نشریه زبان پژوهی
پیاپی 6 (بهار و تابستان 1391)

Knowledge of syntax and semantics are mixed together in a way that for understanding the word accurately, it should be studied from the perspective of these two fields, and with regard to the conventional and similar usage among the scientists in these two discussed areas. Some western linguists believe in the priority of term over meaning and some others believe in the priority of meaning over term. Arabic syntax rules with its unique feature, namely the I’rab, have a special status regarding the term and the appearance of the word, which in the beginning, conveys the predominance of term over meaning and it seems that I’rabs determine the secrets of meaning, latent and apparent secrets of words and determine the rhetorical delicacy of it. However, considering the categories such as catching the I’rabs in the setting of meaning, not changing of the I’rabs in the absence of semantic accordance, and coordination of meaning and term, one can understand about the importance of meaning in the formation of term. In this regard, in the present article, while speaking of this semantic domination, we study the specific domination of meaning in the documents, proof and elimination of occurrence modes, and the role of symmetries in choosing of “Raf” gestures and have shown some evidence from subject, linked object, fixed (maghtoeh) adjective and ‘bab eshteghal’. The research method is descriptive and analytical and is supported by documents from early scholars involved in the science of syntax.

This has always been a question that what factors contribute in the formation and transmission of meaning and that how language can exceed its limited context to produce new and unexpected meanings. This is always a new question. The meaning cannot be perceived as a predetermined and fixed matter; because the formation of meaning is determined by a lively, active, open and flowing stream; therefore, whenever we speak about meaning, we should notice the process that forms meaning. In fact, meaning is realized through an interaction cycle, based on the position, and through a process in which various capabilities of speakers are actively employed. What is the nature of such a discourse competence and how can it be activated? This article intends to answer the above mentioned question. The purpose of this article, besides responding to the above question, addresses this important point that meaning is not just produced, but is perceived and interpreted. And based on the same perception and interpretation, actions and reactions of meaning in relationships and interactions with each other, lead to production of new and qualitative meaning.

In this study we have tried to compare the difference of overall performance between metaphorical and non- metaphorical expressions on bilinguals’ memory performance; and therefore 30 volunteer Azari bilingual participants were selected. To study the memory performance of the subjects, first we provided thirty metaphorical and non- metaphorical Azari expressions for students and then administered a free recall test. Then, we provided thirty metaphorical Farsi and Azari expressions for subjects in order to compare the memory performance in the first and second language. The research hypotheses were tested using dependent-groups t-test. Findings of the study showed that participants’ remembrance of metaphorical expressions is significantly more than non-metaphoricals; bilinguals have remembered metaphors of the first language more than the second language, and this difference was statistically significant. With regards to these findings, we can conclude that metaphoric concepts, because of specific characteristics of the cognitive properties, have features which using them will increase the power to remember materials; in the first language also, the transfer of emotional concepts, is more than in the second language; and therefore, the metaphors of the first language have cognitive priority.

Discretional Verses form a great part in muallaqat saba’a. The composers of these qa
'id have not only pictured their own poetic intentions, but also described their lovers’ places of residence, natural phenomena, roadster (camel), warfare, and other events. To do so and to give a bare outline of the scenes they are describing, they have kept a rhythmic effect, especially through the phonetic music of the letters. Since the poet needs to unveil the exact features and status of the described event to prolong the audience gaze in the process of sensational description, the poets of Muallaqat Saba’a have enriched their sensational descriptions with the element of music so that the phonetic aspect of their desired phenomena becomes more vivid to the audience. As the music of the letters unlike the metre can be different in each bayt from other bayts, using a proper typesetting, these seven poets have intensified the music and maintained a phonetic solidarity and adapted it to the desired meaning., Among these seven poets, Imru` al-Qais and Labid, have demonstrated more adjustment of word, meaning and the music of the letters, and the typesetting effect (especially naturalistic ones) in their poems, is more rigorous. The reason may be the greater number of discretional verses about nature in their muallaqats and their being more attentive to nature compared to other poets of Muallaqat Saba’a. Antare and Imro-ibn-kolsum have also taken advantage of martial music resulted from letters and epigram typesettings to the greatest extent, so in describing warfare the music of their poems is sharper and clearer, as these two have utilized letters which when put together recall the clinging of swords and harpoons and the commotion of war. On the other hand, discretional poems of Tarafa, Zuhayr, and Harith embrace less phonetics and the adaptation of word and meaning in their poems is less precise, which can be explained by two arguments: first, compared to Imru` al-Qais and Labid these three poets have been less concerned with sensational descriptions of nature, and second, they have achieved music in their poems through the prosodic metre.

There is a general consensus among researchers that oral feedback is one of the best ways of delivering feedback for ESL/EFL students in writing classes. In fact, a number of recently conducted studies indicate that using oral feedback makes the process of delivering feedback easier and more comprehensive. Therefore, the present study is an attempt to investigate whether oral feedback can better improve students’ writing ability incomparison to written feedback, and to examine the students’ reactions and perceptions of oral feedback. The participants were 30 Iranian male and female IELTS candidates. They were divided into two groups and instructed in the same way. However, the first group had oral feedback during instruction, and the second group received written feedback in their class. The analyses of the results indicate that the students who had oral feedback in their class could improve their writing ability better and had positive perceptions of oral feedback.

Arab contemporary literature includes a set of new and modern concepts for which some have originated in the west. One of these concepts is intertextuality which in Arabic means Tanas. Intertextuality is a culturalsocial approach that has penetrated in all areas, especially in literature and has made wonderful changes in it, and contemporary poets have exploited it, too. The present paper deals with intertextuality in Salah Abdolsaboor's poem, the modern Egyptian poet, through analyzing meanings and relying on his distiches, and describes its aspects in three axises of Cultural Seer, Dialogism and Semiology. In the present paper, firstly the effect of local cultural resorces such as Quran and Abo-al-Ala Al- Moary respectively in enhancing the hope and rationality and then the effect of foreign cultural resources such as T.S.Eliot in enhancing the realistic perspective of Ablsaboor are discussed. Finally we aim at explaining the social perspective of Abdolsaboor in discussing and reforming the social problems.

Carl Gustav Jung has paid more attention to arts, including literature, in the study of the psyche. He has divided the artistic creations manner into two parts: psychological and visual (Didehvaraneh). The psychological manner results from consciousness and involves the current and usual experience of life and it seems more logical than Didehvaraneh manner. However, the latter originates from the unconscious and is beyond wisdom, thought and understanding of the human being. In this article, first in an introduction, we have studied the relationship between the art of literature and psychology science within the psychoanalysis school of Jung, and then, the artistic creation’s manner of Didehvaraneh is explored in some of Molana’s Sonnets in two parts: Didehvaraneh poem and Didehvaraneh poet. The writers of this article believe that Jung’s Didehvaraneh manner is the same as the revelatory manner from which Molana has been changed while saying his sonnets. This manner has its own movement; it means that spiritual exploration happens first; then the poem is written, based on the capacity of the poet to attract revelation and his preparation of intuition. But because this kind of poetry is formed in a particular context, it has an ambiguous language and capability of paraphrasing. Thus, Didehvar artist (i.e. Molana) is both universal and controversal.

In a learning situation, different learners resort to different strategies that are based on their learning experiences in the past. This strategy variety is identified to stem from factors such as attitude, motivation, age, personality, academic degree, and gender. In the current research, we have studied the impact of gender on the type and frequency use of English vocabulary learning strategies by students of the fifth district of Islamic Azad University. For this purpose, we have distributed 300 questionnaires included fifty strategies (in six groups: memory, cognitive, restorative, synergistic learning, emotional, and social) between male and female students in the branches of Azad University in Arak, Khomein, Hamedan, Malayer, Boroujerd and Doroud, without considering the criteria other than gender distribution. We have analyzed 180 and 114 questionnaires of males and females, respectively and we have found no significant difference. Only five strategies out of fifty have shown a significant difference between two genders. Therefore, according to the results of this study, gender has not special impact on the type and frequency of learning strategies. In addition, results demonstrate to educationalists the importance of a careful instruction of vocabulary learning strategies in English classes.

In the present article, we have studied the current Persian language from a sociolinguistic point of view, as a sexist language. The hypothesis of this study is that, although the current Persian language, like other sexist languages such as English, German, French, etc. is not a sexist language at the syntactic level. However, its use in lexicon, morphology, and sometimes with regard to semantics and metaphor, shows it can be a sexist language. Therefore, in order to prove this hypothesis, various linguistic data have been gathered through recording Persian speaker's conversations, reading newspapers, magazines and etc. After a regular categorization, we have analyzed the data; and finally the linguistic as well as social variables causing sexism in the current Persian language have been explored through an ordered questionnaire.

Despite the importance of causative construction- that is part of universalities- and in spite of extensive investigations on causative constructions in other languages, studies about root, morphological and helping causatives in Azeri Turkish are only limited to traditional studies; and descriptions about adding of a single causative morpheme /-dir/ has been allocated to the stem of verbs like: /qâçdirm
q/ ‘cause to run’ and /y
tdirm
q/ ‘cause to sleep’. In the present study, we will study the semantic, syntactic and pragmatic characteristics of lexical causative constructions (root, morphological and helping ones) on the base of role and reference grammar. The important results of this study are (a) the root, morphological, and helping casualties imply direct causation; (b) most of the verbs show accomplishment and achievement processes; (c) causative sentences have predicate focus in unmarked form, whereas in marked ones, they may have narrowed and sentence focused forms.