نشریه زبان پژوهی
پیاپی 16 (پاییز 1394)

Linguistics is one of the most effective tools in stylistics analysis and the language used for it is indeed one aspect of the distinction between literary theories. This is the fundamental hypothesis of this paper. This research, with acomparative perspective, reviews the use of language in Realism and Surrealism Theories, and by studying two famous novels in the Persian language: Hedayat’s Boofe Koor and Daneshvar’s Suvashun, the distinction between them is expressed.This study is based on Geoffrey Leech's Cognitive Style Theory. Alinguistic analysis shows that, although common principles can be seen in the linguistic elements of all literary theories, the use and frequency of each of these elements such as noun, verb, adjective, adverb, syntax and sentence structure, verbal figures and coherence or incoherence leads to significant differences between the language in various theories.

This paper attempts to explore Turkish/Persian intrasentential code-switching employing the matrix language frame model (MLF), due to its high explanatory power in intrasentential code-switching, and null theory, which focuses on the role of the head in determining the phrase structure configuration of its complements in code-switching. The data were collected from a primary school by tape-recording and note-taking of interaction taking place between the bilingual teachers (n = 12) and students (n = 100). The data analysis provided evidence to claim that Turkish and Persian were taken as matrix language (ML) and embedded language (EL), respectively because Turkish language constitutes the grammatical configuration of mixed sentences and all system morphemes in such sentences also belong to Turkish. But Persian quantifier phrases in Turkish morpho-syntactic frame were incompatible with MLF model prediction as EL islands. Examining the data according to null theory also challenges the role of the head in determining the phrase structure configuration of its complements in code-switching. As it became clear from the data collected, both the high frequency of words and their conceptual significance in the bilingual mind can be taken as determining factors in selecting one of the two different grammatical structures of the languages involved in code-switched phrases and dependent clauses.

Negation is one of the linguistic categories that exist in all languages and it has long been considered by different sciences including philosophy, logic, psychology and linguistics. Various researches have been so far devoted to this category of language. However, experience in teaching this subject at universities and higher education centers reveals that proper application of meaning and spelling of negative particle «не» with different parts of speech including noun, adjective, verb, and pronoun, is still one of the major and complex issues in Russian language. It creates major difficulties on the way of learning the writing and correct spelling of Russian language for foreign language learners including Iranians. Orthography of negative particle «не» in Russian adjectives (considering its productivity with adjectives compared to other parts of speech), i. e. continuity or discontinuity of written negative particle with adjective bases, is so important that neglecting it could create a semantic difference in sentence context. Factors such as contrast and analogy in sentence context, adjective-dependent words, emphasizing negative trait expressed through adjectives, negation of positive trait expressed through adjectives, and comparative and superlative adjectives could significantly affect continuity or discontinuity of written negative particle «не» in Russian adjective structure. By providing numerous examples, the current study was conducted to analyze the nature of negation in Russian language in terms of application and orthography of negative prefix «не» in word formational structure of a word class, i. e. adjective, in Russian language compared to its equivalent «negative prefixes» in Persian.

Firuzabadi is one of the so called Southwestern Iranian dialects which is spoken by the residents of Firuzabad, a town located southwest of Fars province. This dialect is closely related with other fars dialects and with southern Lori dialects. Historically, Firuzabadi is derived from Middle Persian which itself is derived from Old Persian. The aim of this paper is to study the etymology of some Firuzabadi words. Finally, other equal words in Persian dialects, especially, southwestern ones are located. A comparative study is made with the cognates of the words in Middle and Old Persian as well as other Iranian languages and dialects.

The present article attempts to explore the process of “Verb Ellipsis” within the Cognitive Linguistics framework as the primary objective and to scrutinize verb ellipsis process by comparing this process with the analyses of traditional syntax especially in Persian language as the secondary one. For this purpose, this study is to establish credibility by a representational-denotational approach as well as through understanding” Meaning”. The data under exploration in this study constitutes a population of sentence-based Persian norm written-language and their spoken equivalents which have been analyzed within the theoretical framework of Cognitive Linguistics with respect to “Frame Semantics” theory and the concept of “Semantic Frame”. To do so, the ellipses of “verb” lexical unit in coordinate sentences also the ellipsis of verb in a usual sentence have been analyzed. Finding show that according to the theoretical framework of the study, verb ellipsis in the coordinate sentences occurs due to the activation of similar frames and similar element frames. This claim is verified by introducing two concepts: “Role Assignment Principles” and “Principle of Surface Proximity”. Also, concerning the verb ellipsis in coordinate sentences, the ellipsis of non-verbal units of the complex predicates is dealt with, and due to the presence of another element frame having the same role it seems unnecessary. By the same token, the writer beholds it significant to leave out the verb in single sentences like proverbs and cliche sayings with regard to the activated background knowledge.

Language is a social phenomenon affected by various factors including gender. In different societies, language sexism causes oppression and discrimination against one of the genders (usually females) explicitly and implicitly. The aim of the present study is to see if there is language sexism in Iranian social magazines and if so, whether it is explicit or implicit. To accomplish the above goal, a random sample of sixty stories was drawn from four high-circulating periodicals: Khanevade Sabz, Ruzhaye Zendegi, Khane Sabz and Fazilat Khanevade. The texts of these stories were scrutinized with respect to such features relevant to men and women as depiction of names, emotional and personality characteristics, reaction in stressful situations and finally attributes, metaphors and allusions employed to portray them. The results of data analysis revealed that the language of the stories was not sexist with regard to the depiction of namxxxxxes and representation of characters but gender discrimination was significantly observed in other cases under study both explicitly and implicitly.

Forensic linguistics is a new interdisciplinary branch of applied linguistics and law which utilizes language and linguistic evidence to analyze spoken and written texts technically. It helps police and judges to uncover the truth in lawsuits or proves the occurrence or non-occurrence of a crime in criminal cases in the courts. Discourse analysis is feasible using several tools and principles, including "Grice cooperative principles”. This study aims to show the role of changing the subject and violation of Grice cooperative principles in interrogations. That is, the accused seeks to prolong the duration of the investigation or provide incomplete information to the interrogator officer which consistently violates these strategies. On the other hand, the legal context and power relations do not allow the accused to change the subject according to his own desire or give irrelevant answers constantly. If this happens, it can be concluded that the accused tried to mislead the interrogator in linguistic terms. This research is a fieldwork study. After tens of observations of interrogations recorded in Tehran Police Bureau, the real samples were selected, classified and studied. The authors seek to introduce these principles and demonstrate their use in interrogations.