فصلنامه مطالعات روانشناسی بالینی
پیاپی 18 (بهار 1394)

The present research aimed to review the development of third wave of psychotherapy with especial emphasize on schema therapy. Third wave of psychotherapy originally derived from Cognitive Behavioral psychotherapy. The first wave started with classic behaviorism approach and psychotherapy based on experimental behavior and learning studies. The second wave based on cognitive process and its role on pathogenesis and treatment of mental disorders. Third wave of psychotherapy synthesizes the two approaches integrating the eastern spiritual rituals، including meditation and transcendental techniques in relation to the traditional CBT. Proposed by Geoffrey Young and thought to be part of the third-wave therapy، schema therapy mostly lays stress on dealing with personality disorders، specifically those that have proven to be somewhat resistant to classic Cognitive Behavioral therapeutic techniques.

This paper outlines some of the issues and challenges arisen with the inappropriate employment of schema therapy and poses some critiques about schema theory and eventually explain what factors influences the development of schema therapy despite of its complication and difficulty.

this research is based on the causal-comparative method that was done among diabetes and psoriasis patients who were referred to treatment centers and the Diabetes Association in Tehran. A sample of 85 subject included 30 subjects with psoriasis،25 diabetes type I and 30 healthy people، were selected by available sampling. The subject were assessed by the Young،s Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire (YSQ)، Young،s Parenting Questionnaire and lzarus-folkman،s Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WOCQ). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that psoriasis patients، except for mistrust، impaired autonomy and performance،entiltlement and enmeshment schemas have more schema scores compared to control group. and in diabetes، results showed that the group has more schema scores in areas of impaired limits، other-directedness and overvigilance and in schemas of vulnerability of harm، self-sacrifice and emotional inhibition compared to control group. psoriasis patients، have more schemas of emotional deprivation and unrelenting standards and in areas of overvigilance and impaired autonomy and performance have more schema scores compared to diabetes. The result of parental origins of diabetes father، have more schema scores in areas of other-directedness and impaired autonomy and performance and in schemas of defectiveness/shame، dependence/Incompetence، enmeshment، failure and approval-seeking and in parental origins of diabetes mother، in areas of impaired autonomy and performance، other-directedness and overvigilance and in schemas of vulnerability of harm or illness، unrelenting standards/hypercriticalness،emotional inhibition and approval-seeking have more schema scores compared to control group. In parental origins of psoriasis father in areas of overvigilance and in psoriasis parents in approval-seeking schemas have more schema scores compared to control group. And in origins parental diabetes father compared to psoriasis patients، have more schema scores in area of impaired autonomy and performance and schemas of defectiveness، self-sacrifice and enmeshment، the coping strategy of selfcontrol is more used by psoriasis patients compared to the control group.

Purpose of this study is was to examine the effectiveness of dual focus schema therapy (DFST) in treatment of antisocial personality disorderded heroine dependent men. In Multiple baseline experimental single case study، three antisocial personality disorderded heroin dependent men were selected using Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV based on disorders axis II and purposeful sampling. The treatment program was carried out for 24 week and 28 sessions، with a follow-up period of 3 months subsequent to treatment termination. Subjects completed Maudsley Addiction Profile and Young Schema Questionnaire and data was analyzed by Reliable change index and percentage of improvement. Results showed that DFST significantly reduced Substtance use and risk behaviour and improved Physical and psychological health and Personal/social functioning. DFST has appropriate effectiveness in treatment of antisocial personality disorderded heroine dependent men.

The present essay، deal with analysis and critical evaluation of researches in schema therapy area through qualitative method. Five theses have been selected and evaluated among all theses done in Allameh Tabataba’i University، which applied schema therapy in their researches. In addition to analysis and evaluation، critical neglected issues and significant unanswered questions in schema therapy area، are discussed. Present review shows that in some cases the schema therapy is being employed without regarding to theoretical principles and adequate assessment of its appropriateness. A critical issue neglected in this area is examination the role of early maladaptive schemas in chronic psychological disorders that have been considered difficult to treat. There is a significant question that if early maladaptive schemas is moderator or mediator variable in the process of development of disorders and psychotherapy.

The purpose of this study is to investigate primary unadjusted schemes in patients suffering from obsession-obligation personality disorder with a non-clinical group. To this end، 50 respondents who were randomly selected from a group having obsession-obligation personality disorder (7 females and 18 males) and a non-clinical group (8 females and 17 males)، completed Yang’s 90-item questionnaire of primary unadjustedschemes. The results showed that the mean and the standard deviation of the two groups were significantly different in some schemes. The Independent Samples T-Test results showed that the two groups were significantly different in self-sacrifice (t (2، 48) = 4. 17; p<. 001)، emotional prevention (t (2، 48) = 18. 81; p<. 001)، perseverance criteria (t (2، 48) = 18. 6; p<. 001)، superiority (t (2، 48) = 2. 82; p<. 005)، and self-punishment (t (2، 48) = 3. 19; p<. 005). The results suggest that study of schemes is an effective way for exploring fundamental factors causing personality disorder. It is suggested that further studies investigate other personality disorders.

The present study was carried out in order to comparison of the efficacy of schema therapy cognitive and emotional techniques on reduce early maladaptive schemas of depressed persons that referenced to psychological and counseling centers in Tehran. For this purpose، 34 depressed persons using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) were selected. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) based on disorders axis I and the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form was administered to the final screening. Finallyten persons randomly selected and teaching of schema therapy cognitive techniques on 5 patients and emotional techniques on other 5 patients was performed. Baseline experimental single case study was used as the method of the present study. data were analyzed Using of Chart analysis، the reliable change index (RCI) and percent improvement. The results showed that reduction of early maladaptive schemas in both groups was significant. But improvement percent through teaching of schema therapy cognitive techniques was more and efficacy continues 1/5 month after the intervention.