فصلنامه پژوهشهای روستایی
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 17، بهار 1393)

In the recent years، significant changes have been occurred in rural areas. These changes are mostly concerned in agricultural employment and the necessity to transform its labour force to other sectors. Within the context of these developments، the governments have attempted to stimulate the economic diversification and the integrated development of rural areas، especially through the so-called “small enterprise”. There is consensus that the keys to promote rural progress are lied in development of rural enterprises in order to create new employment in rural areas and make diversification in the rural economy. Therefore، enhancing rural enterprises seems as a main strategy of fostering the sustainable rural development. Strategic policy-making for enhancing all types of rural enterprises، including family enterprises need to consider the constructed inter-correlated components of «rural family enterprise development» as a complex system، contextual variables، and related dynamics. This qualitative research was done with the aim to diagnose the development of rural family enterprises in Golestan Province. In order to obtain appropriate data to allow detect the obstacles and barriers for development of rural family enterprise، a qualitative exploratory study was undertaken using semi-structured interview with a low level of moderation. This qualitative study was based on a ‘‘grounded theory’’ approach، which provided an interactive framework for data analysis. Information was gathered through semi-structured interview with a selected sample (n=37) of family enterprise managers in rural areas the province. Purposed sampling technique by interviewing typical cases (such experienced and famous people)، snowball (persons who introduced by other samples)، opportunistic، and intensity cases (interview accessible samples and repeat interview to find completed information to ensure theoretical saturation and conceptual enrichment) were used. The in-depth interviews were digitally recorded and fully transcribed. Multiple coding process of grounded theory was used to analyse contents of the interviews. The data were initially coded into concepts and ideas emerging from the data and the literature review. In the first stage the interview texts were analysed and pertinent excerpts were assigned provisional conceptual codes. The next stage involved the search for relationships between conceptual labels and categories. The goal was to systematically develop and relate categories. In the final stage، categories were integrated and refined. Findings were formatted in a matrix structure، including open codes (105 codes)، axial codes، and selective codes. According to the subjective categorized codes (7 categories)، the main issues and constraints of development of rural family enterprises can be explained as: non-prosperous milieu of enterprise development in rural areas (unsuitable milieu for development of business in rural areas، unfavourable change in environmental conditions، undeveloped infrastructures)، un-developed market for rural enterprise (weak in marketing، inefficiency in local market، unfavourable trend in market)، inter generational transition and gap in transfer of values، skills and culture of rural family enterprises (lack of tendency among rural youth، problem and consequence of inter generational transition، inter generational gap in supplying business)، lack of formal institutionalized support (lack of solidarity and guild support، identity and formal position، educational services، formal support covering، integrated supportive plan and policy، and institutional inconsistency for supporting the business)، unsuitable interaction and synergy of family and the enterprise (improper influence of business on family structure and function، family conflicts and pressures influencing on business، unfavourable family evolution for business)، inefficient enterprise functions and production management (scant and unsuitable investment، weak ability in creating innovation، unfavourable capacity and bad conditions for production، inefficient management of labour force، problem to provide input for production، unfavourable productivity and inefficiency in performance، increased production costs، problem to provide enough capital)، and social pressures (reduced social capital in business milieu، unreasonable social expectations، effective social conflicts). Finally، the recognised conceptual constructs of rural family enterprise development was linked and the model of «diagnosis of rural family enterprise''s development» was diagrammed. This qualitative study has highlighted some key inhibitory factors influencing development of rural family enterprise. The results of this research revealed that diversity of influential dimensions and components are important for development of rural family enterprise. In fact، rural family enterprises didn’t act just as a economical firm، while they have socio-economic function which represent multi-functionality of the rural family enterprise. It should be noted that family enterprises in rural areas are affected enormously by the function and structure of families in different regions. Whereas the family in different regions doesn’t have the same function، so establishment conations، process and structures of family enterprise are different in the communities. It is clear from this research that there are distinguished differences between the family enterprises in the different communities، so there are context-based strategies to strengthen business and encourage entrepreneurship in rural areas. On the basis of this research results، we would argue that there is a need for a more strategic and coordinated approach towards building the entrepreneurial capacity in rural areas، based on a clear vision of the role that entrepreneurship can play in future a role for rural development. Given the structural and regional processes affecting the traditional economic activities of these areas، the case for producing rural entrepreneurship and enterprise strategies for rural regions has been given additional urgency.

Entrepreneurship is one of the main elements of growth and development. It has attracted more attention due to employment، increasing profit and capital، transforming values، filling workforce market gaps، providing necessary factors for manufacturing goods، service delivery and marketing، offsetting economic failure، meeting social welfare، and participation of all the people in the society. In the context of rural development، entrepreneurship is one of the influential factors for rural development، because by creating new opportunities of and income it can play an effective role in improving economic situation of rural areas (Rezvani and Najarzadeh، 2008; 163). The importance of entrepreneurship activity in rural development is originated from this fact that entrepreneur can identify current opportunities and problems to imitate new solutions for growth and development. Hence، entrepreneural activity has a significant role in rural development through employment، improving quality of life، fair distribution of income، and optimized utilization of resources. Rural women are faced with cultural، economic، and social obstacles to do entrepreneurial activities. This may be originated from unawareness and lack of required trainings. From social perspective، entrepreneurship includes social relationships and leads to growth of talents (Paseban، 2004; 281). Based on the existant literature، social trust is one of the main components of social capital. It has three dimensions including individual trust، institutional trust، and public trust. In addition، a review of previous studies showed that risk-taking and creativity are the two most important factos of entrepreneurship among people. We adopt these dimensions to provide a strong theoretical framework for our research. According to the discussion، the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between social trust (as a component of social capital) and entrepreneurial spirit of rural women. It should be noted that to our knowledge، there are little studies that investigated the relationships of social trust and entrepreneurship components in the context of rural women.

Population is women resided in Shirvan village in the rural areas of Borojerd City، Lorestan، Iran. Up to118 entrepreneur women have been selected as sample by a convenience-sampling plan. Questionnaire was self-administrated one that its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha and its validity was supported by the comments of two experts using face validity. Cronbach’s alpha values for individual social trust، public social trust، institutional social trust، risk-taking and creativity are 0. 714، 0. 733، 0. 753، 0. 699، and 0. 713، respectively. This confirms instrument reliability. To analyze data، Kendal correlation has been employed.

The results of descriptive statistics are as following: Of 118 respondents، the majority of them (31. 5 percent) were in the range of 36 to 41 years old and 31 to 35 years old (22. 03 percent). In addition، 84. 74 percent of respondents were married. Finally، in terms of education level، the majority of women (82. 2 percent) were in primary education level or below. The results of our study revealed several important findings that are as following: a) Individual social trust was positively associated with risk-taking of rural women. b) Public social trust was positively associated with risk-taking of rural women. c) Institutional social trust was positively associated with risk-taking of rural women. d) Individual social trust was positively associated with creativity of rural women. e) Public social trust was positively associated with creativity of rural women. f) Institutional social trust was positively associated with creativity of rural women.

Social capital with its multiple dimensions including social trust is a main factor in improving rural society. Presence of these dimensions among various groups of rural women leads to interactions in both intergroup and intragroup level among them. As a result، it fosters potential talents to create entrepreneurial spirit. People having public trust contribute in affairs that are consistent with their attitudes. Trust with its multiple dimensions is a result of positive thinking of an individual in order to collaborate with other people; this is true for rural women because they move to similar sexual groups and similar mental situations and consequently it may lead to risk-taking among them. The entrepreneur attending individual trust and his/her own capital، addition to his/her relationships with informal resources such as friends، family، and etc.، is faced with less structural and law obstacles to perform a business and to introduce an innovation and creativity. This will increase creativity spirit and risk-taking about investment. Institutional trust refers to positive attitude towards formal institutions to create a business. Institutional trust leads to formal relationships between women and developmental institutions and as a result، encourages human capital in terms of creativity and risk-taking.

The empowerment of women is an essential precondition for the elimination of world poverty and the upholding of human rights. This concept is accompanied with freedom, self-determination, and power, which are necessary for the women all over the world. Empowerment gives the rights to women to enable them be independent of men. The concept of power has a long history in social sciences and its derivatives like empowerment is one of the controversial topics among social science and management researchers. Women’s empowerment is often described as a key factor in the well-being of women and their households, and as such, has been quantified, measured and described in a variety of ways. It is a dynamic process that cannot be observed directly, but through the use of proxies and indicators it can be approximated. The empowerment of women is an essential precondition for the elimination of world poverty and the upholding of human rights. Particularly at the individual level, it helps build a base for social change. Empowerment is very context specific, and in a predominantly Islamic society with high levels of illiteracy and poverty, the indicators used to measure global dimensions of empowerment are very different than those applicable in a Western context. The fact that many women in the developing world are now better able to control fertility does not necessarily mean that they have become more empowered. Even with nearly two decades of empirical research on assessment of women’s empowerment and measurement of empowerment indicators, the process of women’s empowerment is still poorly understood. Over the past twenty years, the central role of rural women in relation to many aspects of development, such as providing food security, environmental sustainability, poverty reduction, population control, and social development is clear for the international community. Women are in sustainable development strategies as often as those of the central core. Poverty reduction policies, as well as women's work and the benefits they are entitled to, can be helpful for them. Female empowerment has now become both as an end in itself and as a means to achieving other development goals. In recent decades, empowerment has become a mechanism for the improvement of life quality of women. Creation of the rural women cooperatives is one of the main mechanisms for empowering women. Cooperatives are the most rational and convenient form of organizing small and medium farmers. They are key components of strategy for developing rural and underdeveloped regions. Besides providing competitive positions in the market, the most important fact is that cooperatives make sure that part of the profit generated in agricultural production chains remains with farmers which enables reinvesting and improvement of production on an ongoing basis. Many experts of economic and social development in Iran stressed the need for women to form cooperatives. They emphasized the role of women in economic and social activities, to expand their participation in the development process with the cooperation mechanism. Empowering women is one of the issues that have recently attracted attention of many researchers. Empowering women means that women have achieved a level of personal development that enabled them to make their choice based on demand. Review on previous researches demonstrates that the creation of women’s cooperatives serves as a strategy for women's empowerment in the recent years. This research aims at investigating the impact of Homayjan Women Rural Cooperative - as a national successful women’s cooperative - on female empowerment. This study examines the role of the women rural cooperative on all the aspects of women`s empowerment. It can provide the understanding of how cooperatives influence the members. This study also indicates that with membership and participation in cooperative activities, you will have the ability to influence many aspects. In addition, this study examined factors that were influencing women`s empowerment. A case study approach was employed for this research. It used a sampling method and was proportionally classified. Data were collected through a questionnaire with 123 cooperative members and board members, (out of 300 members). The impact of cooperative membership on female empowerment was measured in economic, socio-cultural, familial, and psychological dimensions. Face validity of the structured questionnaire was verified by a panel of experts, and reliability was obtained through a pilot test. The results revealed that cooperatives have a low impact on female improvement in all dimensions, as perceived by cooperative members. Results showed that member`s satisfaction and income were predictor variables of women`s empowerment. In order to analyze the most important factors that influence the empowerment of rural women in Homayjan Cooperative and also to determine the independent variables in the prediction of empowerment of the members, multiple regression tests were used. The stepwise method was used to determine the regression model. The results show that, member's satisfaction in cooperatives and income are two of the most important predictor variables of empowerment of rural women in a cooperative.

Human ambition has always been an important factor in a desirable quality of life. At first, the desire to improve their physical condition, such as income, education, health and housing is limited, but the wide range of variables considered are qualitative and subjective. Low living standards in rural areas and the rural exodus to the cities have caused several problems of social, economic and environmental in rural areas and in cities. In fact, migration from rural to urban areas in many developing countries has become one of the factors of development. Quality of life in rural areas depend on many factors, including employment, income, access to services like education and health, environmental, safety and strong communities. Although the quality of life in urban areas and the related challenges associated with prosperity and a better life is very different in the rural areas. The term quality of life of the general environment in which people live include pollution and the quality of housing and also some of its characteristics, such as health and access points. Quality of life may be a person's enjoyment of the show, they are not just the things he has to, but all the options that he may have a choice of. In other words, the freedom of independent living and failure to achieve success and knowledge of the real opportunities is compared with others. Individual's perception of quality of life is evaluated in the context of culture and value systems in society and in relation to goals, expectations, standards, and individual. This study was based on quantitative approach. Research methods, field survey methods, and some tools are used for gathering data. In this paper, the nature and description, and the type of variables to measure differences between means are prioritized. The purpose of this research is to be implemented in terms of being practical. The research component of the 7-fold aspects of quality of life is used to evaluate the variables. The social dimension of quality of life are assessed with 11 items and has three components of health and safety training, respectively, with a mean of 60.18 and 37.17 above average and leisure 6.32 with lower than average. Average total social dimension (42.29) is lower than average (33), and the social dimension of quality of life appropriate conditions are favorable. The physical dimensions of quality of life are assessed with the two components and 9 indicators. For this dimension, both components of the infrastructure and residential environments, respectively, with an average of 22.17 and 10.45 are above and below the average. In the mean body (27.67), slightly higher than average (27), the body has a high quality of life in moderate conditions. The environmental quality of life has been tested in 5 statements, environmental quality, value is 16.08 above average (15), so the quality of life and environmental conditions are favorable. The economic dimension of quality of life is measured by a buoy and 5 components, the quality of employment and income, 12.39 lower than average. Thus, the economy is bad in terms of quality of life. The highest and lowest average assessment components are related to education (18.60) and leisure (6.32), respectively. The average quality of life questionnaire is obtained with 98.48. Single-sample t test indicated that there are significant differences (P<0.05) in the mean average of each questionnaire. In other words, the quality of life of rural households is higher than average. From the test results, the following assumptions can be made: Households by age and education are not interacting namely the statistical interaction between age and education levels of the independent variable on the variable quality of life. The impact is not significant (sig= 0.99, f= 0.73). Age and household jobs also are not interacting namely the statistical interaction between age and job level as the independent variable Khanvarha impact on quality of life variables are not significant.(Sig= 0.56, f= 0.995). Education and Career Households are also interacting with the statistical interaction between the educational and career households and the impact of the independent variable on the variable quality of life is significant(sig= 0.004, f= 5). Immigration reform in the rural community of large cities began after the revolution, despite the positive action of Jahad Sazandegi, Bonyade Maskan and so on. Improving the overall quality of life in the areas of physical, environmental, education, health, leisure, employment and income can be very effective in keeping the rural population. Following suggestions in this regard are: - Create job opportunities in the area of providing low-interest loans to applicants, a small manufacturing, service, etc. - Providing opportunities for recreation, sports and culture, such as public libraries, sports halls to fill the vacuum, lack of leisure. - In order to improve the quality of housing units and retrofitting these units provide low-interest loans to applicants.

In human history, hunger, unemployment, and poverty have been the concern of human society. Poverty has been always with human being as one of the major issues in human societies and cultures. It seemed along with the Renaissance and the industrialization, the problem have been tried to be resolved. But following the industrial revolution and migration from rural to urban and industrial areas poverty and inequality increased and led to an unprecedented social and political chaos and instability. One way to understand the living conditions of households is survey about their consumption behaviour. There are many studies attempted to explain consumer behaviour and consumption expenditure ability to adapt with the price changes throughout the world. These consider different parameters of the economic-social characteristics of individuals or communities. Division of statistical population in geographic categories can give more specific results about the welfare status of residents in specific geographic areas (The Research Institute of Management and Economy). Due to the complexity and multidimensional nature of poverty in the resources and research, different definitions have been presented. But all of them indicate normative concept of poverty and believes that only with predetermined definitions, poor and non-poor can be separated. This Suggests that poverty is always a comparison between a view and a predetermined condition. These differences can also be the first arising from thinking about the philosophy of human existence, his social role, the concept of social justice, belief in the individual authenticity or the popularly authenticity, condition of ecosystem. Second, the extent and diversity of human needs, by considering each of them, lead to a new definition of poverty. Human needs are different in terms of time, location, stage of progress and civilization, technical condition, and cultural levels In the present study, linear expenditure system is used to estimate the poverty line. Stone- Gary Utility function can be extracted from a linear expenditure system. The error of structural equation is usually confronted with the problem of serial correlation. There are two solutions to this problem. The first is using of generalized method of Hansen that corrects Covariance matrix for the Auto-correlation and facilitate statistically valid deductions. The second method is using estimator of generalized least squares with instrumental variables, which is known as Multi-stage least squares estimator. These solutions are widely used. Linear expenditure system based on utility function of Stone- Geary cases, using generalized method of moment, is employed to assess the behaviour of rural consumers in Khuzestan Province. The estimates made for the minimum subsistence for a rural household in Khozestan Province indicate that the minimum necessary expenditure for a rural household with an average family size of 6.9 people in 1979 was equal to253634.3 RLs and 1634802 RLs in 1989. This minimum subsistence for a rural household reached 9129691 in 1999 and 44164773 RLs in 2009. In other words, a rural household in khozestan province every month spent 21136 RLs on average as the minimum necessary costs in 1979. With increase in the prices, it reached 136233 per month on average in 1989. After a decade, this minimum monthly necessary expenditure reached 760807.6 RLs in 1999 and 3680398 in 2009. The minimum subsistence package for each rural household suggests that the food was the largest and the transportation and communication the smallest groups. Food, clothes, housing, and recreation as the necessary goods, and transportation, communication and health were considered the luxury. Comparing the minimum necessary expenditures of rural households implies that Kuzestan Province has a higher minimum subsistence compared with that of Semnan Province. The minimum necessary expenditure of rural households inthe province is higher than that of Semnan Province. The minimum subsistence package of each rural household shows that food comprises the bulk and transportation and communication the minority. With calculated numbers and β in the equation system, it is noteworthy that rural households in Khuzestan Province spend more costs on food, drinks, tobacco, and furniture and less on housing, fuel, water, electricity, and clothes among others. Food, house, clothes and recreation groups are considered the necessary goods, and furniture, transportation, communication and health the luxury ones among the eight groups of goods in rural households of Khuzestan Province. Rural households Cross Elasticity table indicates that the higher the prices of other goods, the more the reduction in consumption regarding communication and the less in connection with clothes and recreation.

The new paradigm of development and specifically rural development focuses on the indicator whose purpose is to reach welfare and peace and also a quiet life with no stress. The nature of rural community which observes traditional communities’ customs and attitudes and their tendency to hide problems will be apparent over time. The most noticeable part is the outbreak of depression and social injury especially among the rural youngs and women. In rural areas, women often have low access to job opportunities, lower social support, inadequate care of children due to cooperating with the spouse or family in production processes, difficulties in getting services and transportation, etc. These issues will cause privation, inequality, insecurity, and thus psychical distress. Some studies cover different parts including the initial effects of stress and health on changes to rural communities, studying negligence on stress and rural health and to some extent discovering stress levels in rural areas. Thus the findings suggested that stressors affecting rural people include personal characteristics (e.g., loneliness, hygiene), variety of relationships (e.g., abuse and care giving), hygienic services, factors of unemployment (e.g., restructuring the government, lack of fixed incomes), transportation, dwelling and social concerns (e.g., social capital or infrastructure). Also suggested that women with high stress tend to transfer negative emotionality into their families which cause less support for the sexual spouse, feeling unsatisfied with life conditions, little stability, and contradiction and conflict among household. Accordingly, rural health advocates often emphasize that rural residents compared to urban ones experience worse health conditions, which implies the fact that residing in rural areas is considered a potential risk for its residents. The issue of health is discussed considering women’s psychical stress in rural communities. Individuals’ health condition as one of the most important social categories and exposed to direct and indirect effects of both economic development and unequal range of incomes. According to definition presented by World Health Organization (WHO), health consists in not only lack of illness and paralysis but also individual’s perfect physical, psychical and social ease. In this study, spatial analysis women’s stress in the rural of Maneh district in Northern Khorasan province has been discussed. Geographical approach is descriptive–analytic methodology. Sample quantity was determined through calculating some properties such as population rate in the rural areas, natural conditions of rural communities and also its distance of the city. In total 240 women were chosen out of 16 rural in Maneh district. Calculating the ranking average of different kinds of stress, it would be concluded that economic, environmental and social stress, with the average of 27.9, 16.8 and 13.5 respectively, are considered the most to the least stress level among sample women. Also, results of sample rural’ clusteral categories concerning stress levels show the existence of 7 high stressed, 4 mid stressed and 5 low stressed rural. This study indicated there is meaningful deference between women’s total stress in rural of Maneh district and all the spatial-space factors in this study. So, in connection with various aspect of stress including economical stress, social stress and environmental stress indicate there is meaningful deference between women’s economical stress and spatial-space factors in rural areas. In connection with indicator of distance of county center, between women’s economical stress and their rate of county center, there is no meaningful deference. In relate on indicator of distance of district center, there is no meaningful deference between women’s social and environmental stress and rate of distance. As diverse studies indicated ration of rural women in labor in third world countries due to traditional production structure and labor relations is most of the men and women in developing countries. This is also true for rural women in Iran. Some study such as Red in 1995, Bachrach in 1983, Gregorie and Thornicroft in 1998 and Brannen et al. in 2009 noted that factors such as isolation, physical environment of rural, dependent on environmental factors, access problems services and etc., which further is related on spatial-space factors, defined as stressful factors for rural residents especially women and children. There are many studies which tension less attention to spatial-space dimension in accession stress for rural residents, but in most cases rural residents suffered a lot of stress that are rooted in the physical and nature of rural. So, it is necessary focused health care facilities and services in rural areas, as well as growing evidence suggests there is inverse relationship between rate of distance to health care facilities and use it.

Iran's total population in 2006 was about 70 million. In 2011, it reached 75 million. Many of those are settling down in rural areas. The geographic distribution of Iranian population is uneven. There are many reasons for the differences in geographic distribution of population. They can be divided into physical factors and social, economic, and political factors. The increase in human population in some area causes the pressure on natural resources such as water and soil also increases. It follows spatial inequalities. On the other hand, rural population needs must be met. Trends and geographic distribution affects regional planning policies. Census data are collected for individual households but are usually released in aggregate. Aggregation is often done on the basis of geographical location, and data are made available at some spatial scales such as statistical tracks, villages, cities, dehestan, bakhsh, shahrestan, provinces, and finally national levels. Surely, scale of aggregation affects results of analysis. The main objective of this paper is present a methodology for Modeling spatial trends in rural population. Geographers deal with the distribution of a wide variety of geographical entities and phenomena. Geographers analyse their spatial distributions, the pattern of the distribution of objects, spatial variability and so forth. The concepts of spatial analysis deal discovery spatial patterns, cause and effect of phenomena, autocorrelation, etc. Some concepts must be considered: MAUP and problems of spatial units, spatial stationary, spatial weight, spatial moving average, and spatial trends. The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) is a potential source of error that can affect spatial studies which utilize aggregate data sources. MAUP consists of two components; one is the scale problem or aggregation problem and the other is the grouping or zoning problem. The former concerns the different statistical inferences and estimates generated by the same data set that is aggregated into different spatial resolutions, especially aggregating small areas into a larger unit. Stationary and none stationary. Any spatial process operating between neighbouring units can cause spatial heterogeneity. Inference from a pattern on the underlying process is further hindered by variation in the process in space or time as well as by the presence of additional, confounding processes. Spatial distribution displays stationary if the expected value at all places are the same. But the most geographic entities are none-stationary because of spatial variability. Spatial trends. We define a spatial trend as a regular change of one or more non-spatial attributes when moving away from a given start object i. We use neighbourhood paths starting from i to model the movement and we perform a moving average analysis on the attribute values for the objects of a neighbourhood path to describe the regularity of change. Spatial weight matrix. Spatial weights are central components of many areas of spatial analysis. In general terms, for a spatial data set composed of n locations (points, areal units, network edges, etc.), the spatial weights matrix expresses the potential for interaction between observations at each pair i, j of locations. There is a rich variety of ways to specify the structure of these weights. Spatial moving average. in time series moving average is Mean of time series data (observations equally spaced in time) from several consecutive periods. And spatial moving average can computed locally using a geographical weighting scheme. The mean of individual cells computed by neighbourhood attribute. We use results of census of population and housing 2006 as Geodatabase. The following steps are used to perform research: Step1: Preparing and pre-processing data. Step 2: Making spatial units base on hexagonal forms. Step 3: Spatial data aggregation Step 4: Setting K nearest neighbours Step 5: Calculation spatial weight Step6: Calculation of SMA Step7: Analysis results Step 8: making maps Spatial is variability and non-stationary. Exploration of spatial pattern is an important subject in spatial planning. Spatial analysis include some components such as spatial pattern, spatial autocorrelation and autoregressive. One of the favorites in spatial analysis is discovering spatial pattern and trend in spatial data. Several tools have been developed for analysing spatial trends. At this paper we suggest a model based on moving average. Charts and maps have been used to analyse the results. The result of present based on various orders of moving average. In each of orders result completely difference. To k= 20 the local trend configured and with increasing value of ka global trend are found.

Formulation and implementation of Guidance plans in the last three decades has changed the physical landscape of rural settlements. Participation is undoubtedly a major factor in the success of rural development projects. It is expected to increase the level of social capital in rural areas and to add contributions to this project. This paper is an attempt to assess the influence of social capital in the process of implementing Guidance plan in rural areas. In addition, the spatial distribution of the correlation between these two variables will be assessed in the study area. Thus, the results can be employed as a basis for further studies, planning, and policy making in rural areas, especially in Khaf County. In terms of the aim, this study is an applied research and in terms of methodology it is a descriptive- analytical. Some parts of data have been collected through field studies and questionnaires and the other parts like the theoretical-conceptual framework, documentations and the census data have been collected through library research method. According to the findings of census conducted in 2012, this county includes 68 rural areas with a population of 65494 people. The guidance plan was carried out in 21 rural areas. From the villages that 10 years have passed since the implementation of Guidance plan, 10 villages with 4348 household have been selected as sample of the study. To estimate the sample size, we applied Cochran sampling method with a confidence level of 95% and the error probability of 6.3%. A total of 233 people were questioned. In this study, simple random sampling method was applied. After data collection, and processing them in ArcGIS and SPSS, made data analysis for explanation of research question. The main question in this study is how effective has been the villager's social capital on the implementation process of guidance plans in rural areas? Hypothesis under study is designed to answer the question: "Villagers Social capital has been effective on the implementation process of Rural Guidance Plans." In spatial analysis, a direct relationship has been observed between Social Capital of rural people and implementation process of Rural Guidance Plans, with the value of 0.379 at a significance level of 99%. There is a correlation between Villagers Social capital and their participation in the implementation process of Rural Guidance Plans with IQ 0.158 at 99% significance level. On the other hand, there is relatively a weak correlation with coefficient of 0.16 at a significance level of 90% between villager's participation and implementation process of Rural Guidance Plans. Between Villagers Social Capital and implementation of Guidance Plans in four villages such as Sedeh, Razdab, Mehrabad, and Borabad there is also a significant positive correlation. The results of the multivariate regression model, only variables of awareness and social cohesion P-Value greater than 0.05, reveals that the effect of these variables are not significant in the model. Therefore, the variable of social trust in the village is the strongest predictor of success in implementation process of Rural Guidance Plans. With regard to participation of villagers in the process of Guidance Plan, villages have been classified into two groups with high and low participation. Based on this index the two groups can be determined, respectively, at 0.104 and 0.300. This suggests that Social Capital has explained from 10 to 30 percent of the variability. With the investigation of Villager's Social Capital influence on the success of Rural Guidance plans in the study area it can be argued that, Villager's Social Capital variables have a positive impact on the implementation of Rural Guidance plans. Social Trust with influence of 27.6% has explained as the largest and Social Network with influence of 13.1 as the lowest variability. According to the villagers participation involved in the procurement process and implementation of Rural Guidance Plan, the villagers are categorized into two groups with high and low participation. There is significant difference in the impact of Villager's Social Capital, so that in villages with low participation, the only meaningful indicator is social trust, while the groups share villages with high indices of Trust. Cohesion and Social Networks also explained 30% of variability. Finally, we can say that Villager's Social Capital has fairly significant impact on the success of implementation process of Rural Guidance Plans in the study area and, therefore, the research hypothesis is confirmed. SUGGESTION: Recommended actions to improve the Villager's Social Capital and to increase their participation in the implementation process of Rural Guidance Plans for achieving more success in this area include: Strengthening rural social capital by increasing their social confidence, improvement of their knowledge of the law, their talents and capabilities and benefits of participation in the community through education, media and infrastructure to build and strengthen organizations and civil society organizations in the village. Formulation of plans and rural development programs based on the needs and priorities of rural people and encouraging them to participate in the design and development process. Note that some components of Social Capital in the rural areas are not good enough to promote the appropriate levels in rural development planning priorities And so on.

There are many economic problems in rural areas that make rural planning as a necessity to reduce them. In this regard, tourism can be as a tool for economic development and an efficient activity in rural areas. In this article we are going to evaluate the tourism Potentials in eliminating the economic challenges of rural areas, thus, potentials of three kind of tourism include natural, agricultural and cultural tourism. Also, here we investigate the condition of the facilities and the main factors that effect on development of tourism in the Qal`e Qafeh village in the suburbs of Minoodasht, a township of Golestan province in north of Iran. In this research we used descriptive- analysis method based on library and field studies. Interviews and questionnaires were used in field studies. The participants were the local people and managers. We selected 160 households by Cochran formula for first group. For the second group (rural manager), all the members (20 people) were selected. The data which collected from the questionnaire were analysed with using the SPSS software. Descriptive and deductive tests were applied to analysis the data. The results of the research show that tourism has a strong potentials to eliminate with economic problems. But there are significant differences between species in this regard. So, natural tourist is first and agricultural tourism and cultural tourism are in next ranks. Furthermore, in the case of infrastructure research indicate that there are many shortages, weaknesses and limitations in the facilities that is needed to development of the tourism in this area. In general, if promoted and be desirable the facilities and factors affecting tourism development, it was hoped that due to the high potential of tourism in Qal`e Qafe village, the economic challenges reduced greatly.

One of the major challenges of rural development in Iran can be inequality in local levels and between rural settlements. The gap among villages of the country is so great that many of them absorb more services and are converted into cities or small towns. Some others lose their population and became uninhabited or are about to depopulation. Hence, local development planning requires identifying development level of rural settlements. This research has attempted to measure socio-economic development level of the village in central district of Koohdasht county. It also has analysed the relationship between development level of villages and rural districts with different natural conditions, population, distance from center of the county and the villages with nomadic characteristic. This is an applied and descriptive- analytical research. The sample size consists of 131 inhabited villages in central district of Koohdasht County. On the basis of literature review, 17 social and 19 economic indicators have been defined. Required data have been gathered via referring to district offices, rural health network and so on, also by field study through completing rural questionnaire via local key informants (members of rural councils and etc). After releasing indicators from various scales with dividing by average and weighting to them on the basis of factor analysis (first principle component) method the socio-economic development level composite indicator (CI) has been determined. Statistics like mean, standard deviation, variance, coefficient of variation, coefficient of correlation, independent samples T test, ANOVA (variance analysis), and Tukey test have been utilized for data description and analysis. To this end, we have used SPSS and Excel applications. Coefficient of variation for composite indicator (CI) of socio-economic development (up to 0.46) has indicated that except few studied villages that are in the top of ranking in regard of socio-economic development level, most of them are placed at less developed or underdeveloped position. In other words, considering the average of CI (about 16) in comparison with its maximum (about 38) implies that CI’s is low in most of the rural settlements in the area. Therefore, it can be discussed that amongst 131 studied villages, 24 percent are categorized as developed and relatively developed and 74 percent are as less developed and under developed. This number for north Koohdasht rural district (about 5 percent) implies its worst condition between 3 sub districts. ANOVA test has also approved significance (less than 0.001) of difference between three sub districts and Tukey’s test implies that real variance can be seen between north Koohdasht and two other rural districts (significance less than 0.001). Furthermore, natural position of the villages has affected their socio-economic development level (significance less than 0.001). The Tukey’s test indicates that real variance can be seen between mountainous- forestall villages with the other types (plain and mountainous- plain villages). Pearson’s Coefficient of correlation between development level of the villages and their distance to center of county has also approved negative and significant relation between the two variables (correlation = -0.503, significance less than 0.001). In other words, with increasing the distance to county center, development level of villages will decrease. The test between villages’ population and development level has confirmed the relation of the two variables (correlation = 0.464, significance less than 0.001), so that with increasing the population size of the settlement the development level shows an increase. The same test has approved positive and significant relation between levels of social development with economic one (correlation = 0.413, significance less than 0.001). In other words, all the villages with high level of social development have high level of economic development too. Moreover, comparing the means between nomadic and non-nomadic villages indicate that there is significant difference among the two types in regard to development level (T test value= 3.898, significance= 0.000). Discussion and Research results have approved inequality between studied villages and the rural districts in socio- economic development level. Therefore, adopting decentralized strategies, balanced allocation of resources and investments seems necessary for reducing the mentioned inequalities. To this end, using down-top approaches, emphasizing on peoples participation in the process of need assessment, identifying development priorities, planning, implementing an evaluation of local development plans and projects can be useful choices. Hence, considering low development level in north Koohdasht villages, it can be recommended that these villages must be put in the priority in regard of planning and action for socio-economic investments. As the research results have approved, with the low development level of the nomadic rural settlements of the area, these kinds of villages must be in the priority in local development plans. It is necessary that decision making, planning, and implementing efforts must be harmonized with the nomadic characteristic of these settlements. Selecting appropriate service delivery systems in the framework of rural settlements hierarchical position can be useful. Furthermore, in order to improve the socio-economic indicators and diversify income resources of the villages, encouragement and reinforcement of governmental and private investments are necessary.