فصلنامه دانش حسابداری
پیاپی 20 (بهار 1394)

This study investigates the trend of compliance of government budget expenses with the approved annual budget bill, regarding interperiod equity of allocating earnings from sale of oil and its derivatives during the budget financial years in the Iranian Islamic government, within accounting context. To proceed, using the government statements of earnings and expenses of annual budget and the variance analysis reports, the study examined the compliance trend of allocating budget resources in the years 1357-1391. The findings from statistical tests of hypotheses indicated that within the above mentioned period, the interperiod equity condition for allocating budget earnings has not been satisfied. Also, the findings showed that the unmet condition of interperiod equity was at the most sever state in the years 1381 to 1386.

The main objective of this study is to investigate nonlinear relationship between investment on fixed assets and performances of the companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange, TSE, in the 4- year-period of 1386 to 1390, regarding the differences among industries that arises from different amount of investments on fixedassets in different industries. The panel data model is used to test the research hypothesis. In this model, firm’s performance is viewed as the dependent variable, and investment on fixed assets along with control variables of firm size, capital structure, profitability, dividends and unemployment rates as independent variables.The findings indicated that there exists a non-linear relationship between capital intensity and firm’s performance in all the companies in the TSE, and that it is a U-shaped relationship in the non-metallic mineral industry and food industry that means there exists one point in which at a given level of investment on fixed assets, firm’s performance is at the minimum level. Also, the results indicated that the relationship for the chemical products industry is an inverted Ushaped one, where the optimal point shows the maximum performance of the firms at a given level of investment on fixed assets.

The Return on Investment (ROI) is widely regarded as a key measure of firm’s performance. The literature has recognized, mostly, that ROI will not reflect economic profitability. This study takes behavior of ROI as a function of two variables: past growth and accounting conservatism. The studied sample consists of 61 firms listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange, in which the required data for a 5-year-period of 1386-1390 was available. In this study the growth of investment refers to the growth of expenses for advertising and R&D, and conservatism means unconditional conservatism from direct transfer of these expenses to expenditure account. The growth of investment, which may stand at a level higher or lower than a critical value, measured by internal rate of return, may be regarded as moderate or excessive. The hypotheses were tested by the regression model of panel data. The findings showed that in case of conservative accounting, higher growth results in lower level of ROI. Conversely, in case of more conservative accounting, the ROI will increase, provided that new investments grow moderately over the relevant time horizon.

Separating management jobs and ownership imposes agency problem among different groups of stakholders. Corporate Governance in organizations is a mechanism for mitigating the problem. Also, in different organizations, tax computation and payment is viewed as an interesting subject. Investors demand for increasing earnings and firm’s value that make them to reduce the amount of taxes and may lead to less payment of taxs. Nevertheless, the public ask for companies’ recognition of fair amount of taxes and companies’ regular payments of taxes. In this environment, corporate governance may create balance between the public’s and companies’ interests. This study investigates the relationships between some indexes of corporate governance, such as institutional ownership, board independency and board size, and the issue of tax avoidance. For this purpose, we studied 146 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange, during 2001-2012. The results from 1227 firm-year data within an unbalanced panel data model showed no significant relationship between corporate governance and tax avoidance. Additionally, findings showed a negative significant relationship between control variables of profitability and firm’ size, and a positive significant relationship between tax auditing and tax avoidance.

This paper investigates how potential conflicts and disagreements between managers’ and auditors’ interests about earnings management and use of discretionary accruals cause friction between manager and auditor, and affect the length of tenure and the continuity of auditor’s work. The criterion used to evaluate earnings management is discretionary accruals that were calculated by the modified Kasznik model. The data used in this study are from 72 firms listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period of 1381-1390, and a logistic regression model is used for data analysis. The results showed that there is not a significant relationship between positive discretionary accruals and auditor change. Also, the results indicated that there is a significant relationship between negative discretionary accruals and auditor change.

This study investigates the effect of income smoothing on unsystematic risk of the companies listed in the Tehran stock exchange. Eckel model is used to identify the smoother companies. In the first hypothesis, a simple linear regression test is used to specify the effect of income smoothing on unsystematic risk of the companies. Then, the relationship between factors affecting income smoothing behavior and unsystematic risk of the companies is investigated, using linear multiple regression test. In the second to sixth hypotheses, the variables of company size, liquidity ratio, liability contract, income variability and industry type are regarded as independent variables, and unsystematic risk as dependent variable. In this research, the number of sample data for a 10-yearperiod from 1381 to 1390 accounted to 650 year-company. The findings of the research indicated that income smoothing reduces unsystematic risk, and the factors representing company size, liquidity ratio, liability contract, income variability and industry type have significant relationships with unsystematic risk.

The predictions provided by the executives about company’s future profitability contain potentially valuable concepts that help investors to make optimal decisions. Like any other information, the value of this prediction depends on its accuracy and credibility in investors’ point of view. The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the accuracy of managers’ earnings forecasts and senior managers’ turning. In theories, it is expected that shareholders support the managers that have more accurate and informative predictions. Having this objective, the data of 81 firms for a 5-year-period, were collected. A multivariate panel regression model is used to test the research hypotheses. The results showed that there exists a negative significant relationship between the accuracy of managers’ earnings forecasts and senior managers turning. In other words, in the Iranian companies, managers with more realistic and accurate predictions for future profit, were considered able managers and were accepted to hold their managing positions by investors. In the second hypothesis, the companies divided into two groups of firms with good performance and firms with poor performance. The findings from testing the hypothesis indicated that in the firms with poor performance, there was a positive and stronger relationship between the accuracy in prediction of absolute performance by the managers and changing director managers, compared with the firms with good performance. In other words, when companies’ performance is satisfactory, supporting the managers with less accurate earnings forecasts could be expected more.