missing rate for each scenario; afterwards, hidden markers were imputed. In the following, using coding in R software, the simulation was done to create the genetic relationships between the traits in three environments with different heritability’s in original and imputed data. The accuracy of imputation ranged from 0.737 to 0.941. LD was main factor on accuracy of imputation. Accuracy of genomic prediction generally increased when LD and heritability was increased. When non-phenotyped animals for the second environment were estimated using information of their relatives in the third environment, accuracy of genomic predictions was generally high. The accuracy of genomic prediction was the highest, when 75% of the second environment animals had phenotypic records and evaluated using information of their relatives in the first and third environments. The results showed that genotype imputation of very low density to 15k panel is not always helpful for genotypes prediction. Generally, simultaneous usage of relatives information and increasing phenotypic records of validation set increase the accuracy of genomic predictions using animal models in presence of genotype × environment interactions.

In this research, the pedigree of 2164 Turkmen horses born in 1970 to 2016 were used to estimate the pedigree completeness level, inbreeding coefficients and mean average relatedness of livestock. The average equivalent complete generation, as a measure of pedigree completeness level, estimated as 0.49. In order to predict the incidence of inbreeding in the future generations, the average correlation coefficient between live animals was estimated. The average relatedness of the population was estimated to be 0.52%. 0.5 percent of the total registered horses were inbred. Mean, minimum and maximum of inbreeding coefficients were 0.06 , 0 and 0.25 percent for whole animals, respectively. Also mean, minimum and maximum inbreeding coefficients for inbred animals were 0.125, 0.03125 and 0.25 percent, respectively. Low average coefficient of inbreeding in this study showed that the severity of kinship is low, but with the necessary genetic control at the time of mating, it is possible to prevent high inbreeding in some individuals.