فصلنامه پژوهشهای روستایی
پیاپی 1 (بهار 1389)

The millennium villages initiative could achieve more integrated sustainable settlements if sustainability aims such as those set out in the proposed evaluation framework (minimizing resource consumption; maximizing environmental capital; quality of life; social inclusion; community participation) were adopted as central objectives. The term "sustainability" was offered in 1987 by the United Nation's World Commission on Environment and Development in its report Our Common Future. According to that document, "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." Ultimately, the goal of sustainability is to enhance people's well-being. Sustainability is a concept that allows a comfortable way of living by balancing the resource demands of technological, economical and social requirements with the environment’s ability to meet present and future needs. "Sustainable communities encourage people to work together to create healthy communities where natural and historic resources are preserved, jobs are available, sprawl is contained, neighborhoods are secure, education is lifelong, transportation and health care are accessible, and all people (in rural and urban regions) have opportunities to improve the quality of their lives. Sustainable development has three principal dimensions: economic growth, social equity and protection of the environment. Maximization of social well being and poverty alleviation through the optimal and efficient utilization of the natural resources is the economic dimension. The social aspects refer to the improving access to health and education services, fulfilling standards of security and respect for human rights. The issue of equity, i.e., the distribution of benefits and access to resources remains an essential component of both the economic and social dimensions of sustainable development. The environmental dimensions, on the other hand, are concerned with the conservation and enhancement of the physical and biological resource base and eco-systems. So sustainability indicators look at economic, social and environmental information in an integrated manner and are growing in importance with the advent and follow-up to Agenda 21. They are now challenging countries and the development community to: develop better information collection and reporting systems especially for natural resources (environmental) indicators; integrate environmental, social and economic indicators for greater sensitivity in planning and decision-making toward sustainable development; and report regularly and reliably on conditions and trends. This paper aims at explaining the role and importance measurement and ranking of social sustainability in rural regions with emphasis on Fuzzy TOPSIS by referring to example of objective indicators in Dehestan Homeh in Central District of Khodabandeh. So the focus of the paper is on consideration of how to use objective indicators to monitor social sustainability in a relevant and useful manner. A central question in this paper is whether the required decision making arrangements for measuring and ranking of social sustainability in rural regions, or whether Fuzzy TOPSIS is suitable method for ranking of rural settlements. Above all, we want to find out, how can measure social sustainability based on objective indicators and how can rank rural settlements with emphasis on Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM) methods. The paper is organized as follows: After presenting a framework for the analysis of sustainable development and social sustainability, we have explained some basic objectives indicators of social sustainability in rural settlements and decision making methods with emphasis on Fuzzy TOPSIS in order to ranking of rural settlements. This study proposed 17 objective indicators for social sustainability. These are pragmatic choice, to encapsulate in a convenient and practical way the main features or characteristics against which rural settlements could be appraised. They are: social participation, social interactions, introspection, social solidarity, social responsibility, social trust, satisfaction of organizations, fear of abnormal, sense of social exclusion, satisfaction of housing, satisfaction of income, job satisfaction, satisfaction of accessibility to services(quantity and quality), sense of place, expectancy to the future, sense of good luck. Then we have pointed out some essential arrangements which are necessary for gathering data and measuring indicators by questionnaire in 21 rural settlements and 306 rural households. Finally we showed that this model and objectives indicators are able to truly illustrate local circumstances.

In recent years the development of small cities and including through promoting of villages to city as one of the main policies to improve quality of life in rural areas were considered in Iran and according this during recent decades a large number of villages have been changed to city. While urbanization in developing countries have been many problems such as lack of housing and employment and environmental pollution, but policy makers and planners in national and international levels are emphasized on the positive functions of cities, especially small and medium cities to improve the quality of human life. Urbanization in developing countries is a respond to the inevitable decline or stagnation in terms of rural areas. However it should be a distinctive between negative effects of urbanization through rapid expansion of cities large and the effects of promoting villages to small cities. Because most of the urbanization problems are see only in the large cities and metropolises. Small and medium cities don’t have such problems or its severity is very low, because many studies have a positive evaluation about the role of small cities in regional and local development. Therefore due to relationship between urbanizations and quality of life, the conceptual model of present study have been based on the hypothesis which promoting villages to cities can be improved objective and subjective dimensions of quality of life. In the present study to evaluate the role of promoting villages to city to improve the quality of life the subjective indicators, levels of satisfaction has been used the decuple domains of environment quality, housing, education, health, personal well-being, participation, entertainment and leisure, information and communication, employment and income and wealth. Research method is descriptive and analytic and to do it about 202 samples from two city residents of Saheb and Firouzabad cities randomly selected and using subjective indicators have been studied the effects promoting villages to improve quality of life. Data collection tool is a researcher-designed questionnaire that was produced according to research objectives. Used Questionnaire is formed mainly by questions with closed answers in Lykert spectrum five scales (much better: 5 to very worse: 1).Discussion and results indicate the promoting villages to city have been improved the quality of life in city of Firouzabad in domains of Environment, Housing, Education, individual Welfare, participation, information and communication, entertainment and leisure, employment, income and wealth and only in the domain of health has not improved. Results of data analysis in city of Saheb indicate that promoting of village to city could improve rural quality of life in six domain of environment, housing, individual welfare, participation, information and communication, income and wealth, but four domain of education, health, entertainment and leisure time and employment has not improved. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify the important domains of life and main indicators each domain of life. Regression coefficients show the relative contribution of each domain and indicator in the quality of life.

The entrepreneurship enjoys long record in human's life and related studies of this topic, initially, have accomplished by scientific groups in industrial countries. Nevertheless this debate in our country has taken in consideration recently.The entrepreneurial function implies the discovery, assessment and exploitation of Opportunities, in other words, new products, services or production processes; new strategies and organizational forms and new markets for products and inputs that did not previously exist. Schumpeter (1942) knows the Entrepreneur, person who create dynamic and change that with pressures in markets, directs them towards no balance. Low & MacMillan (1988) Entrepreneurship is the creation of new enterprise. Effective factors that we refers to, is working experience, role models, Competence, Education, Dissatisfaction.Through working experiences, potential entrepreneurs learn about the market conditions in that sector and also build networks for future business relationships. Experiences create knowledge and possible connections. The assumption would be that it is the learning process, in general, both for negative and positive experiences, that seems to be of most importance in role-modeling effects. Dissatisfaction could be caused by a number of things: job dissatisfaction, the need for more independence, the desire to be in control of decision making, better salary prospects. The assumption is if the aggregate dissatisfaction variable is of a certain size, there will be an increased probability that the "dissatisfied" individual will start her or his own business. One could question the construction of the education variable in earlier Research studies, which mostly measure the level of education, but not the Content of that education. The competence variable is a combination of different factors: personal networks; job training; education; tacit knowledge; and learning experiences. New Rural management system of Iran during many years in order to social structures, have a complicated evolutions and changes. And unfortunately, the lake of efficient management in rural in the whole of these periods, especially, from 1340s forward and in the recent decades, provided many problems for rural residential.Although, after Islamic Revolution of Iran victory, existed formations as Shoora-e-Eslami, Khane-e-Hamyar, Daftar-e-Omran-e-Roostayi and so on in rurals. But of lack of being efficient fundamentals and performance organizations didnt achieve the more success. Because of these disorders in the 1377, approved establishment of the self-efficient dehyaris law in the rural. With regard to this law, rurals with up to 20 family, must have a Dehyar and predicted that until the end of forth program, establish the Dehyari for all rural with families up 20. These rural, includes 53/4 percent of all of rural in the country that have a 95/3 percent of rural population in Iran.Entrepreneurship is important from two dimensions, economic and social, for rural and rural management of Iran.For economic dimension, problem of employment and employment is very obvious. With regards to the results general census of population and settlement is the 1385, unemployment rate of rural areas is 14/74 percent, and participation rate is 40/85 percent. Cause is the low existed occupations and employment is related to undeveloping agriculture activities in rural. and this also is, because of reduction of employed population in this section, adding rural employed population to the urban population and becoming empty of rural in the recent decades.From the other side providing appropriate services is the important challenges in the rurals of Iran. One of the modern patterns of servicing is up to governmental management.Society-oriented governance (empowering society instead of direct servicing of government) is also examples of governmental actions in this pattern. In this pattern, instead of servicing with regard to past processes, states or governments try to empower the citizens, local formations and source to solving problems. With regard to that, governmental and public managers learned that past endeavors in servicing to clients and costumer, make dependence which make dark economic-social independence originated from that.The perceive that one of main means of managementism, is providing the public participation with nongovernmental institutions.Dehyari as a public and nongovernmental institution plays the most important role. Attaining the whole side rural development system that public participation will be the basic element, that is not achieved without respecting to local leaders and belief to the potential and actual abilities of those and providing local formations. Because of these, knowing to entrepreneurship characteristics of Dehyaran found the increasing importance.

The purpose of this study has been to study eterminants of growth, labor productivity and poverty in rural areas of Iran. The contribution of agriculture and rural development to pro-poor growth.stem from many sources: It Plays an important, and often a lead, role in the early stages of pro-poor growth. Beyond its direct contribution to growth, a number of features specific to the sector enhance its contribution to pro-poor growth, including the concentration of the poor in the sector, the large size of its growth linkages to other sectors, and the positive externalities from assuring food security and reducing food prices. While no doubt the global economy has the potential to improve the efficiency of resource allocation and speed technological change, which are the short-run and long-run sources of economic growth,nevertheless it is Pro-poor economic growth which is the basic vehicle for reducing poverty.Increased agricultural productivity plays a central role in promoting pro-poor growth, especially in the early stages of development and when productivity growth results in lower food prices. Productivity plays a significant role in increasing conomic growth and competitiveness of a country in international market also. It not only saves energy and resources and help allocation of resources efficiently, but also helps to to increase the standard of living. Through higher level of income and output, it, thereby, reduces the level of poverty. Therefore every country rich and the poor try to increase its productivity. However, determinants of productivity differ among countries. Finding the main determinants of productivity is very important. Using simultaneous equations during the period1360-1386 and taking into account various variables such as wage rate, agriculture terms of trade with non-agricultural sectors, infrastructure such as electricity and institutions such as property rights, rule of law, transparency in rules and regulations and, security for which we have taken the number of registered court petitions and litigation documents regarding willful murder, manslaughter, assault, battery and threat for security, the documents related to the lessor and the lessee, robbery, drawing bad cheques for property rights, and aggression and for rules and regulations, driving without license, driving regulations offences destruction, forcible possession and detainer nuisance and other dispute documents for transparency in law and order and bribery and forgery and embezzlement for corruption as explanatory variables together with growth and productivity of agricultural sector. The result show that while increase in the variables such as wage rate, productivity, government investment on infrastructure and terms of trade, play a positive rule in poverty education, however, with the exception of wage rate and labor productivity the coefficients were not statistically significant. Growth and unemployment has had positive relationship with poverty level, though the coefficient of growth were not statistically significant. This, however, indicate that reliance on economic growth for poverty reduction, alone, is not sufficient. On the other hand variables such as education and economic growth has had positive and statistically significant impact on labor productivity in agricultural sector, while infrastructure and institutions has had negative impact. As for the economic growth, the variables such as openness to world trade, education and government investment for infrastructure has had positive impact, while institutions appeared to be the main hindrance factor of economic growth and poverty reductions, indicating that markets work if they have rules, enforcement mechanisms, and organizations promoting market transactions. This finding thus emphasize on both institutions that support growth and those that directly affect access of people left out of many market activities. It considers those institutions that provide opportunities for people and that empower them. With the exception of government expenditure for infrastructure development, the other coefficients were statistically significant

Currently in development and its strategies in developing countries there are different opinions, but what almost all experts, development and relevant international institutions, many have emphasized on the necessity of emphasizing human development nations and active participation in the development process is. Two decades more than two million people worldwide died of natural crises have lost Statistics show that economic losses due to this crisis in three decades, the border tripled in 40 billion dollars 1960 to 120 billion in 1980, has been killed the other hand, 90 percent of the developing countries have been. Earthquake as one of the most destructive natural disasters factors disarranging programs are developed with the earthquake because all programs available to stop developing its resources are spent rebuilding physical and human. Considering that prevent such damaging phenomena present in the factors and elements can not be established climate change as a result of any principles and remedial solutions must be exclusively on the ground and among residents in areas relevant search. The fifth mornings Jan. 2003 earthquake magnitude large parts of Kerman province rattles this earthquake with magnitude of 6.3 Richter cause destruction of a large part of Bam city and surrounding villages and injure significant financial losses brought to. The earthquake between 45 to 50 thousand people died and more than 19,000 units of city buildings in earthquake-stricken region, the Bam and Baravat destroyed. Experience various countries suggests that government activities and work alone does not have to join necessary and developing a strategic plan that can most basic and most general needs to be the basis, is inclusive, democratic system will require active participation of villagers in the reconstruction of earthquake-stricken regions important approach to their pricing power and be a kind initiative by the villagers that this allows them to own the reconstruction needs are involved. In this paper is to review the villagers participate in the reconstruction of places and seen the destruction of housing choices from damaged Bam.

Over the past decade, the issue of rural women in developing countries has evolved from relative obscurity to a primary concern among the growing community of researchers and policy makers who are interested in women's socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic status (SES) is an economic and sociological combined total measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family’s economic and social position relative to others, based on income, education, and occupation. A fourth variable, wealth, may also be examined when determining socioeconomic status. Socio-economic status indices are increasingly being used to characterize (in)equity, with the assumption that SES indices are reliable. Income refers to wages, salaries, profits, rents, and any flow of earnings received. Income can also come in the form of unemployment or workers compensation, social security, pensions, interests or dividends, royalties, trusts, alimony, or other governmental, public, or family financial assistance. Educational attainment is preferable to analyze for SES because it can be figured for all individuals. A person’s educational attainment is considered to be the highest level (grade or degree) of education they have completed. Occupational prestige as one component of SES, encompasses both income and educational attainment.

In this paper we tried to analyze the relationship between migration, informal settlement, and unemployment in Ahvaz as the regional metropolis of Khuzestan state. Unemployment and Migration interaction effect with each other. Because on the one hand unequal distribution facilities and services leads to unemployment and job for people, The other hand, mass unemployment in section of the workforce, to pressure has forced them to minimum life having left their homeland and migration to cities to finding works. After that, the migration to cities, the slums for poor rural immigrants are first cheap and small area in cities, and there they are begun for search around the same area for job. In fact the major portions of the slums are around the industrial areas and neighborhood commercial environment are encountering. The Research showed Any Activity of custom in the local industrial is more; the numbers of slums also the place will be more. Ahvaz as the seventh of the Metropolis of the 2006 census, shaped by base of migration formed, and its life beholden Host migration. Due to implement land reform policy in the decade 1961, increased price of oil and replete the oil dollars in urban center, especially in Ahvaz, the trend of immigration process and especially the rural migration to the city and this increased in various consequences for the Metropolis region, such as Ahvaz has had. The consequences due to immigration to the city of Ahvaz noted, informal settlement can expand, increasing social crimes, expanding unemployment, without planning and development arranging pressure on the infrastructure of city services, etc.