نشریه بحوث فی اللغه العربیه
سال نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 19، پاییز و زمستان 1397)

Sense is the first thing which helps the scholar to create technical images; because he elicits his images from different sources and then he synthesizes them to create his piece of literature; therefore modern literary criticism surveys the relation between technical images with five senses. Based on this credit, images were divided into seeing, hearing, taste, smell and touch. The meaning of touch image is all the images that get their material from things which are perceived through touching. In other words, they are images which demonstrate things like: heat, coldness, wet, dry, smoothness and concentration, etc. This study surveys the images related to five senses in the initial one third of the Holy Quran to reveal the hidden beauty of the verses and to discover the methods which is used in the Holy Quran to portray everything which is related to sense. This study has focused on the fact that how touch images made by using the declarative techniques have been expressed in the Quran. Besides, it has a passing reference to the actual images that portray touch evidence. The researcher, in this research, has applied descriptive and analytical methods.The most prominent results obtained are: a) most of touch images, particularly actual images, are intended to describe the fire which is provided by Great God for the opponents and pagans, b) most of declarative images which portray touch evidence are intended to demonstrate images which are perceptible and tangible in terms of concept and intentions to make them understandable for human’s mind and to place it in his heart, c) in its similes and metaphors, the Holy Quran has used perceptible things which human has faced in his environment and has perceived with his senses and at the same time has the most connection and closest association with the intended intentions, and d) most allusions which are somehow associated with touching have been used for things which hiding them is decent and uttering them is indecent.

Language teaching and learning have certain opportunities and challenges. 'Errors' are almost seen in all language areas; hence, researchers need to master a good command of error analysis to be able to make a distinction among different types of errors. The present study, therefore, attempted to use a descriptive-analytical approach to distinguish the possible causes of errors in translation tasks of Iranian third grade high school students. The target population of the study was defined as Iranian third grade high school students. The sample composed of 40 students randomly selected from among the high school students of North of Fars Province. Translation errors were extracted from the students' performance on three translation tests given to them during and at the end of the semester. The findings indicated that errors included addition and omission of language elements, wrong choice of items, and incorrect arrangement of structures. These errors seemed to be originated from language interference, intra-lingual errors and learning contexts.

Contradiction, as a literary instrument with all its forms, causes the attraction, influence and beauty of the texts, and consequently, the astonishment of the reader. It is based on the contrast and differences between the literal meaning and real meaning of the words and expressions. In most cases, discovering the contradictory meaning is due to intensive mental effort and deep thinking in order to understand the contradiction between the literal meaning and the their covert and ambiguous meaning. This study is therefore based on the a descriptive and qualitative analysis of the contents of the odes of the contemporary Palestinian poet, “Ali Fodeh” (1946-1982), along with the use of library sources with the aim of studying verbal and imagery samples of contradiction in his works and analyzing the way this method has been used in his works. This results of the study revealed that he has used mockery, contradiction and denial as the verbal contradictions and change, surprise and roles as the subcategories of imagery contradiction. Moreover, his aim in using this technique was to express the contradictions and conflicts of the society which lead to the hopelessness, the surprise and the poet's grudge in pursuit of his reformist goals.

Stylistics is one of the methods of linguistic critique and review of literary texts and main purpose is the discovery of the linguistic relations existing in the text and the expression of their artistic and aesthetic characteristics that make the text more distinct from other texts. Thus, the present paper attempts to investigate the degree of coherence between the structure and the content through the descriptive-analytical method and to analyze the most important stylistic indicators in the ode ‘City without Rain’. It is a political and mysterious one distinguished by characteristics such as individuality and identity. Sayyab put the shape and image of the poemon the legendary atmosphere and because of the dominance of the legendary climate on the body of the text, we see that he resorted to the mythical displacementto express the bereavement that afflicts them and used even the functional vocabulary in this poemin line with the general concept of the poem. On the other hand, artistic imagery such as imagesincluding metaphor, and the use of quasi-like similes, as well as the use of the concepts of other former poets, are other main techniques of the poet in expressing his feelings and emotions.

Homonymy is one of the most important mechanisms which results in the variable nature of the word meaning. This mechanism is called ‘Al-Moshtarak Al-Lafzi’ in traditional research in Arabic language. Despite the fact that homonymy studies encompass a significant space in Arabic language research, many of its aspects are still unfamiliar. The fact is that unrecognized aspects of homonymy can propound more extensive and complex issues than Al-Moshtarak al-Lafzi. Accordingly, the current research intends to study homonymy and its aspects in Arabic language. It also aims at showing the functions of hyponymy in the literature. The method of current study is analytic-descriptive. The article is divided into two parts. The first part includes the explanation of homonymy and its kinds based on data analysis. The second part studies literary functions of homonymy. The results show that homonymy in Arabic language is of different types that includes: absolute homonymy, partial homonymy, writing homonymy (homography), lingual homonymy, grammatical homonymy, phonetic homonymy (homophony), complex homonymy, opposite homonymy and contextual homonymy. In addition, these different types of homonymy are represented through literary devices like lingual trigonometry, pun, contrast, distribution, resemblance. In the literature, this linguistic device creates a paradoxical new space for addresser’s creative interpretation.

The miraculous dominance of the Holy Qur'an is not limited to its contents. Also, its structural methodology, which is highly formulated, has a significant role in establishing the dominance and controlling human soul. Adverb of manner is one of the important methods in the text of the Holy Qur'an whose examples are various and have been distributed in different ways. The organization of the relations between adverb of manner and subject within this method is also of great importance, tempting researchers to study it grammatically, rhetorically, lexically and semantically. This research tends to examine the organization of the relations between adverb of manner and subject and its various kinds through some divine verses in the Holy Qur'an according to the inductive–analytical approach. To determine these relations exactly is impossible but this research includes some of them; some of these cases are Metaphoric Reverse, General to General, Detail to General, Emphasis, Indigenization and Identification, Complete and Detail, Limited and Customization, Similarity, Causality, Modernity, Partial Synonymy, Contrastive relationship etc. Also, it has been found that adverb of manner is one of the most important methods of statement in the Holy Qur'an whose explanations and subjects circulate between grammar and rhetoric; some logical terms may be used in the statement of relations.