فهرست مطالب

فصلنامه پژوهشهای روستایی
سال پنجم شماره 3 (پیاپی 19، پاییز 1393)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1393/08/14
  • تعداد عناوین: 10
|
  • بهروز قرنی آرانی صفحات 467-488
    موفقیت سازمان های مردمی در کاهش فقر روستایی می تواند بیش از نهادهای غیرمردمی باشد، اما به دلایلی این موفقیت حاصل نمی شود و مزایای نهادهای مردمی بالفعل نیستند. در پژوهش حاضر، نقش مشارکت روستاییان در کاهش فقر روستایی تبیین می شود. ازآنجاکه کارشناسان و مدیران پروژه حبله رود در هدف گذاری، طراحی، اجرا، ارزش یابی و نگهداری این پروژه کوشیدند مشارکت محلی را جلب کنند و از شروع این پروژه نیز زمان زیادی می گذرد، از آن به عنوان مطالعه موردی این تحقیق استفاده شد. در پژوهش حاضر، مولفه های شاخص به زیستی انسان به عنوان سنجه برگزیده شد. تحلیل محتوای متن مصاحبه با 12 تن از آگاهان محلی روستای لزور از روستاهای موفق و پایلوت این پروژه نشان می دهد که مشارکت در طرح ها، فقر عمومی و فقر معنوی و فقر حاد و مزمن را کاهش داده است. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهند که پایداری، اثربخشی و پوشش پروژه های مشارکتی در هدف قراردادن فقر عمومی روستایی بیشتر از پروژه های بالا به پایین است و پروژه های غیرمشارکتی از هدف کاهش فقر روستایی به تدریج دور می شوند؛ حتی اگر در ظاهر یا در گام های اولیه سریع تر از پروژه های مشارکتی پیش بروند.
    کلیدواژگان: برنامه ریزی مشارکتی روستایی، کاهش فقر، لزور
  • لیدا شرفی، حسین آگهی، خدیجه مرادی صفحات 489-516
    دهیاری ها به عنوان یکی از نهادهای مدیریتی نویندر دهه اخیر،برای اداره کردن روستاهای کشور تاسیس شدند. با گذشت بیش از 10 سال از شکل گیری این نهاد جدید مدیریتی در روستاهای استان کرمانشاه، تاکنون مطالعه ای در زمینه بررسی عملکرد این نهاد انجام نشده است. هدف از انجام دادن این مطالعه موردی که با رویکرد کیفی صورت گرفته، این است که ضمن واکاوی عملکرد دهیاری های دهستان بالادربند شهرستان کرمانشاه، راهکارهایی به منظور بهبود عملکرد دهیاری ها از دیدگاه دهیاران ارائه شود. جامعه مطالعه شده در پژوهش حاضر، دهیاران دهستان بالادربند (12 دهیار) بودند. داده های پژوهش با بهره گیری از تکنیک مصاحبه عمیق و گروه های متمرکز جمع آوری شدند و با استفاده از تحلیل محتوا، تجزیه و تحلیل صورت گرفت. یافته های پژوهش نشان داد که عملکرد دهیاری های مطالعه شده، در این شش محور صورت گرفته است: توسعه کالبدی و فیزیکی در روستا، تهیه و اجرای طرح های زیست محیطی، تعاملات اجتماعی و اداری، تهیه و اجرای طرح های فرهنگی و مذهبی و ورزشی، عرضه خدمات عمومی، و توسعه کشاورزی. راهکارهایی که دهیاران به منظور بهبود عملکرد دهیاری ها مطرح کردند، در قالب شش موضوع دسته بندی شدند. این راهکارها که به منظور بهبود عملکرد دهیاری ها پیشنهاد شدند، عبارت اند از: توجیه و جلب همکاری شورا و مردم با دهیاری، تضمین امنیت شغلی و ایجاد انگیزه در دهیاران، تجدید نظر در فرایند انتخاب دهیار، تامین امکانات و منابع مالی مورد نیاز دهیاری، تثبیت جایگاه قانونی دهیار، و تقویت ارتباط سازمان های ذی ربط با دهیاری ها.
    کلیدواژگان: دهیاری، تحلیل کیفی، تحلیل محتوا، مدیریت روستایی، مدیریت محلی
  • محمد فاضلی، محمد جواد محمدی پارسا صفحات 517-540
    یکی از مهم ترین عوامل تخریب جنگل ها روستاییانی هستند که از درختان جنگل برای خانه سازی، سوخت و تعلیف دام ها استفاده می کنند. در سال 1370 مراحل خروج دام از جنگل و کوچ چهار روستای واقع در جنگل از توابع شهرستان گالیکش شروع شد. این طرح، باعث بیرون آمدن چهار روستای مجاور یکدیگر (تقریبا 50 خانوار روستایی) از جنگل و اسکان مجدد در حاشیه روستای ینقاق و در محله ای شد که در عرف به آن شهرک منابع طبیعی می گویند. پژوهش حاضر، پژوهشی کیفی از نوع تولید نظریه زمینه ای است که در چارچوب نظریه اصلی توسعه پایدار و توانمندسازی که از مهم ترین زیرشاخه های اجتماعی آن است، شکل گرفت و در آن از طرح پانل واپس نگر استفاده شد. در این پژوهش، با استفاده از رویکرد ارزیابی تاثیر اجتماعی (اتا)، مولفه های اصلی توانمندسازی در اجتماع بررسی شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان دادند که عرضه خدمات زیربنایی مهم ترین عامل توانمندساز و رضایت بخش نزد کوچ کنندگان بوده و درآمد حاصل از اشتغال ایجادشده برای خانواده ها نسبتا مناسب است. پایبندنبودن دولت به وعده های خود به ویژه در ایجاد دامداری صنعتی و تعاونی روستایی و کم شدن زمین های کشاورزی و دام ها و ازدست دادن خودکفایی نسبی جنگل نشینان، در کنار برنامه ریزی نکردن برای اشتغال نسل دوم کوچ کنندگان و آسیب های اجتماعی به وجودآمده، از مهم ترین دلایل نارضایتی های موجود است. درپایان، انتزاع «ترس ناشی از تعلیق» برای توضیح مقوله های اصلی کشف شده در مصاحبه ها به دست آمد که قدرت تبیین طیف وسیعی از کنش های کوچ کنندگان، خصوصا نسل اول آنها را دارا بود.
    کلیدواژگان: ارزیابی تاثیرات اجتماعی، اسکان مجدد، تجمیع ینقاق، توسعه پایدار، خروج دام از جنگل، روش تحقیق کیفی، طرح
  • حمدالله سجاسی قیداری، طاهره صادقلو، اسلام رئیسی صفحات 541-564
    بلایای طبیعی در طول تاریخ جزء گزیرناپذیر زندگی انسان بوده اند و در میان آنها زلزله از مخرب ترین بلایا در جهان و ایران به شمار می آید. این بلای طبیعی سالانه خسارت های جانی و مالی بسیاری به مناطق روستایی کشور که آسیب پذیری شان بیشتر از مناطق شهری است وارد می آورد. مدیران بهره مند از دانش و آگاهی می توانند نقشی اساسی در مدیریت بحران های طبیعی مانند زلزله داشته باشند و آسیب های ناشی از آن را به حداقل برسانند. مدیریت محلی آگاه به اصول، مهارت ها و شیوه های مدیریت بحران در روستاها، نقش جدی در کاهش آثار بلایای طبیعی خواهد داشت. مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی میزان دانش مدیریت بحران میان مدیران محلی مناطق روستایی (دهیاران و شوراها) انجام شد. برای رسیدن به هدف پژوهش از روش شناسی توصیفی تحلیلی ازطریق شیوه مطالعه اسنادی و پیمایشی برای پاسخگویی به پرسش تحقیق در منطقه روستایی دهستان گشت استفاده شد. به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل، از آزمون T برای مشخص کردن میزان دانش مدیریت بحران بین مدیران محلی و از مدل تصمیم گیری چندشاخصه الکتره (ELECTRE) برای اولویت بندی روستاهای منطقه براساس سطح دانش مدیریت بحران مدیران محلی استفاده شد. نتایج نهایی تحقیق نشان می دهند که براساس آزمون T، میانگین آماره آزمون هیچ کدام از شاخص ها بالاتر از میانگین مطلوب نیست و سطح دانش مدیریت بحران میان مدیران روستاهای مطالعه شده پایین تر از حد متوسط است. نتیجه اولویت بندی مدیران محلی روستاها نیز نشان داد که روستاهای گشت، اله آباد و کسوری به ترتیب بالاترین سطح دانش مدیریت بحران را درمقایسه با سایر روستاها دارند و سطح دانش مدیریت بحران تقریبا نزدیک به متوسط است.
    کلیدواژگان: الکتره، دانش مدیریت بحران، دهستان گشت، زلزله، مدیران محلی، MCDM
  • محمودرضا میرلطفی، محمودعلی خسروی صفحات 565-588
    شاغلان اداری ماندگار در روستاها بخشی از نظام های جمعی شناسایی متقابل هستند که هویت جمعی قدیم و جدید را با عناصر مهم فرهنگی و نمادین بیان می کنند. آنها واسطه هایی هستند که نیازها و خواست های روستاییان را به محیط عمومی می آورند و زمینه های لازم را برای بیان مشکلات آنان فراهم می کنند. پژوهش حاضر با این دیدگاه به بررسی و تحلیل مشارکت اجتماعی – اقتصادی شاغلان اداری ماندگار و غیرماندگار در روستاهای شهرستان هامون با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی می پردازد. جامعه نمونه تحقیق شامل 126 نفر شاغل اداری ماندگار و 106 نفر شاغل اداری غیرماندگار از بخش تیمورآباد (انتخاب بخش به صورت تصافی ساده) به صورت تمام شماری انتخاب شد و جمع آوری داده ها از طریق مطالعات کتابخانه ای و تکمیل پرسشنامه صورت گرفت. برای آزمون فرضیات از آزمون مان - ویتنی و فریدمن استفاده شد. یافته ها حاکی از تایید فرضیات تحقیق اند و نشان می دهند که ماندگاری شاغلان اداری در مشارکت اجتماعی و اقتصادی آنها در روستاها موثر است. ازاین رو چند مورد پیشنهاد می شود: 1. در استخدام شاغلان اداری روستاها، تحصیل کرده های هر روستا در اولویت قرار گیرند؛ 2. برای کارآفرینی شاغلان اداری ماندگار در روستاها، تسهیلات و پشتیبانی های مالی و نهادی لازم انجام شود؛ و 3. در بررسی و شناخت نیازهای روستاها به منظور برنامه ریزی برای توسعه روستاها از ظرفیت های علمی و تجربی شاغلان اداری ماندگار در روستاها استفاده شود.
    کلیدواژگان: شاغلان اداری روستا، شهرستان هامون، ماندگاری، مشارکت اجتماعی - اقتصادی
  • افسانه ملک حسینی، علی اصغر میرک زاده صفحات 589-610
    روستاها در پیوند مستقیم با طرح های توسعه قرار دارند و این طرح ها تاثیرات کاملا مشخصی بر زندگی اجتماعی و اقتصادی روستاییان می گذارند. امروزه تلاش می شود تا در قالب ارزیابی آثار توسعه ای طرح ها، منافع و مضار فعالیت های توسعه ای بر هر منطقه ارزیابی و تحلیل شوند. هدف این مطالعه بررسی آثار اجتماعی سد سلیمان شاه سنقر بر منطقه تحت پوشش شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی سد است. برای این منظور از روش تحقیق کمی- کیفی استفاده شد و اطلاعات از طریق پرسشنامه، فن مصاحبه، مشاهده و قدم زدن در روستا (Transect) به دست آمدند. جامعه مطالعه شده در این پژوهش اعضای شورا و دهیاری های روستاهای تحت پوشش شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی (48=N) بودند که به صورت سرشماری مطالعه شدند. جامعه آماری تحقیق را کلیه روستاییان سرپرست خانوار روستاهای پایین دست سد (1273=N) تشکیل دادند، که 300 نفر از آنها براساس جدول مورگان به عنوان نمونه آماری انتخاب شدند. برای تحلیل داده ها از مدل موریس در بخش کمی و از فن تدوین نقشه های ذهنی و تحلیل محتوا در بخش کیفی استفاده شد. نتایج تحلیل محتوا نشان دادند که آثار مثبت و منفی اجتماعی سد سلیمان شاه در 10 دسته کلی خلاصه می شود: 1. افزایش امید به زندگی؛ 2. بهبود امنیت منطقه؛ 3. توسعه توریسم؛ 4. افزایش ماندگاری در روستا؛ 5. افزایش اشتغال؛ 6. کاهش فقر؛ 7. وحدت و انسجام اجتماعی؛ 8. تقویت سرمایه اجتماعی؛ 9).توسعه ناموزون؛ و 10. نقض حقوق اساسی مردم. نتایج حاصل از مدل موریس نشان دادند که روستا های جوب کبودعلیا و قروه در برخورداری از شاخص های اجتماعی به ترتیب رتبه اول و آخر را به دست آورده اند.
    کلیدواژگان: ارزیابی، اثرات اجتماعی، سدسلیمانشاه، سنقر، طرح های توسعه
  • مصیب غلامی، امیر حسین علی بیگی صفحات 611-638
    جوامع روستایی به دلیل ارتباط تنگاتنگ شان با محیط طبیعی و محدودیت فرصت های شان از دیرباز در معرض نیروهای مخرب طبیعی به ویژه خشکسالی قرار داشتند و کشاورزان هر منطقه به تجربه اقداماتی را برای سازگاری و مقابله با آن انجام می دهند. هدف کلی پژوهش کیفی حاضر که به روش پدیدارشناسی انجام شد، بررسی و شناسایی روش هایی است که کشاورزان در برخورد با خشکسالی از خود نشان می دهند. جامعه مطالعه شده در این پژوهش را روستاییان شهرستان سرپل ذهاب، که بیشترین خشکسالی ها را در سال های اخیر داشتند، تشکیل دادند. افراد مطلع از طریق روش گلوله برفی شناسایی شدند. داده های تحقیق با روش مصاحبه عمیق و مشاهده مستقیم جمع آوری و براساس الگوی کلایزی تجزیه و تحلیل شد. نتایج نشان دادند که کشاورزان روش های متفاوتی را در مقابله با خشکسالی به کار می گیرند. برخی از شرکت کنندگان در تحقیق حاضر روش هایی نظیر تغییر الگوی کشت، ذخیره علوفه، تغییر زمان کاشت و برداشت، تنوع معیشت، ترمیم جوی های آب و اصلاح شیوه های آبیاری را به منظور سازگاری به کار می گیرند و از روش هایی مانند چرای مزارع خشک شده، خرید آب، کاهش تعداد دام، قطع درختان و نذر و نیاز کردن به منظور مقابله با خشکسالی استفاده می کنند.
    کلیدواژگان: پدیدارشناسی، خشکسالی، روش های بومی، مدیریت خشکسالی
  • عبدالرضا رکن الدین افتخاری، سید محمد موسوی *، مهدی پورطاهری، منوچهر فرج زاده اصل صفحات 639-662

    خشکسالی طی سالیان گذشته آسیب های زیادی به بخش کشاورزی و جامعه روستایی وارد کرده است. در دهه اخیر، رویکرد مقابله با شرایط و رخدادهای طبیعی جای خود را به کنارآمدن و زندگی کردن با آنها داده است. پژوهش حاضر به بررسی تنوع معیشتی به عنوان یکی از رویکردهای مناسب برای کنارآمدن با شرایط خشکسالی می پردازد. چارچوب تحلیلی استفاده شده در این پژوهش، چارچوب معیشت پایدار است. این چارچوب که به عنوان روشی برای بهبود درک معیشت فقرای روستایی به کار گرفته شده است، از زمینه های آسیب پذیری روستاییان آغاز می شود و به دستاوردهای معیشتی حاصل از سازوکار های مبتنی بر معیشت پایدار ختم می شود. روش تحقیق در این بررسی به صورت کمی پیمایشی است و از روش های توصیفی، تحلیلی و روابط همبستگی استفاده می کند. برای این منظور به 12 روستا در مناطق مختلف استان اصفهان، که به درجه های متفاوتی در معرض خشکسالی بودند و در سطوح گوناگونی از نظر برخورداری از امکانات توسعه قرار داشتند، مراجعه شد و افزون بر نهادها و خبرگان روستایی با 227 نفر از سرپرستان خانوار کشاورز روستایی مصاحبه شد. نتایج به دست آمده نشان می دهند که اتخاذ رویکرد تنوع معیشتی منجر به تاب آوری بیشتر خانوارها در شرایط خشکسالی شده است. در روستاهایی که در معرض خشکسالی شدیدتری قرار داشتند، این تنوع معیشتی بیشتر به چشم می خورد.

    کلیدواژگان: تاب آوری، تنوع معیشتی، خشکسالی، راهبردهای معیشتی، سرمایه های معیشتی
  • فرزاد کریمی، مصطفی احمدوند صفحات 663-690
    تعیین نیازهای اساسی توسعه و اولویت بندی مولفه های آن در مناطق روستایی، از ضرورت های برنامه ریزی روستایی به شمار می آید. هدف پژوهش حاضر، وضعیت سنجی و اولویت بندی شاخص های توسعه پایدار در مناطق روستایی بخش مرکزی شهرستان بویراحمد است. جامعه آماری پژوهش، روستاهای 20 خانوار و بالاتر بخش مرکزی این شهرستان (89 روستا) بود که با استفاده از جدول برآورد حجم نمونه لین، 566 خانوار روستایی مطالعه و بررسی شدند. برای جمع آوری داده ها، افزون بر اسناد، پرسشنامه محقق ساخته به کار رفت و برای تعیین اعتبار بخش های مختلف پرسشنامه از روش اعتبار محتوا و به منظور تعیین پایایی آن از هم سانی درونی به روش آلفای کرونباخ استفاده شد. ضریب آلفای کرونباخ، 955/0-561/0 به دست آمد که بهینگی پرسشنامه را نشان می داد. داده پردازی پژوهش با استفاده از نرم افزار MATLAB7.10 انجام گرفت. با نگرش اندام وار به توسعه پایدار روستایی، شاخص ها انتخاب شدند و سپس برای عملیاتی کردن شاخص ها از استانداردسازی فازی بهره گرفته شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از ضریب جینی و آنتروپی شانن استفاده شد. نتایج وضعیت شناسی شاخص ها ازلحاظ پایداری حاکی از آن بود که 32 درصد از شاخص های بررسی شده در وضعیت پایدار، 32 درصد در وضعیت پایداری متوسط و 36 درصد نیز در وضعیت ناپایدار قرار داشتند. افزون بر آن، نتایج ضریب جینی نشان داد که شاخص ها به صورت مناسب توزیع نشده اند. بنابراین، لازم است که درخصوص تعیین مراکز و کانون های اصلی خدمات رسانی براساس نظام سلسله مراتبی سکونتگاه ها بازنگری صورت گیرد.
    کلیدواژگان: آنتروپی، استانداردسازی فازی، بویراحمد، توسعه روستایی، درجه بحرانی، ضریب جینی
  • محمدحسین کریم صفحات 691-704
    کشاورزی در منطقه سیستان نقش بسزایی در درآمدزایی و اشتغال روستاییان این منطقه دارد و بررسی عملکرد و عوامل رفتاری تاثیرگذار بر آن اهمیت ویژه ای دارد. ازاین رو در مطالعه حاضر ضمن بررسی خصوصیات اقتصادی- اجتماعی روستاییان، به بررسی عوامل موثر بر عملکرد واحدهای کشاورزی در این منطقه پرداخته شده است. داده ها و اطلاعات لازم از طریق تکمیل 100 پرسشنامه از کشاورزان منطقه به دست آمد. برای تحلیل نتایج و یافته ها از بسته نرم افزاری Eviews7 استفاده شد. نتایج مطالعهنشان دادند که سطح زیر کشت و تجربه اثر معناداری بر عملکرد کشاورزان منطقه داشته است. لذا تقویت زیرساخت های گفته شده برای بهبود عملکرد کشاورزی سیستان پیشنهاد می شود.
    کلیدواژگان: رفتار روستاییان، سیستان، عملکرد واحدهای زراعی، مدل OLS
|
  • Behruz Gharani Arani Pages 467-488
    Introduction
    What’s rural poverty، and why urban poverty was separated in study? It said the situation dominate the villages differentiate looking to rural poverty and deprivation. Review of the dominant patterns of rural poverty alleviation displays exogenous interventions. World experience shows that wherever the poor as the subject، not the object، participate in the development process، create growth، human development and equality there. But despite the obstacles، including shortcoming of knowledge resource، how is this possible? Villagers are well acquainted with their problems and even in many cases they get use to the problem and culture of poverty، according to Lewis، have created a special lifestyle themselves. Thus، in order to overcome these barriers، if there were catalyst conditions، funds should be provided with support and participation، the current situation can be improved. But what are the facilitating conditions? Approaches in which participatory strategies are suggested، people are means and goal of development. Recently emphasized the active participation of villagers achieve through rural communities that their primary goal is pursuing and materializing of economic or social objectives. So، this article searches the role of villagers’ participation on rural poverty alleviation: this issue has the proponents and opponents and there is no straight answer for it. Opponents argue that participatory action spends much money and time، about poverty is irrelevant and luxury، is a destabilizing force in the social and political، is ideological rather than actual، and gets authorities shirk their duties toward their responsibility. Proponents believe that through participation we can make better use of the external costs، and they enumerate other virtues of participation: more effectiveness، ability to increase coverage of plans، more and better identification of target groups and their willingness to maintain the momentum of activities and to provide more opportunities for women benefits. Despite prevailing centralization of rural development programs in Iran، there are projects that the experts tried to intervene stakeholders to fulfill all or most of the project، including the Hableh-rud National Project. This project has sought to engage local participation and maximize communities’ interventions in planning and implementation of natural resource conservation projects. The main objective of the project is natural resources conservation through rural poverty alleviation and reducing the deleterious effects of unstable economic of region on resources، thus، this project seems suitable for this research. Between pilot projects in villages، Lazur was selected; the village was a pilot of Watershed Sub-project of Hableh-rud National Project. In the pilot villages، NGOs and CBOs formed to handle and monitor designing and implementing of projects.
    Methodology
    Method is study of library documents. Researcher were consulted by the experts in the Forest، Range and Watershed Management Organization، and Lazur village of Watershed Hablehrud Project was selected for field research. Documents of Project Office and the village were studied to accommodate local data obtained from field method to the documents. The following components of Human Well-being Index in the evaluation of the test can be considered: nutrition، clothing، shelter and housing، employment، health، physical environment، social environment، education، social security، human freedom، social opportunities and participation activities. The index seems to be good in some aspects: it includes all monetary and non-monetary approaches; it is near to the situation of the village (the case study); it seems to be influenced directly or indirectly by the general goals of participatory projects; and the rural mentality can assess project''s impact on the index. Participation is a quality issue and it retrieved from socio-economic realities of society، so that method in this study was qualitative. Local key informants’ interview is a core rapid appraisal method. The 12 informants were interviewed. Interview questionnaire guide was used in interviews. The snowball technique was used to select some local informants. All interviewees were selected from Lazur people: group 1: trained local facilitators (known as Development Contributors); Group 2: members of “Central Nucleus of Sustainable Development”; Group 3: local contractors، Group 4: members of “Coordinating Council” and Group 5: internal rural managers including members of the village council or “Dehyar” (like mayor in cities) were selected. I lived in Lazour one month، recorded men and women''s experiences، and observed their participatory projects. Then data was collected in MS-Word word processor، accorded with official documents of the project. Data was analyzed through content analysis method. This method regards to replicable (objective and systematic) and valid data. According the method، key informants'' sentences were spread in components of Human Well-being Index delivered in a frequency table. Discussion and
    Conclusion
    Since the majority of rural projects have monetary and non-participatory approach to poverty reduction and the projects are seldom success to access to “community level”، hence Lazur was chosen for case study because this project had the possible ways to implement participatory rural planning. Lazur informants (12 people) responded to the semi-structured questionnaire and content analysis of interviews sentences showed the following
    Results
    - Reducing spiritual poverty through increased self-confidence and self-reliance in villagers، motivation، entrepreneurship and optimal utilization of human and natural resources، increasing the level of knowledge and information resources، and more attention to cultural needs; - Reducing the risk of chronic and acute poverty and increasing economic investment security and social security as a result of watershed projects and reducing the risks of natural hazards، particularly floods; - Improving rural livelihoods a result of revenue relative increasing through direct and indirect، short and long term employment، Hablehrud project and medicinal plants project (the Project is defined by the rural women); - Promoting entrepreneurial spirit and «encouragement» among the villagers، and preparing the basis for employment and development a result of rural participatory and collaborative projects; - Sustainability، efficiency and coverage of participatory projects in targeting rural mass poverty are more successful than top-down projects، non-participatory projects aimed at reducing rural poverty goals are gradually away though in appearance or in the initial steps of participatory projects go faster.
    Keywords: participatory, Rural, Poverty, Alleviation, Lazur
  • Lida Sharafi, Hossein Agahi, Khadije Moradi Pages 489-516
    Introduction
    Rural management is process of rural society organizing and leading through shaping to organizations and institutions. These organizations and institutions are tools for achievement to objectives in rural community (Nemati and Badri، 2007). In line with، local institutions are organized as local administrators in Iran. These indigenous self-help groups have been around since 1998 with the Act of Establishing Self-sufficient local administrators across the country (Farahani and Rostam Khani، 2011). According to the latest statistics، Kermanshah province rank second in number of local institutions across the country. Interestingly، Khorasane-Razavi holds the largest number of local institutions in the country. There are several activities set for local administrators by government body. For example، different domains of activities may range from social، economical، cultural، and environmental issues but it may even go beyond these activities (Mahdavi and Najafi Kani، 2005). Currently local administrators are held accountable for so called “Hadi Project”. This project that started a few years ago is a type of rural planning that aims to improve the overall view of villages across Iran. Villages that have undergone Hadi Planning are physically attractive and environmentally safe. This participatory project is coordinated by local administration and it is the responsibility of local administrative to see that the project is well underway and that rural villagers are involve in every step of the project. Local administrations are also involved in local services. Rural sanitations، sewage systems، water، electricity، gas، and many more services but to name a few are on the shoulders of these people-centered institutions. Although local administrations have been active during the past 8 years in Kermanshah province، little attention has been made to the diverse activities played by these indigenous groups. Therefore، the rural administration important place in management and rural development is necessary to assessing of its performance. If it does correctly، costs reduced and identify strengths and weaknesses، and also enhance efficacy and effectiveness in it institutions (Rezvani et al. 2013). Moreover، limited literature exists that reveals rural administration performance in Kermanshah township. Therefore، the purpose of this qualitative study was to analyze rural administrations performance and present solutions to improve their performance as perceived by rural administrators in Baladarband Rural District، Kermanshah Township.
    Methodology
    The nature of this study required a different approach to research methodology. Thus in order to gain a deep insight and collect rich primary data source، a qualitative approach (A case study) deemed appropriate for this study. The unit of analyses included 12 local administrators in Baladarband region in Kermanshah Township. Data was collected by using semi-structured and several focus group interviews. Then data were analyzed by using content analysis. A three step process was used to analyze data. The first stage، concepts emerged from text، then they categorized as primary theme. In final stage، categories formed axial categories. In the first stage 83 concepts about rural administration emerged from the data. These concepts were then summarized and reduced in number to 6 categories.
    Results
    The findings indicated that the performance of rural administrators has been in six cores such as: physical and skeletal development in village; preparation and implementation of environmental initiatives; social and administrative interactions; preparation and implementation of cultural، religious and sport initiatives; public service; and agricultural development. Also solutions offered by rural administrators were classified in six categories. This approach is presented to improve the performance of rural administrators include: justification of council cooperation with people and with rural administrators; guaranteed job security and motivate rural administrators; review the selection process of rural administrator; provide the financial resources needed by rural administrator; consolidate legal status of rural administrator; and strengthening linkages with relevant organizations with rural administrators.
    Conclusion
    The result of this study has implications for agricultural and rural development policy-makers in Kermasnshah province. First، rural development practitioners need to be cognizant of several and diverse activities local administrators are involved. This would help rural development practitioners to develop a mindset that in order for local administrative to be effective، more physical and monetary assistance is required. Second، if policy-makers at national level are interested to develop these local institutions across the country، they need to be provided with more jurisdictions and autonomy. In other words، local administrators can only be effective if they feel more secured in their job and provided with more support in terms of effective local good governance. Finally، it is recommended that future study use a mix method approach so that all dimensions of local administrators are taken in to account.
    Keywords: Rural administration, content analysis, qualitative analysis, local leadership, rural management
  • Mohammad Fazeli, Mohammad Javad Mohamadi Parsa Pages 517-540
    Protect and preserve the environment like forest ecosystems are a very important public duty. And being concerned about the people forced to migrate and resettle to protect valuable ecosystems is necessary. So finding the ways that can Put reasonable and efficient both of these categories together، is only possible through the systematic researchs. In recent years، many international requirements and native protests from the environmental activists And higher knowledge of the people and the governments، has forced the governments to more pay attention to forest ecosystems. In this context، the main challenge that governments are always faced with is the choose between current needs and economic prosperity and gaining more popularity and giving priority to the protection and maintenance of natural resources and the environment for future generations. One of the main causes of deforestation is the forest villagers that lived in the forest for many years and use trees for building، fuel and livestock grazing. Native، traditional and local forest exploitation of the natural resources in forest ecosystems in recent decades، gradually has been changed to the mode of industrial use case، and has become non - standard. In 1986 Studies are began for regulate findings and rules to out rural households from forests and resettle them in new regions. In addition، its operations began in 1990. Failure to cooperate foresters، social، economic and cultural problems in previous migrated shortage of habitable lands، lack of funds allocated، inconsistencies in the agencies، lack sufficient clarity of rules and regulations، Two contrasting economic perspective (using wood، livestock and employment) and environmental use of forests among policymakers and… shows that more careful Researches and planning is necessary. Although the governments were bound to exit all forest villagers until 2010، out of the woods and migrate them to other zones but so far (2014) because of that problems that work is not done. The main mechanism of the development process improvement projects mades in the studies about Actions that have already taken place and the exposure to a variety of conditions have shown their strengths and weaknesses. In a country like Iran، where every year hundreds of small and large development projects are carried out; study of previous designs is necessary. To be repeated strengths and avoid weaknesses of that projects. Because of forest conservation in 1992، four adjacent villages in the forest of outskirt of Galykesh city in Golestan province (Iran) about the 50 rural households exited and were resettled in Yanqaq village. Governments gave every family two acres (20000 m2) of farming land (approximately 30% of previous asset) and a house 450 square meters area instead of their farming lands and homes in forest. This study has the following these purposes. First: describe the significant social changes resulting from migration and resettlement، and its positive and negative effects. Second: Identifying the types and causes of social discontent has emerged because of the impact of this kind of development and Third: Solution to improve the situation and resolve possible defects in future similar projects. This research is formed in the framework of sustainable development outlook and one of its most important branches; social empowerment and using the social impact assessment (SIA) approach to find out most important beneficial and harmful social impacts in that migration and Resettlement. Firstly، social، economic، cultural and political effects has been identified and after consultation with experts in social science and ecology، economic impact specified as most important impact of the project and selected to comprehensive review. Next step was a qualitative research study (Grounded theory method) to descript resettlement people attitudes about this project and its economical problems. The results show that the infrastructure services (like drinking water، safe house، school، hospital، the fire department، police etc) are the most important factor to empowering the resettlement people. And family''s new income is relatively sufficient. However، the government''s failure to adhere to their promises، particularly on the establish of industrial livestock، rural cooperatives and loss of self-sufficiency and lack of planning for the employment of second-generation have inconvenienced them. The problems like Lack of participatory management of resettlement، lack of adequate training for entering a new lifestyle and not a Continuous monitoring of resettlement rural people has created «Horror suspense» sense in Newcomers to new location. That sense as the central category can Interpret most Actions of The first generation Resettlement rural people. In addition، at the end of the study، by using the discovered central category، Suggestions are presented for better implementation of similar projects.
    Keywords: forest villagers, resettlement, participatory, social impact assessment, Grounded theory method
  • Hamdollah Sojasi, Tahereh Sadeghloo, Esalm Rayisi Pages 541-564
    Introduction
    Earthquake is one of the most important risk and natural disaster in the world and Iran country that its occurrence causes to human، financial and social damages. Therefore، natural disasters happening such as earth quake and like that are changes in environmental condition that disrupt ordinary trend of people life، have a destroying affect on human settlement and Imposes economic، social and environmental damage on communities. Beside، rural area is most vulnerable spaces in faced of natural disaster especially، in front of earth quakes. Local management in rural area as a closest level of administration and management to rural people could play main and vital role in reduction of disasters damages and crisis mitigation. But، important point about it is having enough knowledge for crisis management process. Thus، knowledge and awareness is one of the main indexes that could help local managers in rural crisis management. Local management confused in disaster occurrence time، because of lake of knowledge and cognition about crisis management. With regard to increasing damages of natural event in rural area، Dehyars and rural councils will facilitate implementation of vulnerability reduction plans and increase rural community’s safety. Based on this، the key purpose of this study is measuring the level of crisis management knowledge among rural local managers in Gosht rural district as an Earthquake Prone region along Saravan fault in south east of Iran.
    Methodology
    Gosh city is central part of Saravan County in Sistan and Baluchestan province and Gosht rural district lay among Saravan and Khash counties. This region is one of the most earth quake prone areas that placement on Saravan fault line is the main reason of this seismic potentials. Sample community had selected by statistical information and amount of destruction in last disasters especially in 1392 earthquake of Saravan. The purpose of this study is analyzing the crisis management knowledge level in local administrator. For this purpose and answering to question of study descriptive- analytic methodology through of document- survey approach، had been used in Gosht County as a case study of rural areas. Our case study community selected based on amount of humanistic and financial damages that reported in documents. Finally the number of 16 rural had been chosen for this regard. Also، T- Test of statistic method had chosen for determining the level of crisis management in rural local administrator and the rural ranking was done by ELECTRE technique decision making models. ELECTRE is a family of multi-criteria decision analysis methods that originated in Europe in the mid-1960s. The acronym ELECTRE stands for: ELimination ET Choix Traduisant la REalité (ELimination and Choice Expressing REality). The method was first proposed by Bernard Roy and his colleagues at SEMA consultancy company. Bernard Roy was called in as a consultant and the group devised the ELECTRE method. As it was first applied in 1965، the ELECTRE method was to choose the best action (s) from a given set of actions، but it was soon applied to three main problems: choosing، ranking and sorting. The method became more widely known when a paper by B. Roy appeared in a French operations research journal. The MCDM techniques are the practical and comprehensive method for ranking the alternative based on quantities and qualities indexes. Among these models، ELECTRE by using of parity comparison of alternative and extracting the most effective alternative، rank they based the selected indexes.
    Results And Discussion
    The main goal of this study was، determining the level of crisis management knowledge among local administration and Based on final result، no one of alternatives aren’t in good condition at case study rural and the crisis management knowledge are in low level relative of medium amount in case study county. Based on crises management knowledge variables، the amount of T calculated and finding show that rural dahyars and council crisis management knowledge and awareness is so weak in rural spaces. The final ranking result show that the disaster management knowledge Based on variable of crisis management knowledge in different time stage of disaster (before، among and after)، in Gosht، Allahabad and Kasury are better than the other case study rural and is nearby to medium level. Also، the local management of Hampani، Dadshah ababd، Hoot abad، and Gidbast has a lowest level of knowledge about that. The result show that in present condition، the awareness and local skills about disaster must be improved in rural area and among Dehyars and council.
    Conclusion
    Nowadays، the frequency of natural hazard cause to so many disaster and damages in rural areas and for resolving the problem of them، the local leaders and administrator must be learned about the crisis management knowledge and train it to the local community. There aren’t so many studies about this topic، but، the result of this study show that، the level of this knowledge is so low among local administrator. The rural local readers need to increase the level of crisis knowledge and training it to the other vulnerable people of rural. The best solution for earthquake damages reduction in rural area is increasing the crisis management knowledge among Dehyars and councils that could be done by following actions: - Frequent Training courses such; rescue، first aid، Retrofitting buildings، psychological aids and …- Preparation of training materials- Exercises and Drills- Establish crisis management groups in rural- Establish Crisis Management Committee
    Keywords: crisis management knowledge, local administrator, ELECTRE, earthquake, Gosht County
  • Mahmoudreza Mirlotfi, Mahmoudali Khosravi Pages 565-588
    Introduction
    All experts of development، especially rural development emphasize the villager’s participation in rural development. They consider development of the village to be impossible without villagers’ participation and believe that any improvement should begin from the villagers themselves and all people must participate in it. Development should meet social، cultural، ethical etc، needs; this way development plans receive attention and people’s participation in different stages is attracted. Accordingly، the administrative staff staying in villages are on the hand reciprocal collective identity systems expressing old and new collective identities using crucial cultural and symbolic elements and on the other hand are mediators who bring the villages needs and requirements to the public thus setting the grounds to express their problems. Taking this approach، the present study aims at investigating the role of social – economic participation of administrative staff staying in the villages of Hamoon parish.
    Methodology
    An analytical – descriptive approach based on library and field resources included completing a questionnaire its reliability and validity approved by experts، has been estimated to be α=0. 83. The data are analyzed using SPSS software. The population included staying and non-staying administrative staff in the Hamoon parish villages among which all staying (126 people) and non – staying staff (106 people) are selected from 36 villages of teymourabad (random selection of the district) as the population sample.
    Results
    To investigate the extent of socio-economic activities of staying administrative staff in the villages under study، the Friedman test was used. Based on this، 18 social and 13 economic variables were identified and were ranked and tested based on the priority of response. In the present study، the Friedman test statistic was 96/355 for the social variable with a difference level of 1 percent (almost zero) and for the economic variable was 30/553 with the significant level of 95 percent. Therefore، with the significant level of 95 percent، the hypothesis that all economic and social variables are equally important from the respondents’ viewpoint is rejected and it can be concluded that staying administrative staff of various degrees are effective in socio-economic variables being tested. The results indicated that there is 99% significant difference between the amount of social and economical participation of staying administrative staff and non- staying ones in the villages of hamoon. In the staying staffs view، the factors: encouraging villages to new enrollments in cooperation’s، raising villages general knowledge and encouraging youth settlement in the village ranked the first to third respectively; and in non – staying staffs opinion، the factors: engagement and cooperation in livestock vaccination plans، running programs for rural youth to spend their free time as well as new cooperation’s between villages in the social dimension ranked first to third. The factors: doing agricultural and ranching activities، purchasing agricultural equipments and providing services for the villages and investment in agricultural and ranching in staying staffs view ranked first to third and in non staying staff، factors: lending money to the villages، supplying some of their required goods from within the village ranked first to third.
    Conclusion
    The results show that the staff staying in the villages، as the elites of rural community، has been dramatically more active in social – economic arenas than other villagers. These people are supporters of economy of the villages in un official organizations and their social – cultural، political and religious activities، provide the necessary conditions to express the villagers problem and could act and interact together with the surrounding environment in family، acquaintances the village and adjacent villages. More over، they are very important factors in motivating people to think and act in certain arras mostly ignored by rural programmers and researchers. There fore، the stay of administrative staff in village could be a crucial factor in following rural development plans. Nowadays، due to the lack of safe and secure investment in agricultural and ranching activities in villages، few people are willing to invest and transfer their capital to the villages. Lack of formal title deeds for movable and unmovable properties and illegality of local deeds to give assurances to receive financial facilities and credits from banks are among other rural people’s problems. Administrative staffs are able to solve these problems due to being formally employed in state organizations. The cost of purchasing، fixing and preserving agricultural equipment is high and because of few farming lands it is not cost-effective for the farmers to buy them and administrative staff could provide opportunities for villagers to act and earn money. Thus، the suggestion is that educated villagers be given the priority in employing administrative staff، the necessary financial – in situational facilities be provided for staying staffs entrepreneur ship in the village and، making use of the educational and experiential potentials of staying staff in the villages. Keywords: Economical – social participation، Remaining، The administrative staff in the villages، Hamoon parish.
    Keywords: Economical participation, social participation, Remaining, The administrative staff in the villages, Hamoon parish
  • Afsaneh Malekhoseini, Ali Asqar Mirakzadeh Pages 589-610
    Introduction
    Experiences of primarily years the development efforts based on economic، and without significant to social، cultural، and environmental impacts، it is not pleasant. The developments efforts simply aren’t achieve to their goals and to achieve these goals requires providing certain social situations. Any development effort is probably associated negative impacts with development that ignoring to the negative impacts will not have a good outcome to the development processes and doesn’t cause successful implementation them due to a range of problems. The development activities in addition to pleasant results are associated to; the problems such as erosion social capital، environmental degradation، creating a conflict between the government and the people، Social damages، violations of people''s rights، and social discrimination and problems associated with each of these categories are the same anti-development. Industry in the indigenous communities to make changes in the structure of ecological in the region، economic and social relations، ways of living and lifestyle of the people that these changes are usually associated with the industrial development of region. But during the course of industrial development should not be passed along to the changes in local communities with indifference and be ignored to community and the indigenous people of neighboring the development projects، because the development of industrial and social development are interrelated with each other. However، superficial judgments about individuals and groups interested in the project and the lack of proper interaction with they and based on the expectations and values of them cause to the many obstacles and problems in the implementation of projects and to ignore social constraints، values and attitudes of the local population، underestimate the influential groups and reference and are caused the numerous difficulties and losses are on the way national and regional projects. Studies have shown that due to locating projects is based on the political and economic justification، in some situations it may be project objectives، with some socio – economic situations local community has contrasted that is leading to unexpected behaviors of the parties (and community projects). thus in order to achieve and organizational of the social development، social assessment before and after performances and during the project (process) can associated to the economic and environmental assessments are conducted primarily for dam projects، ultimately caused to increase social development، participation and to align the local population with development plans and to achieve more goals projects. Rural regions directly are facing with developments projects and theses projects have specified effects on social and economic life of villagers. Today attempts to assessing theses developmental effects of project on the under developing regions. Soleimanshah dam is one of these projects that established in Sonqure County. The main purpose of this research was assessment of social impacts of Sonqure’s Soleimanshah dam on regions that are under influence of irrigation and drainage network of dam.
    Methodology
    The nature of this study required to a quantitative-qualitative research methodology and information gathered with questionnaire، interview، direct observation and transaction with consideration of prior researchers made protocol. Under studied population in part of qualitative research was rural managers who are under influence of irrigation and drainage network of dam (N=48) that totally interviewed in this research. The Statistics Society of research were consist of householders villagers downstream villages of dam (1273) that 300 of them was selected in base Morgan table by using stratified sampling method with Proportional allocation. For data analysis has been used from Moris model in part quantitative and from content analysis and mind mapping techniques in part of qualitative.
    Results
    Results revealed that positive and negative social effects of Soleimanshah dam totally summarized in 10 topics: 1. Addition of hope to life، 2. Improvement of security in study region 3. Development of rural tourism، 4. Help to remain people in rural areas، 5. Improvement in rural employment، 6. Decrease of poverty 7. Improve of social unity، 8. Improving social capital، 9. Non equilibrium rural development and 10. Violation of fundamental right of people in study region. The results Moris model showed that villages Jobkabodeolya and GHorveh in enjoying from the social indicators obtained respectively rank first and last. The results this ranking can help the planners of rural development in order to the optimal allocation and balance of resources in between these villages and also compared with other villages.
    Conclusion
    According to researches and studies that were done، Slymanshah dam is have on their coverage area the many of social effects and this effects for rural communities due to geographical، social، economic، cultural conditions totally dependent to geographical environment، is very important. As in the qualitative analysis with using to the method Content analysis and mind map was reported social impacts of the dam were in both aspect positive and negative and there are in the part of the negative effects the many threats to people that in the table of Content analysis was evaluated separately. The results Moris model showed that villages Jobkabodeolya and GHorveh in enjoying from the social indicators obtained respectively rank first and last. The results this ranking can help the planners of rural development in order to the optimal allocation and balance of resources in between these villages and also compared with other villages.
    Keywords: Assessment, Social Effects, Soleimanshah dam, Sonqures, Development projects
  • Mosayeb Gholami, Amirhossein Alibaygi Pages 611-638
    Iran has always been vulnerable to natural disasters، such as floods، earthquakes، drought، earth quake etc. 31 out of 40 world disasters are happened in our country therefore Iran is located in the list of first 10 natural disaster-prone country in the world. The country of Iran، with an average annual rainfall of less than one-third of the world average، is located in arid and semiarid regions and has always been prone to drought conditions and also is confronted every few years with it. Over the past 40 years، 27 droughts have occurred in Iran، which seems to be a real facts of climate in the country. A large part of the territory of our country is located in the world''s arid and semiarid climates. Iran، more than the entire continent of Europe have very dry، semi-dry and dry climates regions، alone Because of the close relationship with the natural environment and have limited opportunities for long exposure destructive natural forces، rural communities، have been particularly affected by drought The farmers in each region as experience take measures to adapt to and cope with it. A new approach of today''s disaster management and harm reduction in face to that is the use of capacity or indigenous knowledge in any area deal with the disasters. Experiences of indigenous communities or indigenous knowledge is the collection of experiences and knowledge that a society use to dealing with hazards and disasters. In other words، indigenous knowledge، is the knowledge that is generated over time by different communities and let the people of these communities to understand and deal with the economic- social or ecological - agricultural environment. These knowledge and experiences can promote، integrate new knowledge and practices of disaster management. The overall aim of the phenomenological method of qualitative research was to investigate and identify ways that the farmers dealing with drought. For the rural sample Sarpole- zahab city، have formed with the most recent drought experiences. Notified cases were identified using a snowball. In order to sample selection، two indices were considered. First، those that had experiences and second، those that do act face to drought and express their experiences. Taking samples continued until data saturation. Finally، the number of study participants was 10. Participants included 8 males and 2 female age range 40 to 60 years. Data were collected through personal interviews and semi-structured during the periods ranging from 04/01/91 to 20/03/92. Interview duration ranged from 25 to 35 minutes. All the data with the consent of samples was copying on the tape recorder، then transcribed. Data، according to collaizzi method were analyzed by following steps. In the first step، after any interview and data recording، the interviews were listened repeatedly and all the words were written on the paper thus studied fore several times. How many times has been studied. In the second step، data means were determined after reading the descriptions of all participants. Third، we tried to extract represent the original meaning of the words that could a concept. In the fourth stage، the researcher developed the concepts carefully and clustered based on their similarity to those subject or concepts. In the fifth step، to comprehensive description of the phenomenon under study، the researcher put different thematic categories with similar meanings into bunch of the larger contract to acquire basic concepts. In the sixth step، we tried to present a comprehensively description the phenomena under study، obvious and unambiguous. In the final step، validation of findings was done with reference to each sample and asking about it. Overall، results showed that participants in the study behave differently in response to the drought، but based on further research it was felt that most of them believed that the drought is caused by God and there is no way to against it. This fatalism among participants was more common. It is worth to noting that participants showed different behaviors in the face of drought. This behavior was due to their experiences as indigenous knowledge. as it mentioned before، as well as the farmers use ways such as changing crop patterns، stored hay، changing planting and harvesting، diversification of livelihoods، restoration and reform of atmospheric water، techniques such as irrigation and grazing lands to accommodate dried، buying water، reducing the number of livestock، trees and vowed to fight the drought. At the end، it is proposed to established educational courses to guide farmers to use of low irrigated methods and enhance using of water pipes and canals. Also it would be important by chairmen in rural development programs to educate non-agricultural activities and variation in livelihood and provide new income resources for farmers in order to face with less injure in drought years.
  • Abdoreza Roknedin Eftekhari, Sayed Mohammad Moosavi, Mahdi Poortaheri, Manochehr Farajzadeh Asl Pages 639-662

    Iran one of the arid countries of the world that has always subjected to severe droughts. Previous studies show that in most years some parts or total areas of the country subjected to severe droughts. The present studies indicate that much of the country in recent years، experienced of severe droughts that unprecedented in severity and breadth. Drought in the past years had a lot of damage to agriculture and rural society in Iran. In recent decades، the focus of the cope with natural events and conditions، changed by adapting and live with them. This study concentrated on the diversity of living as one of the approaches for coping with drought conditions. Analytical framework used in this paper is a sustainable livelihoods framework. This framework as a way to improve understanding livelihoods and vulnerability contents of rural poor starts and ends with livelihood outcomes based on mechanisms of sustainable livelihoods. This framework can be tailored to fit with the problem of the drought-induced vulnerability and mechanisms leading to adaptation and resiliency in subsistence agricultural activities. Key concepts and variables in this framework include resilience، vulnerability، livelihood assets and livelihood strategies. This study focused of 12 villages in the Isfahan province that have been affected to varying degrees of drought and different level of development. In addition، local institutions، rural experts and 227 rural farmer households are interviewed. In each of the selected villages in proportion to the number of farmer families stay in rural areas 15 to 25 Householder were selected and interviewed by systematic random selection method. The results show that the approach adopted by the diversity of families living in drought conditions has led them to greater resilience. The villages with more drought condition have more household livelihood diversity level than villages with lower degree of drought. In this context، the people، especially poor people in rural areas are the center of attention، how they obtain livelihood for himself and his family. The framework is centered on livelihood resources and assets، if any، and using it for public access is provided. Access to the property is heavily affected by vulnerability. The major social، institutional and political environment effect on the composition and use of assets to achieve goals. Considering all Topics can be said that villages with less experience in the face of prolonged drought are more vulnerable because their economic and social structures are not prepared to deal with the drought and damaged their areas of livelihood assets. In the other hand villages with experience in the face of prolonged drought Structurally prepared to deal with the situation and they are in better condition. The results shows that severity of the drought increased subsistence rural livelihood diversities. These results indicate that in villages with long experience and continuous drought livelihood diversification as a key strategy adopted for dealing with drought. The highest level of resilience show in villages with severe drought conditions and if drought reduced in village level، then resilience of rural households is reduced. Also the resilience is lowest in rural areas with low drought. Villages with a longer history of vulnerability (drought) have also been more severe droughts، more resilience prepared to deal with this condition. Significant positive correlation with the severity of the drought on the one hand and livelihood diversification approach and significant negative correlation with migration and intensive agriculture represents a positive effect of livelihood diversification on increasing the resilience and negative effect of migration and intensive agriculture to rural household resilience. Indicators of livelihood assets in the five components showed significant positive correlation with the diversity of livelihoods and household resiliency while has a positive relationship to the indicators of institutional and Infrastructural development as an intermediate factor to use livelihood approach. Meanwhile، the significant negative correlation between the migration and livelihood capital assets shows while livelihood stronger assets over there potential migration of households has declined. Also significant correlation between livelihood assets and intensive agriculture was not seen. The relationships between the variables studied and the results have confirmed the role of all aspects of livelihood assets to the use of proper approach to deal with drought conditions that in this society lead them to livelihood diversification as a suitable approach and enhancing the resilience of rural households are in severe drought conditions. In the other hand the lack of livelihood diversification even in villages that are less susceptible to drought caused low resilience in the face of drought conditions and more vulnerability in these villages have caused. Based on the results the most appropriate strategy to increase the resilience of rural households in drought conditions is diversifying sources of livelihood assets for rural households.

    Keywords: Drought, Resilience, Livelihood diversity, Livelihood Assets, Livelihood Strategies
  • Farzad Karimi, Mostafa Ahmadvand Pages 663-690
    The experience of development process in developed countries revealed that rural development is a basic requirement for national development and it should be considered and given high priority. Accordingly، in Iran also the government in recent years paid more attention to rural development. In this regard، different methods and approaches were implemented due to social and economic development of rural regions. A large number of these strategies and industrial projects focus on developing of rural areas. Determining basic needs of development and prioritizing them in rural areas is an essential for sustainable rural development program. In this regard، status assessment and prioritization of indicators for sustainable development in rural areas is a powerful instrument for identifying and increasing enough knowledge about the areas and managing of their development. Accordingly in recent years، considerable attention in geographical studied، especially in management of rural development has been devoted to the development ranking methods. Therefore، the thesis aims at assessing and ranking indicators for sustainable development in rural areas in the Central district of Boyer-Ahmad county، Iran. For this purpose، a descriptive-analytical method with the aid of a comparative approach was used. Statistical population of the study was the villages in the county with 20 or more households (89 villages). In each village، 10 percent of the households were randomly selected as a sample of the study from the population. Accordingly، 566 rural households were determined and selected as a sample using Lin sample size table. To collect the data، a questionnaire was used. To collect the data، a questionnaire was used. For determining the content validity of the questionnaire، a factor analysis and for internal consistency reliability، Cronbach''s alpha was used. The KMO (0. 504-0. 848) and Cronbach''s alpha coefficient (0. 561-0. 955) indicated the optimality of the questionnaire. For analyzing the data، the descriptive and inferential statistics such as Mean، Standard Deviation (SD)، Coefficient of Variation، Gini Coefficient، Percent changes، Person، Spearman، and Kendal correlation coefficients، Kruskal wallis، and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were implemented. Furthermore، Matlab 7. 10 and SPSS20 were used for assessing and prioritizing indicators for sustainable development in rural areas of Central district of Boyer-Ahmad county، Iran. In order to model development of rural areas in the central district of Boyer-Ahmad county، organism approach (structured) to select criteria was used. Then، the Fuzzy theory was used to operating criteria. Findings revealed that the VIKOR model with absolute approach was powerful and recommended. The finding showed that 32% of indicators for sustainable rural development were in the sustainable، 32 % in moderate and 36 % in unsustainable status. The findings showed that Sarabtaveh، Deh Bare- Aftab Olia، and Tangary villages with regard to 51 criteria by 0. 635، 0. 608، and 0. 579 scores، respectively were developing villages and Gavbarg، Cheshmeh Tabarghoo، Tal-Gahi with 0. 182، 0. 201، and 0. 233 scores respectively were non-developed villages. Also، there wasn’t any village in level of completely undeveloped، developed and completely developed. The findings indicated the undesirable rural development (with mean 0. 387 and range from 0 to 1) in the region. Also، approximately half of villages (46. 1 percent) with 21. 46 percent of the population of the rural region were undeveloped villages. In addition، 69. 35 percent of population in villages of the study was in developing stage. Also، approximately half of villages (48. 31 percent) with 32. 94 percent of the population of the rural region were undeveloped villages. Furthermore، the villages were investigated in terms of supportive، human and environmental dimensions. Findings showed that although there weren''t significant differences between the three dimensions، but human and environmental dimensions have the best and worst condition، respectively. With consider presenting condition of the villages، it is confirmed that there was significant distance between present and desirable situation. Also، Arc-GIS 9. 3 software was very useful for modeling rural development in villages of Central district of Boyer-Ahmad County. The findings of Coefficient of Variation and Gini Coefficient revealed that the unbalance and inequity of development in the study area. This inequity was highly significant in consumption of fossil fuels and wood، sewage disposal network، waste collection network، construction of streets and alleys، and performance of Village Assistance Bureau (VAB) criteria. Findings of investigation of criticality of the criteria revealed that the consumption of fossil fuels and wood، sewage disposal network، construction of streets and alleys، waste collection network، the ratio of active workers to population، housing، income satisfaction، and job satisfaction، respectively were in high risk. Finally، findings indicated that among the variables postulated in the model to explain rural development، «performance of Village Assistance Bureau»، «social capital»، and «village population» had a significant influence on rural development.
    Keywords: Rural development, Organism approach, Fuzzy theory, AHP, MADM
  • Mohammad Hossein Karim Pages 691-704
    The agricultural sector has a key role in income earning and rural employment of Sistan region and national economy، whatever is very important in this regard is effective variables on agricultural units’ production which are based on farmer’s socio-economic condition and manners. Required data for this study to consider agriculturist behavior are collected from 100 rural farmers according to the simple random sampling through related questionnaires. In this research work as Analysis of Effective Factors on Arable units Output With Emphasis on Farmers Manner in Sistan، Eviews7 software was used for analyses of relevant information and data. Present study results showed that variables such as literacy، labor training and education، irrigation frequency، farm size، farmers'' age and experience had a significant effect on function and output. Therefore، strengthen of the above mentioned effective factors and infrastructure to improve farmers’ activity and rural development in the Sistan region is recommended. Agriculture as one of the most important economic sector requires an integrated coherent plan to achieve development and challenge for economic، social، cultural and national crisis. Now a day، about 70 percent of food needed by people and raw materials needed for industry، nearly 20 percent of gross national product and almost 25 percent labor force employment by means of this section including the Peerless is another index that its importance makes clearer. Although in lot of studies the role of education and extension for promoting agriculture and rural development has been forgotten but the evidence shows that extension and education creates farmers ability for necessary activities to overcome the troubles. World Bank in 1975 has defined rural development strategy to improve economic and social life of a particular group of peoples that is poor villagers. This includes transfer of interest and profit to very poor people in rural areas with subsistent living which includes small farmers، tenant farmers and landless farmers. Therefore the purpose of rural development is rural poverty reduction and process should be with applicable design to increase agricultural production and improve economic power for villagers. In this direction training and extension are important variables and inputs in human resources development، so that latest technology and update knowledge can be transfer from relevant research centers and higher education institutions to farmers for productivity increment and stimulus which lead to improving of production، income، consumption، savings، investment and peasant’s life and rural development. Overall، with considering study results and conclusions few suggestions are recommended for better improvement: The village and villagers must be consider as the main sources of development process and should not in the margin of the development program. Appropriate respect is necessary for rural base with regard to status of the farmers and agricultural professions. Employment of trained and literacy people that well educated in agricultural extension and promotion، as well as make possibility and facilities to enable them for further and higher education as extension experts to improve organization efficiency. The extension and common Education must be motivate and encourage oriented for farmers and according to their interests and requirement of rural development. Considering discouragement of farmer’s for participation in extension and educational classes، and also need to remove the obstacle factors that have great defective role in production process. Finally، concentration should be on agricultural problems and plan for removing impediment of rural progress. Ultimately، research analysis emphasizes on manner of resources use and accurate planning for the optimum utilization of resources for sustainable cultivation and agriculture. It is obvious that absence of the strengthening infrastructures، effective factors، improve performance and also current situation in the area may result in agricultural and food insecurity of the region with serious challenge encounter. Government support and subsidies on technical assistance to the farmers on the basis of the National Research and other strategies that can be investment resources purposefully in order to increase the productivity of agriculture. In addition، technical assistance on this basis can save farmers life and agriculture security and motivation in practice for adjustment in their behavior. Farmer groups which under the influence of past government politics and behavior could not achieve an effective sample of optimum allocation and utilization of recourses now are in need of researchers and research centers favors and cooperation for better future based on science and experience behavior reform. In this respect، activation and accompaniment of research centers and researchers is serious necessity in the field of optimizing the use of resources in order to increase production and mitigate rural poverty.
    Keywords: Factors, Function, Farmer, Manner, Rural, Development, OLS, Sistan