نشریه زبان پژوهی
پیاپی 3 (پاییز و زمستان 1389)

The present paper provides the analysis of the process of meaning-formation for the geographical orientations East and West in order to propose a typology for formulas meaning-formation. As a result, several major formulas have been recognized as follows: formation on the basis of movement of the Sun, on the basis of daily times, on the basis of body sides and on the basis of natural phenomena. All these major formulas are developed more or less in several minor formulas. The discussed formulas in the paper are extracted from real applications and verified with one or more samples from different languages across the world.The first result of this kind of study is finding out the various formulas used to build a specified meaning common between the peoples of different areas of the worlds, which leads to a typological semantics. Going through a puzzle-solving way of relationship between the equivalent meanings, we can lead to detect some meanings with complex or unknown formation in comparison.Furthermore, reviewing the surveyed samples, we can realize that the types of meaning-formation are not necessarily the same in cognate languages. Then this sort of study makes a ground for a semantic-typological relationship between the languages in morphology; a relationship which is free from the genetic bounds and mostly refers to the natural and cultural circumstances.Comparative study of meaning-formation formula is such a linguistic research that make comparative studies between languages possible, regardless of language cognation. This kind of research in the context of linguistics, provides a suitable ground for recognizing unknown roots and helps finding lost relations in word changes chain. Beyond linguistics, however, working on meaning-formation formula is actually such a study of history of ideas and can reveal some aspects of thinking ways and culture of various nations. In the present paper, the geographical orientations East and West has been selected as the study subject, because it has been common matter among various east and west nations.

Based on the Minimalist program and VP-shell analysis, the present study is to investigate the surface position of the main verbs in Persian language. In this regards, the word order and internal structure of verb phrases in Persian language have been mentioned and then, the head-position of Tense Phrase (TP) have been considered. In the next step, it has been theoretically and empirically shown that Tense is considered as as head-last parameters in this language. Nextly, it has been discussed how Tense affects the main verb and it has been suggested that verbal elements within the vP move higher up to the relevant functional heads, i.e. T or Perf, to pick up the inflection. To be more precise, in the Persian feature checking system when the inflection feature on v is valued, the value is strong; so the whole little v complex has to move out of the vP for checking purposes, including for tense marking (as in French, but unlike what happens in English). Finally, a number of empirical evidences, including the position of lower adverbials, VP-ellipsis, confirmatory tag questions, and the interaction between tense and perfect aspect, are provided for favoring verb movement out of vP in Persian.

The main purpose of this research is the evaluation and comparison of the quality of four Persian translations of the English novel The prince and the pauper, by Mark Twain, the famous American writer. Amongst various models for quality assessment of translation, Garces’ model (1994) has been chosen as the framework of this research. The model contains four different levels. These levels are semantic-lexical, syntactic-morphological, discursive-functional and stylistic-pragmatic. Each one of these levels has also sub-groups and special parts based on which translated texts have been measured and assessed. in the present study, four translation of three translators are assessed and the results whichare presented in the form of diagrams show the frequency of each sub-part. By calculating the abundant quantities offour aforementioned levels and subgroups, determining the quantities of common areas in all translations (i.e., Addition, Conservation and Suppression), calculating the quantity of employed rhetorical figures in translated literary texts on the basis of three factors (i.e., Conservation, Suppression and Variation), and finally the quality of translations on the basis of two parameters of acceptability and adequacy with regard to positive and negative markers, the research came to the conclusion that the translations are classified as follows: A. Positive markers: 1.Translation of Mohammad Ghazi (1955) 2.Translation of Valiollah Ebrahimi (1969) 3.Translation of Mohammad Ghazi (1987) 4.Translation of Daryush Shahin and Sousan Ardakani (2007). B. Negative markers: 1.Translation of Daryush Shahin and Sousan Ardakani(2007) 2.Translation of Mohammad Ghazi (1987) 3.Translation of Mohammad Ghazi (1955) 4.Translation of Valiollah Ebrahimi (1969).

Meaning is produced and understood as a result of the interactionof different factors like text, readers’ or listener’s preconception, textual context, situational context and sociocultural context dynamically at any event of reading. Indeed, meaning is the resultant of all these forces in the form of the interpretation of the reader of the text. As it was mentioned, one of these factors is textual context; i.e. co-text. This study tries to show how this factor influences the meaning of the text. Thus, after reviewing different definitions of this concept, several examples are taken to study the influence of textual context on their meanings.

The present study is to discuss the relationship between the social variable of "gender" and the linguistic features of the female group in Parvin Etesami´s poems. In contrast to the common view that Parvin had a kind of male tendency in her poems, this study shows that she really acted as a female in most of the linguistic features of her poems including word selection, structural patterns, subject selection as well as pragmatic and paralinguistic features. So, Etesami’s Divan is an illustration of the mind and spirit of a real woman. This article concluded that etesami’s poems shows women moods and mentality and reflects linguistic type of her gender group

Language and identity are two indispensable components in the formation of the sub-structures of human societies in terms of the individual and social relations. The present article is to consider the relationship between these two parameters and to investigate the role of language in constructing identity. The study were done using library and review method and related literature was collected through different sources such as journals, internet sites and books. Passing language and identity borders as a consequence of the information revolution in recent decades followed by globalization process, have increasingly affected necessity of studying language and identity. Thus, the concepts examined include: identity, ethnic identity, national identity and the effect of language on them; ethnic language, national language and their relationship with identity; some linguistic theories about identity; language parameters affecting identity formation; and the effect of religious literature on national identity, specially Iranian identity. Respecting ethnic languages and paying more attention to the national language as the medium of communication between nations and governments and also as a symbol of unity of different ethnicities are suggested.

The purpose of the present paper is to analyze the phonological process by which the Kurdish additional phoneme –i changes into –a in the context of Kurdish language additional structure. In doing so, we have collected several data from various empirical fields such as the definiteness scope of the definite marker, the definiteness effects of demonstrative pronouns and the interplay of discourse-linked quantifiers with additional phoneme, to argue that the context conditioning the phonological process under discussion can not be defined according to linear adjustment of morphemes in phonological form, but may only be defined in syntactically motivated structural terms. Specifically, it have been demonstrated that the additional phoneme undergoes the phonological change in the context of a c-commander morpheme marked with the feature [+definite]. On a theoretical level, this study provides evidence that this kind of structural relations in syntax plays an important role in defining the contexts to which phonological processes apply in PF.