مجله تاریخ و تمدن اسلامی
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1384)

The life and the short period of caliphate of Imam Hassan, as the events led to his compromise with Mu‘ awiya contain many obscure points whose clarification requires a deep study and research. His political life, particularly his compromise with Mu‘ āwiya, whose caliphate is, from the Shiite point of view, illegal, is the subject of discussion and studies and the factors of this political step and how it happened have from the past been studied. This article, based on Ibn Abi‘ L-hadid´s view point, deals with the subject and investigation the factors of this phenomenon according to him as a sunnī Mu‘tazilī author. The causes and the background of this political action has been studied and its outcomes are took into consideration. Ibn Abi‘ L-hadid has relatively delivered a proper illustration of the problem and has shown that the Imam, knowing the current political situation and what was happening at the time, benefited from his insight and experience to choose the best solution thought Mu‘ āwiya did not act in accordance with the agreement.

From the time of conquet of Syria, Egypt and north of Africa (Ifrikiya, Maghrib) Ghidhani Arabs especially Azd, Mahra, GHatafan and kinda had been present in these areas.On the other hand, a considerate number of Ghidhani Arabs, especially Azdi (Asadi). joined the Khawarij- who wera the serious opponents of monopoly of caliphate in Quraysh- and some of them like Azdi Abu- Sh-sa djabr.B Zayd and his follpwers set about a secret organization in Basra and paved the way for foundation of Abadiy an Imamate in south of Arabian Peninsula and North of Africa.

This research consists of two parts: The first part introduces a brief list of common condition for achieving the position of ministry (viziership) in the views and works of religious scholars and governmental men in Abbasids era. The second part studies the suitability of the appointed men along with their qualifications and necessary criteria for taking charge of the position of the ministry (viziership) and finally comes into conclusion that although governmental men had always been emphasizing on Meritocracy in ministers (viziers) appointments, Caliphs did not care about meritocracy and factors like heredity, influence of courtier women and envy, jealousy and opportunism of some of Caliphs friends influenced these appointments.

Eight hundred years of Muslims in Andalus brought up many outcomes and among them all, pharmacology and pharmaceutics in Almohads period had a special position. In this period some famous pharmacologists like: Ghāfiki, Ibn Rūmyya, Abou Ikhayar Seville, Ibn Baytar were involved in scientific activities and added hundred of herbs to the collection of pharmacology books, which has been so outstanding according to the history of this science. Pharmacology science in this age is so considerable of herbs from out of Andalus in books, comparing herbal mineral animal medicines of different regions, Andalus pharmacologists travelling to the lands of north Africa, Asia, Syria minor and their spot observation, making equivalent for herbal medicines in Persian, barbarian, Arabic, greek and Spanish languages. This research is a survey on pharmacology and pharmaceutics in Almohads period.

In historical sources of Rome´s Seljuks, there is a reference to a group named Akhyān who were very active in the society. This group were from the middle class and especially craftsman and their ideals, rules and groups features were exactly similar to those of Ahl-Al-Futtuwwa in Iran and Iraq. Apart from their mystical and religious beliefs, they had a noticeable role in social transition and as they were supported by the society they had a widespread influence on the society. We study this group, here, to find the traces of this organization´s relation with Iran and also to study the Iranian´s participation and role in expanding this social phenomenon.

Immigration of the philosophers Mutakalims from the descending cities of Andalucia to Ifrikiya was simultaneous with the advent of Imām- ul- mutikallīm kalāmi thoughts from Egypt to Ifrikiya. In this encounter of thoughts Maliki Mutakalims were superior who confirmed and established their predecessor´s traditions. Superiority of kālam over philosophy continued in most schools of the Hafsi period. Combination of philosophy and kālam philosophy and Sufism and cration of philosophical Sufism was one of the special phenomena in the Hafsi period. Ibn khaldūn´snew policy in history and advent of the worldly character of Ibn Sab‘īn introduced Hafsi period as the fundamental stage in the history of Islamic philosophy. Muslim´s superiority over the Christian in sagacious discussions indicates liveliness and predaminary of Islamic philosophy after Ibn Rashid prevalence of polemic is one of the common phenomena in Hafsi period that revealed itself most in Ibadiyeh (madhhab).

A great amount of historical, geographical and literary knowledge of Islamic Egypt has been assembled in the works written in the genre of Khital. This genre of historiography in Egypt which was begun by Ibn ‘Abd il- Hakam, was raised to its summit by Makrizi and began to wane in Ali Pasha Mubarak. In this article, in three parts - Khitatnigari before Makrizi´s Khitat and Khitatnigari after Makrizi – We introduce the books on Khitat and study the status of Khitatnigari in the historiography of Islamic Egypt.