نشریه زبان پژوهی
پیاپی 7 (پاییز و زمستان 1391)

The appearance of narration and the conceptual analysis of the twentieth-century novel along the dimensions of narrative, structure construction, content-orientation and choice of vocabulary have not only been a paramount preoccupation of authors, but they have also exercised a huge impact on the unbridled ideological tenor and worldview of the present age. The forces impacting on the system of narration have been, at least in part, moulded by social, political, historical, psychological and structuralism upheavals, and, in so doing, subjected many a writer and novelist to the mercy of ascendant theoretical frameworks and lofty precepts on good writing. From this surfaced some other groups of creators who heaped an uncanny combination of pompous scorn and severe critique on the whole gamut of classic rules of novel writing and narration. Modern French Literature saw the thunderous arrival of Louis-Ferdinand Celine on the stage of novel writing in the twentieth century, and, not any less so, the parallel emergence of novel guises in which creative and, sometimes deconstructive style manifested themselves. Then, the ascendancy of Saussure's "signifiers" and his "formal and semantic system" link up with the language of the individual and yet challenge the community in terms of contrasts and differences, even resentment towards language and meaning in the tumultuous era Celine was in. consequently, he employs expressive techniques and style of "verbal language" and slang to break the mould of the written language, investing it with a new mould in turn and leaving immediate dialogic thrill and a palpable sense of interaction in the reader through the "direct and unfettered delivery of verbal language, slang and play". The present study aims to look at the different influential aspects of these verbal and linguistic elements, endeavoring to bring out the anti-traditional trappings of his novel based on some of the modern-day thoughts and viewpoints in terms of text, language and style.

"Dar" is one of the Persian spatial prepositions; its core/typical sense reveals a spatial-geometric relationship between a trajectory (TR) and landmark (LM). There are some other non-spatial senses which are associated with this lexical form, too. But, how does a spatial relation give rise to non-spatial senses? The main purpose of this paper is to show that non-spatial senses of "Dar" are emerged from the usage of its spatial sense in different contexts. In fact, functional consequences of the usage of its spatial sense are the common points between spatial and non-spatial senses of "Dar". To clarify the above idea, we gathered different usage of"Dar" s spatial sense and their related functional consequences. Then, we recognized bridging contexts which lead to departure of functional consequences from their creating contexts. Finally, we explained that the departed functional consequences turn to independent parameters which contain linguistic contents of "Dar"s non-spatial senses.

the definition of the compound preposition, their numbers and their limitations is one subject on which traditional grammarians and linguists disagree. Of course this subject refers back to the structure of the Persian Language and the special characteristics of the compound prepositions themselves. It is possible to omit some simple prepositions from some compound prepositions in Persian or to make use of a simple preposition and with the same meaning without having the meaning changed. The basic part of the Persian compound prepositions is a noun; prepositions and adjectives are rarely used. Sometimes the combination of two simple prepositions leads to the formation of a compound preposition. In Russian Language the compound prepositions are made of noun, adverb and verb. Because of the morphological features of this language, the constituents are effected by the prepositions on the one hand and have three word prepositions on the other hand. In this article an attempt is made to present the descriptions of compound prepositions, their structural, semantics and syntactic features by the grammarians and linguists and to compare them in Persian and Russian. In this way some references are used for distinguishing compound prepositions from similar compounds

Critical metaphor analysis is a perspective that aims to bring together perspectives from critical discourse analysis, corpus analysis, pragmatics and cognitive linguistics. The fundamental functions of metaphor in discourse are foregrounding and backgrounding of ideologies, and representation and reproduction of ideologies in media which these functions were analyzed in newspapers. In this research, different approaches to critical metaphor analysis were introduced and then many instances of discourse metaphor from Resalat, Keyhan, Iran, Mardomsalari and Aftabe Yazd newspapers were analyzed based on Van Dijk’s critical discourse analysis approach and Cameron’s discourse metaphor approach. Research data represent that the fundamental functions of metaphor in discourse are foregrounding and backgrounding of ideologies, and representation and reproduction of ideologies in media and also research data analysis represents that ideological strategies of systemic metaphor in discourse include polarization, positive self- representation and negative other- representation, actor description, antagonism, example/illustration, evidentiality, national self-glorification, consensus, repetition, implication, explanation and lexicalization.

Poetic images are primary elements in the essays Kamal Abodeib and Mohammad Reza Shafiee Kadkani and are of the most important criteria in the poetry criticism of Iranian and Arabic critics in all periods of times. This aspects of aesthetic cognition of poetry in the contemporary period was considered by the critics of the two languages and some predominant Iranian and Arabian critics wrote independently on this topic. Kamal Abodeib and Shafiee Kadkani are instances of these critics which have presented new and bright viewpoints in the field of imaginative figures in their outstanding creations. A critical view with a new critical state in the field of poetic images and compilation of independent books on this topic have obliged use to take part in a research and comparison of the various opinions of these two critics in the field of poetry images. A research in the field of imaginary figures of poems illustrates a general view of the critic to this phenomenon of aesthetic cognition and his research is a research in the oral structure of a literary essay. This critic justified the opinion of Abdolghaher Jorjani who believes poetry images are primary, dynamic and lively elements in the creation of an artistic essay. He believes that coordination between meaning level and psychological level can improve poetry figures. Shafiee’s research on imaginary figures shows that he has a profound and impressive look in this field. He knows the imaginary figures as a collection of visual images. Unlike Abodeib’s manner, his course as a critic is completely partial and elaborated. This critic like Abodeib used an adaptive method and after a discussion of some theoretic problems in this zone adapted these with poetic instances.

In phonetics, intonation is described as a suprasegmental feature which has a significant role in nearly all world languages. The present study was an attempt on the comparative study of intonation system in Isfahani and Tehrani varieties based on rise, fall and connection model of intonation (Taylor, 2009). This project proposes that Isfahani and Tehrani intonation contours can be described using a sequence of rise, fall and connection elements. For this study, five interrogative sentences were said by four Isfahani and Tehrani native speakers. The results were then assessed using “General Linear Model Test” in the SPSS program. The results revealed that pitch contour durations were not significant in Isfahani and Tehrani varieties but pitch amplitudes in Isfahani variety were higher than Tehrani.

The goal of this article is to evaluate the Generative Model of Language Acquisition based on data and evidence of Persian syntactic acquisition. For this, at first, the fundamental characteristics which paved the way to the introduction of this model have been reviewed. Then, the question of this research, the nature of UG and the way it is represented in the core grammar has been raised. Continuity and maturational are two main views about the nature of UG and its representation in core grammar. Providing evidence from the acquisition of Persian syntax, we come to this conclusion that neither continuity nor maturation is comprehensive enough to explain the given data and evidence. This implies that any exclusively formal explanation for language acquisition is insufficient. An explanatorily adequate model for child language acquisition is the one that takes both formal and functional preferences in the account. At the end of this article, such a formal- functional model has been suggested.

This paper is an attempt to develop a theory of ergativity syntax, focusing on the past transitive structures in Kurdish where ergativity manifests itself. In so doing, the origins of ergativity will be traced back to past participle constructions attested in old Iranian languages such as Old Persian. Drawing on the findings from the investigation of historical development of ergativity, coupled with the evidence from a diverse array of structures that share formal characteristics with the past transitive structure in Kurdish, I will argue that ergativity arises in transitive structures in which the transitive verb, subcategorizing for a complement DP, is unaccusative and the subject DP, bearing the agent role, is licensed as the specifier of a high applicative head that takes Vp as its complement. Thus analyzed, ergativity is construed as an epiphenomenon deriving from the interplay of the independently motivated operations of the syntax of ergativity languages.

Variation of past stem of Persian verbs has been explored by traditional grammarians as well as modern linguists. The present study is an investigation of phonological changes among past verbs traditionally known as regular versus irregular verbs. The study classifies the Persian past stem into five categories based on the number of rules applied to it. The first category refers to verbs like “kosht” (killed) formed from “present stem” (kos) + past maker (t). the second refers to verbs like ”xord”(ate) formed from “present stem” (xor), a morphological rule (past marker) and a phonological one. The third category of verbs described in this study need two phonological rules to alter present into past. The 4th category needs three phonological rules to be applied to in addition to a morphological one. The last one refers to the verbs which need four phonological changes in addition to a past marker. The study shows that the only form of past marker is /t/. it has been also argued that some past stems are influenced by some phonological constraints like consonants appearing as final clusters as well as vowels appearing as a nucleus. Moreover the study indicates that morphological aspects of verbs should be regarded as an important factor in phonological structure of past stem of Persian verbs. In this way the study has provided evidence to support interference of phonology and morphology. The study has provided evidence to show that classifying verbs into regular and irregular is not plausible. It has been argued that all verbs are formed regularly.

Forensic linguistics is a discipline coordinated with legal goals in the judicial system, focusing on all branches of linguistics including phonetics, semantics, discourse and etc. this science is not well known in Iran; whereas, it can have applications in the judicial system. The author aims to show how linguistic analysis can help to identify language crime especially when there are no clear available proofs or documents. Language crime refers to some special speech acts which are typically illegal; in other words, language crime is accompanied with speech acts like lying, threatening bribery… Having observed numerous cases in courts and police stations (Bureau of Police Investigation), the author chose data which included “lies” and analyzed it. This complete data is analyzed in two ways. First, “defendants’ statements” and second “power relation” are analyzed. The author draws this conclusion that linguistics strategies like semantic tools (schema, frame, verb meaning), syntactic tools (mood of verb), discoursal tools (power relation) … can be effective to identify and analyze language crimes. Perjury/lie is considered as a crime in both courts and Bureau of Police Investigation. Analyzing all language crimes in one article is not possible; therefore, the author analyzes just one which is perjury/lie.