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پژوهشهای روستایی - سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 21، بهار 1394)

فصلنامه پژوهشهای روستایی
سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 21، بهار 1394)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1394/03/18
  • تعداد عناوین: 10
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  • رضا خسروبیگی برچلویی، جعفر جوان صفحات 1-26
    در مدیریت فضای روستایی در ایران همواره تاکید بر نقش محوری کشاورزی و رشد و توسعه این بخش حاکم بوده است. از طرفی تلاش های توسعه ای صورت گرفته در اغلب موارد نتیجه درخوری نداشته و تردید متولیان امور را درخصوص کمک به این بخش افزون کرده است؛ به گونه ای که سیاست های عمومی توسعه روستایی در سال های اخیر تغییر رویه دادند و به دنبال گزینه های جایگزینی نظیر گردشگری هستند. با این حال، در بررسی نیروی شکل دهی به سکونتگاه های روستایی نباید به فضای تردید همراهی/تضاد با گسترش کشاورزی در جوامع محلی اکتفا کرد، بلکه باید در سطح «گفتمان» به تجزیه و تحلیل پرداخت. پژوهش حاضر نشان می دهد که چگونه «روستابودگی» و به تبع آن کشاورزی در برابر گفتمان «نوسازی» (محرومیت زدایی و رفع عقب افتادگی روستا و کشاورزی) و در مقابل گفتمان نوگرای محافل علمی و دانشگاهی (حفظ بقایای فرهنگی و دانش بومی) موضع مقاومتی درپیش گرفته است و در جایگاه «جامعه زیستی» سعی در تحمیل قدرت و کنشگری خود به دیگری دارد. چنی وضعیتی تاکنون ثبات نسبی داشته و همواره به چالش کشیده شده است و بازسازی می شود. به همین منظور، راهبرد حاکمیت ازطریق جامعه می تواند مبنایی برای پرکردن شکاف سیاست های عمومی توسعه و بهره برداری های محلی باشد و حرکت از «سیاست های روستایی» به «سیاست ها از روستا» به معیاری برای پیشرفت به سمت این رویکرد بدل شود.
    کلیدواژگان: حاکمیت از طریق جامعه، روستابودگی، سیاست از روستا، کشاورزی، گفتمان، نوسازی
  • سید حسن رضوی، مهدی پورطاهری، عبدالرضا رکن الدین افتخاری صفحات 27-45
    از آغاز قرن 21 توسعه کشاورزی ارگانیک در جهان رشد شتابانی یافت. کشاورزی ارگانیک تقریبا درتمام کشورهای جهان انجام می شود و در بسیاری از کشورهای درحال توسعه نیز رو به افزایش است. هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی جایگاه کشاورزی ارگانیک و تولید محصول سالم در ایران، سیر تحول، نگرش کشاورزان، میزان رضایتمندی آنها از پذیرش، میزان سازگاری و اثربخشی اجرای کشت ارگانیک و درنهایت بررسی موانع و چالش های فراروی کشت ارگانیک در ایران است. این مطالعه با استفاده از داده های پرسشنامه تولیدکنندگان محصولات ارگانیک که در سومین جشنواره عرضه محصولات در سال 1390 شرکت داشتند، انجام شد و نتایج آن با روش SPSS بررسی گردید. نتایج به دست آمده نشان می دهند که با توجه به مراحل گذار به کشاورزی ارگانیک، شناخت کشاورزان از این مراحل کافی نیست و در زمینه توسعه کشت ارگانیک با چالش های فراوانی وجود دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: ارزیابی، توسعه پایدار، کشاورزی ارگانیک، محصول سالم، مناطق روستایی
  • رضوان قمبرعلی، حسین آگهی، امیرحسین علی بیگی، کیومرث زرافشانی صفحات 47-64
    یکی از عوامل مهمی که باعث عدم موفقیت و ماندگارنبودن فعالیت های کارآفرینی می شود، نارسایی سیستم بازاریابی محصولات است. اهمیت شناسایی ساختار بازار محصولات و بازاریابی آن به حدی است که می توان آن را هم ارزش با تولید محصول دانست. هدف پژوهش حاضر شناسایی چالش های بازاریابی کارآفرینان کشاورزی شهرستان کرمانشاه است. این مطالعه کیفی با مشارکت 18 نفر از کارآفرینان کشاورزی شهرستان صورت گرفت. افراد با روش نمونه گیری هدفمند از نوع نمونه گیری همگون انتخاب شدند. داده های پژوهش با استفاده از مصاحبه های فردی به صورت نیمه ساختاریافته جمع آوری شدند و برای تحلیل یافته ها از روش تحلیل محتوای رابطه ای استفاده شد. پس از تحلیل نتایج، سه طبقه اصلی موانع سیاسی، اقتصادی و فنی به عنوان چالش های مهم بازاریابی کارآفرینان کشاورزی شناسایی شدند. این طبقه ها شامل چالش هایی همچون ضعف نظام قیمت گذاری، ساختار نامناسب نظام بازار، نامناسب بودن سامانه اطلاع رسانی بازار، کمبود امکانات زیرساختی، آسیب پذیربودن محصولات کشاورزی، کمبود اعتبار و سرمایه کافی، بی کیفیتی محصولات، درک نکردن مشتری و فقدان مهارت های بازاریابی کارآفرین است.
    کلیدواژگان: بازاریابی، تحلیل محتوا، کارآفرینان کشاورزی، کارآفرینی
  • حسن ایزدی صفحات 65-95
    طی چند دهه گذشته، صنعت گردشگری روستایی رشد چشمگیری در جهان پیدا کرده و روزبه روز بر تنوع آن افزوده شده است. یکی از زیرمجموعه های گردشگری روستایی، گردشگری غذاست که با توجه به کارکرد و فواید آن، مورد توجه برنامه ریزان و سیاست گذاران کشورهای مختلف قرار گرفته است. در ایران با وجود برخورداری از تنوع مواد غذایی محلی و سنتی، هنوز به گردشگری غذا توجه چندانی نشده است؛ حال آنکه رشد و توسعه این بخش می تواند در تحرک و پویایی و توسعه همه جانبه و پایدار جوامع روستایی کشور نقش موثری ایفا کند. در نوشتار حاضر با رویکرد توصیفی و تحلیلی به بررسی برخی از متون و مطالعات مطرح در این زمینه و واکاوی ابعاد گوناگون گردشگری غذا و کارکردهای آن پرداخته شده است؛ تا ضمن مطرح شدن مطالعات این حوزه در کشور، بستری برای مطالعه عمیق تر بعدی فراهم آید. یافته های این بررسی نشان می دهند که گردشگری غذا در اغلب کشورهایی که در برنامه ریزهای خود بدان توجه مناسب کرده اند، توانسته است آثار مثبتی در توسعه پایدار روستایی و منطقه ای ایجاد کند و منجر به رونق اقتصادی و شکل گیری هویت منحصربه فرد برای این جوامع شود. بررسی های اولیه نشان می دهند که کشور ایران قابلیت های زیادی در زمینه گردشگری غذا دارد و با رفع چالش ها و مشکلات موجود در این خصوص می توان از کارکردهای این نوع گردشگری درجهت توسعه پایدار روستایی کشور بهره برد.
    کلیدواژگان: ایران، توسعه پایدار روستایی، گردشگری روستایی، گردشگری غذا، نواحی روستایی
  • محبوبه شهرکی، مریم شریف زاده صفحات 97-116
    در کشورهایی که با کمبود منابع محیطی و افزایش بی شمار جمعیت مواجه اند، همه تلاش ها بر این است که بتوان از راه فعالیت های تولیدی، منبع پایداری برای امرار معاش خانواده ها ایجاد کرد. آبزی پروری یکی از فعالیت هایی است که برای تولید غذا در جهان نقش دارند. این پژوهش توصیفی که با هدف بررسی جایگاه کشاورزی چندکارکردی در معیشت پایدار روستایی انجام گرفت، بر آن بود تا معیشت کشاورزان آبزی پرور فعال (5 سال سابقه فعالیت آبزی پروری)، کشاورزان غیرفعال (پرهیز از ادامه فعالیت آبزی پروری) و کشاورزان نپذیرنده را در روستاهای شهرستان زاهدان با یکدیگر مقایسه کند. نمونه آماری با روش نمونه گیری طبقه ای تصادفی (52 خانوار از هر طبقه) انتخاب شد. روایی ابزار جمع آوری اطلاعات که پرسشنامه ای ساختارمند بود در نشست متخصصان، و پایایی آن با استفاده از مطالعه راهنما تایید شد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان دادند که آبزی پروری موجب پایداری بیشتر دارایی های اجتماعی، انسانی و مادی معیشتی کشاورزان آبزی پرور فعال درمقایسه با دو گروه دیگر بوده است. برمبنای یافته های پژوهش، آبزی پروری سبب بهبود وضعیت پایداری معیشت کشاورزان آبزی پرور فعال شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: آبزی پروری، پذیرش، شهرستان زاهدان، کشاورزی چندکارکردی، معیشت پایدار
  • امین محمدی استادکلایه، سید حسن مطیعی لنگرودی، محمدرضا رضوانی، مجتبی قدیری معصوم صفحات 117-136
    تحقیق حاضر درصدد است آثار طرح های اسکان مجدد را در روستاهای سیل زده شرق استان گلستان ارزیابی کند و میزان هماهنگی یا ناهماهنگی این طرح ها را با اهداف توسعه پایدار روستایی برسنجد. جامعه آماری تحقیق حاضر، ساکنان شهر جدید پیشکمر (تجمیع 11 روستا) و ساکنان سه روستای جابه جاشده به صورت محدود هستند. برای تعیین تعداد پرسشنامه های مورد نیاز تحقیق از فرمول کوکران استفاده شد و 279 خانوار برای تکمیل پرسشنامه به صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند. برای مقایسه دو الگوی جابه جایی محدود و تجمیع، از آزمون t نمونه های مستقل استفاده شد. مقایسه دو الگوی جابه جایی محدود و جابه جایی توام با تجمیع روستاها در منطقه مطالعه شده نشان داد که هریک از الگوهای پیشنهادی دارای مزایا و معایبی هستند. بررسی ها نشان دهنده عملکرد ضعیف دو الگوی بررسی شده در بعد اقتصادی توسعه پایدار و عملکرد مثبت در ابعاد اجتماعی و کالبدی هستند. با توجه به رویکرد توسعه پایدار که در آن رسیدن به پایداری منوط به پایداری در هر سه بعد اقتصادی، اجتماعی و کالبدی است، به نظر می رسد که جوامع مطالعه شده در پژوهش حاضر فاقد پایداری کافی هستند. دستیابی به پایداری نیازمند بهبود شاخص های اقتصادی ازطریق توانمندسازی جوامع محلی و بهبود شاخص های اقتصادی است.
    کلیدواژگان: استان گلستان، اسکان مجدد، تجمیع، توسعه پایدار روستایی، سیل
  • غلامرضا خوش فر، صادق صالحی، زینب وصال، محمدرضا عباس زاده صفحات 137-158
    امروزه هدف نهایی حفاظت از محیط زیست در رابطه با محیط اجتماعی، توسعه و افزایش آگاهی های زیست محیطی در سطح جامعه و نیز تقویت فرهنگ زیست محیطی در سطوح مختلف اجرایی می باشد. در این رابطه روستاها به عنوان یکی از مکان های قابل زیست، با توجه به نزدیکی خاصی که به طبیعت پیرامون خود دارند، بیشترین تاثیر را هم بر محیط گذاشته و هم بیشترین تاثیر را از محیط پیرامون خود می گیرند و از این نظر بیشترین ارتباط با محیط را دارند. لذا آگاهی آنان از مسائل زیست محیطی پیرامون خود ضروری تلقی می شود. به همین دلیل پژوهش حاضر درصدد بررسی عوامل اجتماعی موثر بر میزان آگاهی زیست محیطی روستاییان ساکن در دهستان جاغرق می باشد. بدین منظور از روش تحقیق توصیفی- تحلیلی استفاده گردیده است. که براساس فرمول کوکران، نمونه ای به تعداد 336 نفر از خانوارهای روستایی منطقه مورد مطالعه به صورت تصادفی سیستماتیک انتخاب شده است. در تجزیه و تحلیل آماری داده های پژوهش از نرم افزار SPSS و آزمون های تحلیل همبستگی و رگرسیون گام به گام استفاده گردیده است. بطوریکه یافته های تحقیق حاکی از آن است که بین متغیرهای مستقل (ابعاد اجتماعی: مولفه های فردی، رفتاری- روانشناختی، فرهنگی- اجتماعی و میزان مصرف رسانه ای) با متغیر وابسته(میزان آگاهی های زیست محیطی) رابطه معناداری در سطح 99/ 0 درصد وجود دارد. همچنین براساس تحلیل رگرسیون گام به گام، پنج متغیر(استفاده از رادیو، تعامل با دیگران، ارتباطات اجتماعی در سطح محلی و فرامحلی، مشارکت در امور روستا و سن) بیشترین تاثیرات را در میزان آگاهی های زیست محیطی روستاییان داشته اند.
    کلیدواژگان: محیط زیست، عوامل اجتماعی، آگاهی های زیست محیطی، منطقه مورد مطالعه
  • سارا مخت، اصغر باقری، فاطمه شفیعی، حسین شعبانعلی فمی صفحات 159-186
    بخش کشاورزی از مهم ترین بخش های اقتصادی کشور به شمار می آید و در برنامه های توسعه اقتصادی و فرهنگی، محور و پیش شرط توسعه است. ازآنجاکه مشاغل کشاورزی به طورعمده در اختیار روستاییان قرار دارند، نیروی انسانی به ویژه نیروی های جوان روستایی را می توان از عوامل مهم توسعه کشاورزی قلمداد کرد. هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر، بررسی عوامل موثر بر انگیزه جوانان روستایی برای انتخاب مشاغل کشاورزی است. این تحقیق به روش پیمایشی انجام شد و جامعه آماری آن جوانان روستایی 24-15ساله شهرستان گنبدکاووس بودند. روایی صوری و محتوایی پرسشنامه را گروهی از استادان و متخصصان تایید کردند. برای دستیابی به پایایی ابزار پژوهش، آزمون مقدماتی انجام گرفت و ضریب آلفای کرونباخ برای بخش های مختلف پرسشنامه بین 72/ 0 و 90/ 0 به دست آمد. براساس یافته های تحقیق، میزان علاقه جوانان روستایی به سکونت در روستا در سطح زیاد و خیلی زیاد است. اولویت بندی دیدگاه های جوانان روستایی در زمینه مشاغل کشاورزی نشان داد که به کاربردن راه حل های موثر در مقابله با مشکلات و توانایی انجام کارهای طولانی در مزرعه، از مهم ترین انگیزه های جوانان روستایی برای انتخاب مشاغل کشاورزی است. آزمون همبستگی نشان داد که بین سابقه کشاورزی والدین، تملک زمین آبی، علاقه به شغل کشاورزی، و ویژگی های کارآفرینانه با میزان انگیزه جوانان روستایی برای انتخاب حرفه های کشاورزی، رابطه مثبت و معنا داری وجود دارد. نتایج آزمون مقایسه ای حاکی از وجود اختلاف معنا داری بین میزان انگیزه دو گروه از جوانان (شاغل و بیکار، افراد دارای مهارت کاری معین و فاقد مهارت کاری و نیز افراد دارای تمایل به راه اندازی کسب وکار در حرفه کشاورزی و کسانی که راغب به را هاندازی این گونه کسب وکارها نیستند) با برخی از ویژگی های حرفه ای بود. نتیجه تحلیل رگرسیون گام به گام نشان داد که متغیرهای عمل گرایی، چالش طلبی و تحمل ابهام از مهم ترین تبیین کننده های تغییرات متغیر وابسته اند.
    کلیدواژگان: انگیزه، جوانان روستایی، مشاغل کشاورزی، توسعه روستایی، گنبدکاووس
  • کریم نادری مهدیی صفحات 187-208
    مدیریت روستایی درواقع فرایند سازماندهی و هدایت جامعه و محیط روستایی ازطریق شکل دهی به سازمان ها و نهادهاست. سازمان ها و نهادها، ابزارهای تامین هدف های جامعه روستایی به شمار می آیند. با تشکیل و استقرار دهیاری ها، مدیریتی نوین در عرصه روستایی و فضای اجرایی روستاهای کشور پدید آمد. هدف پژوهش حاضر، شناسایی و تحلیل عوامل بازدارنده مدیریت نوین روستایی در استان همدان است. این تحقیق ازنظر پارادایمیک، در قالب روش آمیخته مشتمل بر روش کیفی و کمی است و ازنظر هدف در حیطه تحقیقات کاربردی در قالب راهبرد پیمایشی قرار دارد. در فاز کیفی با استفاده از روش بحث گروهی متمرکز در چهار شهرستان و با حضور 32 دهیار، فهرست مشکلات و عوامل بازدارنده عملکرد دهیاری ها تعیین شد، سپس متغیرهای شناسایی شده به متغیرهای اولیه حاصل از مرور منابع اضافه شده و در فاز کمی به کار گرفته شدند. در فاز کمی برای رسیدن به هدف، از روش پیمایشی و ابزار پرسشنامه استفاده شد. برای روایی پرسشنامه از نظر استادان و متخصصان و برای تعیین پایایی از آزمون آلفای کرونباخ استفاده شد. مقادیر محاسبه شده برای آلفای کرونباخ 79/ 0 به دست آمد. جامعه آماری تحقیق حاضر، همه دهیاران استان بودند که 241 پرسشنامه را تکمیل کردند و داده های آن به کار گرفته شد. نتایج فاز کیفی به شناسایی سه تم یا محور اصلی موانع وابسته به دهیار، موانع نهادی حمایتی و موانع زمینه ای فرهنگی منجر شد. نتایج بخش توصیفی از فاز کمی نشان دادند که موانعی ازقبیل پایین بودن حقوق و مزایای دهیاری با ضریب تغییرات 197/ 0، همکاری نکردن و کارشکنی برخی از اهالی روستا با ضریب تغییرات 205/ 0 و توقع زیاد روستاییان با ضریب تغییرات 208/ 0 به ترتیب در اولویت های اول تا سوم مشکلات دهیاران قرار گرفتند. در بخش تحلیلی با استفاده از روش تحلیل عاملی، عوامل بازدارنده شناسایی شدند. نتایج نشان دادند که بیش از 58 واریانس عوامل بازدارنده در هشت عامل موانع دانشی انگیزشی، موانع ساختاری مدیریتی، ضعف های حمایتی، موانع نگرشی اهالی، موانع مرتبط با شورا، ضعف های تامینی، ضعف در هماهنگی و موانع مالی تبیین شد. نتیجه آزمون t نشان داد که مدیریت نوین روستایی در نگرش دهیاران جایگاه چندانی نداشت.
    کلیدواژگان: دهیاری، مدیریت روستایی، مدیریت نوین روستایی، مشکلات دهیاران، موانع مدیریت دهیاری
  • علیرضا دربان آستانه صفحات 209-232
    براساس قوانین و مقررات، 27906 آبادی دارای سکنه کشور که 2/ 43 درصد از کل آبادی های کشور را تشکیل می دهند و دارای جمعیت زیر 100 نفرند روستاهای کوچک به دلیل احرازنکردن شرایط تاسیس دهیاری و نداشتن شورای اسلامی روستایی، از موهبت داشتن نهاد مدیریت روستایی بی بهره اند. استقرار مدیریت روستایی در چنین سکونتگاه هایی به دلیل خصوصیات و شرایط ویژه آنها با چالش های متعددی روبه روست. هدف مطالعه حاضر، بررسی و شناسایی چالش های استقرار مدیریت روستایی در روستاهای کوچک و پراکنده کشور است. روش مطالعه حاضر ازنظر هدف در زمره مطالعات کاربردی و ازنظر تکنیک گردآوری داده ها، مطالعه اسنادی است. داده های مورد نیاز، از منابع اطلاعاتی متعدد، سرشماری های موجود (سال های 1335 تا 1390 خورشیدی) و لایه های اطلاعات مکانی استخراج شدند و با استفاده از نرم افزارهای آماری (SPSS) و سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (Arc Gis) تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. رویکرد پژوهش حاضر ازنظر نوع تحلیل، تحلیلی توصیفی است و خصوصیات روستاهای کوچک و فاقد شورای اسلامی روستایی در ایران در ادوار مختلف در آن توصیف و تحلیل شده اند. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهند که روستاهای مطالعه شده با چالش های متعددی ازجمله تغییرات جمعیتی و پیری جمعیت، پایین بودن سطح سواد، پایین بودن سطح اشتغال، سطوح پایین خدمات دهی عمومی، سطوح پایین فعالیت بخش خصوصی، پراکنش و انزوای زیاد و نیز تراکم اندک جمعیتی مواجه اند. این چالش ها امکان استقرار مدیریت روستایی را در روستاهای یادشده با مشکل مواجه می کنند.
    کلیدواژگان: انزوای جغرافیایی، پیری جمعیت، روستاهای کوچک و پراکنده، صرفه به مقیاس، مدیریت روستایی
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  • Reza Khosrobeigi, Jafar Javan Pages 1-26
    Introduction
    The future development of agriculture and the preoccupation of policy-makers and development specialists And many efforts by the authorities in recent decades has been to promote this sector. While development efforts on rural lands "inefficient" and "traditional" and No conclusions favorable to the government's continuing political elites and the lower support of local and regional initiatives begun. The study of the social and economic development programs can be said that political management efforts based on this approach, How community development programs in order to promote the ideas and ideals of modernization discourse. Follow this strategy in the process of development programs in the country creates problems for the agricultural sector and the rural settlements of the undesirable brought to outcomes. Instructions and force modernization and the operation should be subject to the laws in the state outside of the rural, and he had no role in its development. Dialogue on all aspects of social and economic modernization with its own sovereignty penetrated rural communities and with Spoof of peasant life and its integration with the local and national level on the subject of disciplinary entrepreneurial foundation. This is the only reference to public policy-orientated to center ruralrs are responding to problems and where should aim to balance the inner realities of rural life and farming practice is to eliminate the inner realities of agriculture and rural life is on. In this connection, the fundamental question of this study can be considered as follows: The development and application of agricultural and rural development based on criteria on what basis and properties of interest and the interests of local communities and active in balanced match lifters who strive to improve the situation of rural and agricultural?
    Methodology
    In rural settlements should not force shaping the uncertainty space / conflict with local communities to stop the spread of agriculture, but also in to analyze the “discourse”, Dominate knowledge of the relationship between state structures and decision-makers in agriculture and rural investigated development process. In recent years a growing number of studies have found an effective method of discourse analysis for this effort. Discourse as a linguistic act as a " group of claims, ideas and terminology, specific facts emerged and social history, " explained and It is about power relations, the ideological and institutional changes will be. In the shadow of productive dialogue, the social elite of knowledge and beliefs about what is right to impose public. Thus, discourse analysis determines the positions behind the disputed issues by exploring the basic assumptions, values and interests Followed by the various stakeholders. The present study shows how " Rurality" and consequently agriculture in the discourse of " modernization " (deprivation and overcome the backwardness of rural and agriculture) and the modernist discourse in academic circles (the residue of cultural and indigenous knowledge) local resistance taken as a " community living " trying to impose their power and influence others. Something that has always challenged the relative stability of returns. Therefore, the government’s strategy to be the basis for bridging the gap through the development and operation of local public policies and movement of “Rural Politics " to " Politics of the Rural " is an important measure of progress towards this.
    Results
    In this research, we noted that " rurality " still remain, but the torus discourse of " modernization ". This divergence of their public policies for the development and operation of local shows; that is the focus of high center and low-interest agricultural ruralrs and the lifters who strive and the lack of implementation of the imposed policies with local characteristics and interests. rurality and what is that agriculture should be associated with the concept of " power " is explored. Therefore, the rural and agricultural sector in the context of “discourse” meaning they are the product of his era discourses. In fact, the conditions are influenced discourse and discourse and dialogue based on internal mechanisms apply. In power (government relationship with the countryside and agriculture) is the product of the has been explored discourse of modernization. Your transcendental wisdom and modernization by providing a broad and unified administration of policies, rural and agricultural sector is trying to get out of local interests and national values link. While any form of public policy formulation cannot respond to questions, so have to be a local, minor on us.Discussion and
    Conclusion
    Generally, rural and agricultural sectors and trying to impose their own power and influence others. Thus, a "community living" (ancient Iranian rural) parties that have been challenged, changed and will rebuild. The strategy of " rule by the " must fill the power gap and restore the conflict occurring in public policy development and operation of the rural. Since many of the extensive and inclusive policies failed and skeptical legislators towards the effectiveness of the assistance sparked; The movement of “rural politics " to " Politics of the Rural " can measure the effectiveness of development efforts in public policy development and progress towards compliance with specifications and local interests. In relation to agriculture, we must recognize that we cannot go back to the past and in the previous stage of development of our technology. On the other hand the future cant afford for this part we thought because human thinking is not a way to the future and this means that the human science should have a mental imagination coexist Are unclear and the development of a conceptual remove the ignorance and ignorance is a new entry. So, we live in a time when modern technology surrounds us and transposition is left for us. However, adherence to the rule of the rural population and development policy measures can address this problem and fields to define the appropriate technology for each location and domination over nature provide sustainable. This is beginning to revive the art of Agricultural and correct the shortcomings of modern technology.
    Keywords: Discourse, Rurality, agricultural, modernization, governing
  • Seyed Hassan Razavi, Mahdi Pourtaheri, Abdorreza Eftekhari Pages 27-45
    Since the beginning of the 21st century, the development of organic farming worldwide has showed a strong growth. According to the latest survey on certified organic agriculture worldwide, statistical information on organic agriculture is now available from 160 countries, an increase of six counties since the last survey. There are 37.2 million hectares of organic agricultural land and Iran has 913 hectares organic agriculture land. In this paper, it is aimed to review the place of organic agriculture and produce of healthy food and food chain in sustainable development and role of extension in development of required education for transferring from convenient agriculture to organic agriculture. This data of paper has been taken from producers of organic products. That has been participating in third Iranian natural and organic food products expo 2011. This has been used SPSS for analyzing data. The results show that by using organic farming, there is 31% of yield in each hectare and the amount of chemical fertilizer usage is reduced 96.4 % and the amount of pesticides usage is reduced 83% in contrast to convenient farming. In total 75% of all producers obtained organic certification from European companies and 25% that lack of this certification. With focus on transaction steps of organic farming familiarity of farmers regarding these steps taken under serious consideration in Iran. Also agricultural an education extension will have significant role in this area.The aim of this article examining the place of organic agricultural production and healthy food in Iran, time line of organic agriculture development, farmers attitude, farmers’ acceptance of their satisfaction, the amount of clarity and effectiveness of the organic cultivation and finally examining obstacles and challenges facing organic cultivation in Iran. This article from the questionnaire producers of organic products in the third festival in the year 2012 Products Company has been using the results show that organic cultivation in the average rate of performance in hectares and the amount of chemical fertilizers and use pesticide consumption decrease compared to the conventional cultivation there. The aim of this article is examining the place of organic agricultural production and healthy food in Iran, time line of organic agriculture development, farmers’ attitude, farmers’ acceptance of their satisfaction, the amount of clarity and effectiveness of organic farming and finally examining obstacles and challenges facing organic farming in Iran. The data of paper has been taken from producers of organic products in provinces of Qom, Tehran, mazandaran, khorasan, markazi, fars, sistan and balochestan. Organic agriculture can be found in 11 out of Iran’s 31 provinces. More than half of the organic agricultural land is placed in the fertile Northern provinces, but only five percent (144) of the organic farms are located there. This means that the average farm size in this part of the country is 30 to 40 hectares. The remaining 95 percent of the organic farms (2’870) are concentrated in the Southern provinces, but with an average farm size of only 1.2 hectares. Hence, the organic sector of Iran resembles the conventional farm sector, but with a much higher concentration of very small farms.Main products are wild pistachio, herbs, and licorice. As in many developing countries, the domestic market for organic products in Iran is still relatively small. However, local demand for organic products has been growing parallel with rising incomes and consumer awareness as well as concerns related to a number of food safety issues. It is typical for developing countries that the domestic organic market starts in the capital city with smaller outlets/health shops. These shops are usually located in residential areas that are inhabited by upper-middle class citizens (Sirieix et al. 2011; Kledal et al. 2009 & 2010). The same goes for Iran, where a number of organic products such as rice, honey, and olive oil are now occasionally available in a few outlets in some high-end residential areas in the northern part of Tehran. The market is not stable, however, and lacks a consistent supply of products. Also, quality and packaging need to be improved in order to lower both distribution costs and secure a growing consumer interest.More than 95 percent of the organic production in Iran is being exported. However, official statistics about export volumes and value are non-existent, and the private firms are very reluctant to inform or hand out information on these issues. Thirty-five companies are involved with exporting. They are all conventional, but they have started an organic product line. A majority of the companies are private intermediaries purchasing products from the farmers. There are also a few large farm enterprises specialized in pistachio, fully vertically integrated from production to export. The main importing countries of Iranian organic products are Germany, France, the UK, and The Netherlands.Organic agriculture combines modern scientific research with traditional farming techniques in a sustainable, efficient farming system. By working with natural processes and making use of locally available possessions, poor smallholder farmers can build up the fertility and productivity of their farms while avoiding dependence on expensive external inputs. Growing markets for certified produce mean that organic agriculture offers an important opportunity for the rural poor in developing countries to benefit from international trade. On the other hand, there is an increasing public concern about food safety, but only a few people really know about organic farming. A recent survey indicated that there is lack of information on organic farming. The organic industry still has a long way to go in Iran.
    Keywords: Evaluation, Sustainable Development, Organic Agriculture, Rural areas, Hhealthy Products
  • Rezvan Ghambarali, Hosein Agahi, Amirhosein Alibeigi, Kioomars Zarafshani Pages 47-64
    One of the major factors that caused the failure and lack of survival of entrepreneurs was insufficiency of marketing system. The importance of identification of market structure and marketing to the extent that it can be as important as the product. So that in the world today due to the problem of demand for products, without identify and ensure the existence of market for a product or service, production will be no mean. Therefore, marketing operations their own showed since the decision to produce and in other words market, place the crystallization of all the activities of an entrepreneur to receive benefits from the production. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the challenges of marketing of agricultural entrepreneurs in the Kermanshah Township. This study was conducted using qualitative methods.The studied populations included were agricultural entrepreneurs in Kermanshah Township that for at least two consecutive years served. To selection of Participants in this section was used to purposive sampling method of the type of sampling to achieve representativeness or comparability. The sampling to achieve comparability and representativeness used by the researchers is that their goal is to gain sample which was represents a broader group of samples and to the extent possible to close it, or are looking for a comparison between different groups. This type of sampling includes 6 methods which in this section with respect to the purpose of study of homogeneous samples were used. This method includes selecting people of sub-culture or people who have many common characteristics. When a particular group is examined, For example, when interviewed with experts, this method is used. A total of 18 interviews with agricultural entrepreneurs, data saturation were achieved. To collect data from semi-structured interviews were used. Interviews lasted approximately 45 to 60 minutes. The data collection continues until the researcher to ensure that the data continue to gathering does not changes in obtained categories and the characteristics of each category is completely determined and with the entry of new data to study do not happen changes in the categories and characteristics, and so called to have reached data saturation. To validate were used of strategies such as the review of participants and review of partners. To assess participants reviewing in addition to restore speech and his experience during the interview, the full text of codes and categories available to one of partners and their views in correction or confirm was used. Also in connection with the approval of the process to attempt that all the activities accurately record. To comply with ethical conditions while creating an intimate atmosphere in the group was trying to make their satisfaction to participate in the group.Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data. Qualitative content analysis is specialized way in processing scientific data which to determine existence given words and concepts in the text are used to summarize described and interpreted the data. After each interview, the texts were extracted of tape and written on paper. Texts of interviews after reviewing several times carefully by the researcher, to coding system used to produce the first category were analyzed. For this purpose, interviews were divided into meaning units, which are then summarized and were converted to codes. Different codes according to their similarities and differences compared to that category were classified. After analyzing the results, the three main categories of barriers to political, economic, technical and agricultural were identified as the most important challenges of marketing for agricultural entrepreneurs. One of the major categories was political barriers. This main category allocated for 33% of codes.Government policies in the field of market were fundamental issues to the proper functioning of the market. This main category has three sub-category pricing system weakness, poor infrastructure and inadequate information system of the market.Economic problems, including fundamental issues that the majority of agricultural entrepreneurs in to enter market and marketing of their products faced them. This main category was of the most controversial issues among the participants so that the greatest number of codes 236 (3/49 percent) allocated to themselves. This category has four sub-categories include lack of infrastructure, vulnerable crops, lack of credit and adequacy capital and quality of the products. Category of technical barriers with the sub-categories Lack of understanding of customer and lack of marketing skills of the entrepreneur was the third challenge that Participants considered effective deal with it on the success of their business. Technical barriers, 85 (17.7%) of codes were allocated to itself. Analysis of the results of the interviews suggest that the lack of understanding of customers including agricultural problems that entrepreneurs are faced in marketing their products.
    Keywords: entrepreneurship, Agricultural entrepreneurs, Challenges, Marketing, Content analysis
  • Hosein Izadi Pages 65-95
    Introduction
    Rural Tourism has substantially developed in the world in the past few decades and has regularly been added to the scope of its diversity. Food Tourism is a subset of rural tourism which is considered by planners and policy-makers in the some countries with respect to the function and its benefits. Over the past decade, increasing competition among tourism destinations has led to growth remarkable in tourism attractions in order to attract tourists and their satisfaction. Nowadays, food tourism has been recognized as one of the main tools for rural and regional development of in many countries. Food tourism plays a prominent part in the economic development strategies of many developing countries. Although there are a variety of local and traditional foods in the Iran, but the food tourism has not yet been considered by tourism custodians. While the growth and development of food tourism can play an effective role in sustainable development of rural communities in Iran.
    Methodology
    This paper discussed some of the literature and experiences in this field with a descriptive method and the data were collected by documentary method. In this study, various aspects of the food tourism and its functions have been investigated in order to introduce and expand some topics related to food tourism in Iran.
    Finding
    Food and tourism have a very close relationship and food is a critical tourism resource. Local foods are widely recognized as an essential part of tourism experience. The main reasons for the formation of food tourism mainly includes influence of urbanization, agriculture`s emergence, globalization or localization, interests for food, eating experience and cultural differences among tourism consumers around the world. Investigations on food tourism indicate that this sector of the tourism industry has a wide range of functions in various aspects. Numerous studies have demonstrated that food tourism can play a significant role in balanced sustainable development.Food tourism can play an effective role in economic, socio-cultural and environmental development as well as the development of tourism destinations (see table1). Food tourism is cconsidered as an engine for economic growth in rural areas.Table 1: functions of food tourismEconomic Social - cultural Environmental-Improving and commercialization of agriculture products- Capitalize on local assets- Creating employment for rural youth and women youth- Increasing income and reducing poverty- Contributing to the development of organic agriculture-The creation of economic opportunities through attracting tourists-The creation of markets for agricultural products and Food stuffs-Creating a brand for tourism destinations-Creating new value-added food products- Support for local investment enterprises, mostly farmers and small producers-Helping to security of business in the future- Increasing in turnover of regions-Formation of clusters food and cooking -Conservation of traditional foods-Strengthening of local identity and culture-Creating and strengthening local identity-Improving quality of life- Creating a sense of local pride-Help to identify agricultural products in different regions and countries-Helping to educate consumers about agriculture and rural heritage-Establishment of cultural interaction among nations.- Entertainment- More communication between producers and consumers-Empowerment of community, especially women-Helping to improve community health through healthy food- Strengthening of indigenous knowledge- Increasing local participation -Conservation of biodiversity (plant and animal)- Creating incentives for conservation of natural resources- Reduction of waste products-More control and conservation of natural resourcesThere are a lot of capabilities order to growth and development of food tourism in Iran. An initial investigation indicates that there are approximately 2,500 local food and drink throughout the country. Despite the variety of food, Food tourism capacity is neglected in Iran. Research indicates that there are issues and challenges in order to development of food tourism in the country include:-Lack of serious attention to the issue of food tourism;- Lack of sufficient public awareness and understanding about this sector of the tourism industry;- Lack of necessary infrastructure at the local and regional levels;- Lack of necessary skills for presenting food tourism services;- Lack of effective tourism strategies at the local, regional and national;- Lack of the necessary mechanisms for guarantee of food quality;- Lack of necessary research in this field.
    Results And Discussion
    Numerous studies have demonstrated that food tourism can play a significant role in balanced sustainable development. The findings show that food tourism has great potential and actual capabilities and can play an important role in rural and regional development and also leads to economic boom and creating a unique identity for the local communities. It seems that the boom in tourism and food tourism, especially in rural areas, can be somewhat effective in solving some of the problems in rural communities such as unemployment, poverty, migration and low productivity. Therefore, tourism planners, custodians and stakeholders should focus their efforts to appropriate organization of the tourism industry, meeting the needs of customers, strengthen local economies and creating a true and accurate framework for management of local and regional food stuffs.
    Keywords: rural tourism, Food tourism, Rural sustainable development, Rural areas, Iran
  • Mahboubeh Shahrekie, Maryam Sharifzadeh Pages 97-116
    Introduction
    Attempts have been focused on developing activities concerning food production, job creation and providing a sustainable source of livelihood for the majority of citizens in resource poor countries. Since the restriction of agriculture as the main risky rural practices impose many challenges to rural residents, rural development can no longer be based only on traditional agricultural activities. However, livelihood diversification can be an alternative to overcome poor living conditions in rural areas. Livelihood diversification through the use of reliable resources can contribute to formulate a survival strategy, maintenance and development. Rural livelihood diversification is referred to the phenomenon through which the rural household unit builds a group of activities and goods looking for better ways of living. Diversification as a livelihood strategy is the process in where rural households engage in multiple activities (either on-farm or off-farm, agricultural or nonagricultural) to survive and to improve their assets (livelihood assets includes natural, physical, human and financial goods, and social capital) and therefore their standard of living. On-farm diversification includes the introduction of new crops into farming systems or farmers investing in livestock, hunting, and fisheries. Fish-farming strategy is classified as one of the supplementary sources of income generation for rural households and especially their poor counterparts. Small-scale fish farming contributes to job creation and promotes rural development. Fish culture is one of the activities contribute to food production worldwide. But the question is whether it provides a sustainable source of livelihood for rural households. In the other words, could policy-makers rely on fish-culture as one of the sources of sustainable livelihood for rural farmers?RESEARCH
    Methodology
    The present study was carried out to investigate the place of multi-functional agriculture in sustainable rural livelihoods of Zahedan farmers. This was an applied study based on descriptive – causal comparative method. Data collection tools were structured questionnaires. The questionnaire was consisted of four sections. The first section measures farmers’ vulnerability context by assessing the trends, shocks and seasonal conditions of living environment. The second part analysed livelihood assets (physical, financial, human, social and natural assets). The third section examines the institutional processes and the organizational structures which provide the context for fish-farming and necessary support for development of the activity. The fourth part investigates the factors affecting adoption of fish farming including environmental attitudes, the risk-taking propensity, technical knowledge and fish-culture innovation characteristics. The latter part of the questionnaire had been allocated to demographic questions. Validity was confirmed by a panel of experts. For testing reliability, a pilot study was performed and the results confirmed the questionnaire reliability (range of Cronbach's Alpha was between 0.61 to 0.82). Statistical population of this research was consisted of 52 active, 52 passive, and 52 non-adopters of fish farming strategy based on Krejcie and Morgan table of sampling. The 21th version of SPSS and the Excel softwares were used for data analysis.
    Results
    The results indicated the sustainable livelihood of active fish farmers comparing to the other groups. Also, the fish farming provided the better status of five categories of livelihood assets in active fish farmers compared to the other groups of farmers. However, the sustainability status of all groups was assessed to be poor. Nevertheless, the active fish farmers revealed to have suitable place in terms of social (x ̅= 31.58), human capital (x ̅= 35.54), and lower status regarding their material and moral support of public and private organizations. They had higher levels of technical knowledge, environmental attitude, and risk-taking propensity than the other farmers.Analysis of variance results revealed that, fish-farming affect sustainability of social, human and financial livelihood assets of fish-farmers in comparison to the other groups. The fish culture also was proved to serve as a sustainable means of livelihood among fish-farmers. The results of the discriminant analysis of predictors of fish farming adoption among active farmers suggested that fish farming experience had a greater correlation with livelihood assets in the audit function (r=0/96). In the other words, this result utilized to identify the experience variable affecting the level of actively fish-farming. According to standard audit function, age could discriminate among passive fish-farmers and non-adopter group (r=0/92).
    Conclusion
    This research shed light on the positive impacts of fish-farming on livelihoods of Zahedan farmers. Although, there is a long way to go for providing sustainable livelihood for fish farmers. Finally, some suggestions were made to develop fish-farming activities especially among discontinuers and non-adopter groups of farmers. The suggestions included the necessity to support fish farmers morally. In the other words, the importance of providing a context of institutional support which brings technical training to practical experiences besides the capacity building to promote social assets was introduces as necessary inputs to sustainable livelihoods of fish farmers.
    Keywords: Multifunctional agriculture, Fish culture, Sustainable livelihood, Adoption, Zahedan county
  • Amin Mohammadi Ostadkelayeh, Seyyed Hassan Motiee Langerudi, Mohammad Reza Rezvani, Mojtaba Ghadiri Masoom Pages 117-136
    Introduction
    Resettlement is a process that helps people to mitigate the effects of displacement on their standard of living. A sustainable development approach uses resettlement as an opportunity to improve living standards of displaced people and ensure they benefit from the development activity. Studies show that resettlement can result in adverse impacts on the resettled population. Conversely, a well-planned and managed resettlement process can lead to positive long-term development outcomes. Studies on post disaster resettlement (PDR) in rural areas of Iran revealed that these actions do not respond to all the needs of residents. Occurring extreme rainfalls, in August 2005 in Eastern part of the Golestan province in North of Iran, caused two devastating flood disasters and damaged several villages. After a considerable long discussions, planners and policy makers decided to relocate a significant number of villages incorporating them in larger area. Finally in this area 11 villages were replaced and integrated in one place but 3 villages were replaced without integration. In this Study we want to explore the social, economical and physical impacts of resettlement in villages before and after the Golestan Floods. With this study, in order to answer these questions that:- Is there a significant difference between resettlement patterns to access a sustainable development? - What are the social, economical and physical consequences of a disaster resettlement event? Study area:The study area is located in the north east of Iran in Golestan province and lies between (37°, 42´) to (37°, 22´) E longitude and (55°, 54´) to (55°, 20´) N latitude. It has mild temperature with annual rainfall of approximately 450 mm. Farming and livestock were among the most important local economic activities of the households in the study area before the flood.After the flood 11 villages (Ghezelotagh, Aghtoghe, chatal, Khojelar, Koorok, Pashaei, Ghapane‌olia, Ghapane‌sofla, Seidlar, Sheikhlar and Davaji) were replaced and integrated in one place called Pishkamar town. 3 villages (Gholaghkasan, Boghghojebala and Boghghojepaein) were only replaced in safer area (with 1-2 Km).
    Materials And Methods
    In this research, in order to investigate the post disaster resettlement (PDR) program conducted the villages in Golestan province and find out negative and positive aspects of the post disaster resettlement (PDR) programs we used subjective indicators and satisfaction levels in three aspects and 18 domains. Research method was descriptive and analytic. For comparing effects of the post disaster resettlement (PDR) patterns, at first step 80 indices were selected based on related literature and their content analysis, and then these were assessed by 30 academic members and rural experts through Delphi method based on 2 criteria in two stages and finally 67 indices were accepted. In this study 31 indicators have been used to assess social sustainability, 21 indicators to assess economic sustainability and 15 indicators to assess environmental sustainability; all suitable for structure of Iranian villages and environment friendly. 279 samples were randomly chosen from the residents of Pishkamar and 3 villages. Data collection tool was a researcher-designed questionnaire that was produced according to research objectives. The questionnaire was made of closed questions with answers in five-point Likert scale (1: grown much worse to 5: grown much better). In order to evaluate internal validity, at first the method of content validity was used to increase the validity of the questionnaire. In this method, the first step was testing the scales in the studies of post disaster sustainable development and poll of professors and professionals. Then, the developed questionnaire was filled out in two preliminary and final stages. Examining the answers to 30 questionnaires and doing statistical calculations, was the final steps. Chronbach alpha was used to evaluate the reliability and for comparisons between the two groups were made using Independent sample T Test.
    Result And Discussion
    This showed that either of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. The economic aspect of the resettlement was evaluated based on four parameters including production, employment, economic diversification and income. Observed mean of the integration and relocation pattern were 2.78 and 2.81, respectively. Result shows, there are significant difference between the two groups at production, employment, economic diversification and income. This reveals that from economic point of view the relocation was not successful.On the other hand, from social-cultural perspective ten studied parameters show that the resettlement has positive performance as mean of social aspect for integration and relocation pattern were 3.16 and 3.20, respectively. Result shows, there are significant difference between the two groups at social participation, education, health, social welfare, safety and organization.Although, results prove improvements in term of environmental aspect for both types of patterns. Observed mean of the integration and relocation pattern were 3.33 and 3.50, respectively. Result shows, there are significant difference between the two groups at quality of environment, safety and information and communications. Sustainable development approach depends on sustainability of economy, social and environmental aspects. This study shows that both relocation patterns are not sustainable in term of economy. This means that, the studied societies have not the sustainable development yet and it requires improvement in economic indexes.
    Conclusion
    Post disaster reconstruction created significant opportunities for improving urban facilities such as libraries, broad streets, sport complexes, health clinics in Pishkamar and 3 villages. In general, the results of the study indicate that the resettlement of villages after disaster led to significant improvement in the social and environmental aspects in study area. The resettlement policy were successful in reducing the flood disaster risk and also improved QoL (by relocating villagers), but it was not successful in economical aspects. To reduce the negative economic impacts of resettlement, several measurement must be implemented, including: strengthening production capacity and skills (through training and technology transfer); diversification of economic activities (through the establishment of new economic activities) and increasing financial support for the most vulnerable communities.
    Keywords: Post disaster resettlement (PDR), Rural integration, Golestan provience, Flood, Pishkamar
  • Gholamreza Khoshfar, Sadeg Salehi, Zeinab Vesal, Mohammad Reza Abaszade Pages 137-158
    Introduction
    Today's ambient environmental catastrophe not only the peace and security of human life and human existence but also threaten rubs it, why the scientific and political debate on the most serious environmental issue. Awareness of environmental conditions and evaluate the changes of the international community in recent years has been the overall focus and Knowledge and understanding of the environment, to detect changes in the management and delivery of management programs is very important.Today, environmental issues have profoundly social context - cultural environment that we should pay attention to. Today, environmental disaster, not only the take away peace and security of human life, But also threatens human existence, For this reason, scientific and political debate on the environment is the highest and the most recent deafening discussions The ultimate objective of environmental protection is in relation to the social environment and enhanced environmental awareness in the community as well as fostering a culture of environmental enforcement at different levels. In this regard, awareness of environmental issues surrounding villagers is the most important programs in developing countries to achieve sustainable development of the rural environment which is considered as one of the most livable places and have been particularly close to his environment, so that it has the most effect on both the environment and their surroundings and therefore have the greatest relationship with the environment. Therefore, their awareness of environmental issues - is considered to be an undeniably necessary.Purposis: The main objective of this study was to identify factors that influence the level of environmental awareness of the villagers. Identify the relationship between individual characteristics, behavioral characteristics - psychological, cultural traits - social media and media consumption among rural households in the study area, with regard to the environmental awareness of the objectives of this study.
    Method
    Based on the nature of the issue in the study the Research Methodology of descriptive- analysis is applied. The main approach for data collection, research, and survey research method is that the data have been collected in the field. Statistical population includes residents of the village Jaghrq Binalud in Khorasan Razavi province, According to Cochran's formula, a sample of 336 students are selected using systematic random sampling method and have been studied. The data gathering tool, a questionnaire validated by the content of external validity and reliability by Cornbrash’s alpha coefficient (75/0) has been approved. For statistical analysis of survey data using SPSS and appropriate assessment level variables, tests of correlation analysis, analysis of variance and stepwise multiple regression were used.
    Results
    Research findings suggest that awareness of environmental issues with villagers is (37.2) percent of the average. There is a significant relationship at 99/0 per cent between the independent variables (social dimensions: individual elements of behavior - psychological, socio - cultural and media consumption) and dependent variable (level of environmental awareness - environmental). Using the radio with the highest coefficient (422/0) as the greatest Impact Factor and access to centers and research stations with coefficient of (0.12), are known as the least influence on the level of environmental consciousness of villagers. Also according to the stepwise regression analysis, five variables (Using radio, interaction with others, social relations at the local level, participation in village affairs and age) have the greatest impact on environmental awareness among villagers.
    Conclusion
    Based on the findings, we can conclude that villager's awareness of environmental issues is at an intermediate level. About the factors influencing environmental awareness, based on factors we can say that radio, interactions with others, local communication, age and participation in village affairs, explain the largest environmental awareness of rural environment. Also from the remaining of two basic dimensions of behavior of psychological regression equation, it can be deduced that these components are along with other components of personal, cultural, social - media consumption in explaining and predicting environmental awareness, is very important. Based on the findings and results to improve the current situation, we propose that:1. A preliminary scheme to promote environmental awareness among different groups of people (women and men) of all ages and all educational levels, especially (those with low education cycle) was used in order to prevent environmental degradation and pollution.2. In order to increase environmental awareness of The villagers, it is imperative that the areas of interaction and community participation in environmental decision-making at all levels, particularly in the management, design, implementation, and evaluation of environmental projects and Etc. is Provided.3. Efficient use of media and mass communications, especially (Radio) in rural areas to enhance and promote community awareness about environmental issues.
    Keywords: Environment, social, awareness, interactions, Jaqargh
  • Sara Mokhet, Asgar Bageri, Fateme Shafiee, Hosein Shabanali Fami Pages 159-186
    Introduction
    A study of Iran economic sector's function shows the suitable and exceptional situation of agricultural sector in national economy (Shahabadi, 2009:126). On the other side, human resources is an important and effective factor in agricultural development while rural youth are vast majority of rural population and work forces (Shahbazi, 2005, 551). Hence, provision of condition to lead this active human force on agriculture sector in addition to job creation, can be an important factor in agricultural sustainability and economic growth of rural areas. Therefore, the main issue in development is that how rural youth can be empowered and join to agricultural activities and being efficient in the process of economic development? These are basic questions that governments are encountering with them. The rural areas of Gonbad-e-Kavous county having large and productive farmlands and educated rural youth can play an important role in agricultural development provided by empowering the youth people. For this reason, we decided to investigate factors motivating rural youth to choose agricultural occupations.
    Methodology
    This applied and descriptive- correlational study conducted in 2th half 2011. Survey research method was used in this study. The statistic population of the study was consisted 39057 rural youth in age group of 15- 24 years from Gonbad-e-Kavous County. Based on Cochran's formula, a sample consisting 347 youth was selected for the study. Proportional stratified random sampling method was used for data collecting. The study area was consisted of two section, viz. Markazi and Dashlibroon, and six rural districts. The instrument of the study was a researcher's made questionnaire with three separated parts, i.e. personal and occupational characteristics, youth's motivation in relation with agricultural vocations, and barriers to agricultural occupations in rural areas. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by academy stuff of department of agricultural management and development in Tehran University. For reliability of the instrument, the Cronbach alpha of. 72 and. 90 achieved for motivation and rural areas problems scale, respectively. SPSS ver.19 software was used for data analysis.
    Results
    Based on the results, only 14.4% of youth were low interested towards agricultural occupations and at this time 51% of them tend to establish agricultural occupation. Half of them stated that their reluctance was related to lack of facilities and up to date technical and financial supports of agricultural sector by government organization. In the study of factors affecting motive for selecting agricultural vocations, rural youth of Gonbad-e-Kavous stated that application of useful solutions in confronting problems, and ability to do long term farming works are the most important factors of increasing the motive. In rural youth viewpoint, poor financial facilities, poor awareness of bureau employees about real needs of farmers were ranked as the most important problems of agricultural occupation. Demurger et al. (2010) showed that lack of support of government and society, hardship and low profitability of agricultural activities are of main disadvantages of these occupations. While Aitken (2010:1) showed some instances of business started up by low resource rural youth; in viewpoint of youth, the main advantages of these occupations were job creation and incomer generation. Demurger et al. (2010) also showed that better off rural households perceived agricultural employments as a good income sources. In our study, the result of correlation analysis showed that there was significant relationship between farming experiences, tendency to employment in agriculture sector, irrigated land ownership, characteristics of entrepreneurial personality, and motivation rate to select agricultural vocations. This result confirmed by several previous studies (Malloryand Sommer, 1986; Talbert and Balschweid, 2004; Sadighi, 2005; Eskandari and Dinpanah, 2006; Poursina et al., 2010; and Aghasizadeh, 1996). The result of t-test showed that there was a significant difference between occupation situation, tendency to launch agricultural vocation, having skill or expertise, and rural youth motivation to select agricultural occupations. Multiple regression analysis also revealed that pragmatis, seeking ‌to‌ challenge, and tolerance ‌of‌ ambiguity. were main determinants of youth's motives to choose agricultural employments. Webster et al. (2008) found that youth entered agricultural training program because of their strong belief in the future of farming and to generate additional.
    Conclusion
    Considering the findings of the study the following recommendations is presented to promote motives of rural youth of Gonbad-e Kavous for entering in agriculture sector. Promotion of working culture for own and employment in non-waged sector by establishing self employment centers in rural areas having facilities such as training courses, producing workshops, booth of the commodity selling and technical services. Conducting training courses for rural youth who have higher entrepreneurial spirits and recognizing their interested activities to pay them special agricultural credits to create effective occupations in this sector.
    Keywords: Motive, rural youth, agricultural occupations, rural development, Gonbad, e, Kavoos
  • Karim Naderi Mehdiee Pages 187-208
    Rural management is organizing and directing rural society by formulating institution and organizations. These institution and organization were facilitate to achieve rural society goals. Rural municipality that established in 1998, is new management approch and experience of official administrative that provide general services. It work under supervision of rural Islamic Association (Shovrie Islamie). So the main propose of the study was analyzing barriers of new approach of rural management in Hamedan proince.According to paradigmic style the study was carried out on the base of mixed methodology (qualitative- quantitative). this study was categorized in applied and survey.in the qualitative phase list of problems and barrier factors were invistegated by semi- interview with 32 rural maniciples on the qualitative phase. so the results of qualitative phase was found complemental variables that were added to initial study variables. Quantitative phase was dominant phase of this study that was based on survey research. Data collection was accomplished by using questionnaires. The questionnaire was validated by professor and experts and its reliability was confirmed through pre-test of data tool and Cronbach Alpha that alpha was 0.7. In total, 241 questionnaires were filled out using interviews with the rural municiples.Results show that barriers such as; members of assosiation (Showra) not familier with owe task (CV= 0.197), incoordination of rural people with rural municiple (CV= 0.205), and more expectancy of rural people (CV= 0.208) stand in one to three problems of new rural management approch. Factor analysis were used for recognition of barrier factors, that eight main factor explained with 58 percentage of problem variance. Rural management is organizing and directing rural society by formulating institution and organizations. These institution and organization were facilitate to achieve rural society goals. Rural municipality that established in 1998, is new management approch and experience of official administrative that provide general services. It work under supervision of rural Islamic Association (Shovrie Islamie). So the main propose of the study was analyzing barriers of new approach of rural management in Hamedan proince.According to paradigmic style the study was carried out on the base of mixed methodology (qualitative- quantitative). this study was categorized in applied and survey.in the qualitative phase list of problems and barrier factors were invistegated by semi- interview with 32 rural maniciples on the qualitative phase. so the results of qualitative phase was found complemental variables that were added to initial study variables. Quantitative phase was dominant phase of this study that was based on survey research. Data collection was accomplished by using questionnaires. The questionnaire was validated by professor and experts and its reliability was confirmed through pre-test of data tool and Cronbach Alpha that alpha was 0.7. In total, 241 questionnaires were filled out using interviews with the rural municiples.Results show that barriers such as; members of assosiation (Showra) not familier with owe task (CV= 0.197), incoordination of rural people with rural municiple (CV= 0.205), and more expectancy of rural people (CV= 0.208) stand in one to three problems of new rural management approch. Factor analysis were used for recognition of barrier factors, that eight main factor explained with 58 percentage of problem variance. Rural management is organizing and directing rural society by formulating institution and organizations. These institution and organization were facilitate to achieve rural society goals. Rural municipality that established in 1998, is new management approch and experience of official administrative that provide general services. It work under supervision of rural Islamic Association (Shovrie Islamie). So the main propose of the study was analyzing barriers of new approach of rural management in Hamedan proince.According to paradigmic style the study was carried out on the base of mixed methodology (qualitative- quantitative). this study was categorized in applied and survey.in the qualitative phase list of problems and barrier factors were invistegated by semi- interview with 32 rural maniciples on the qualitative phase. so the results of qualitative phase was found complemental variables that were added to initial study variables. Quantitative phase was dominant phase of this study that was based on survey research. Data collection was accomplished by using questionnaires. The questionnaire was validated by professor and experts and its reliability was confirmed through pre-test of data tool and Cronbach Alpha that alpha was 0.7. In total, 241 questionnaires were filled out using interviews with the rural municiples.Results show that barriers such as; members of assosiation (Showra) not familier with owe task (CV= 0.197), incoordination of rural people with rural municiple (CV= 0.205), and more expectancy of rural people (CV= 0.208) stand in one to three problems of new rural management approch. Factor analysis were used for recognition of barrier factors, that eight main factor explained with 58 percentage of problem variance. Rural management is organizing and directing rural society by formulating institution and organizations. These institution and organization were facilitate to achieve rural society goals. Rural municipality that established in 1998, is new management approch and experience of official administrative that provide general services. It work under supervision of rural Islamic Association (Shovrie Islamie). So the main propose of the study was analyzing barriers of new approach of rural management in Hamedan proince.According to paradigmic style the study was carried out on the base of mixed methodology (qualitative- quantitative).
    Keywords: Rural management, new rural manaement, rural manucipulity, rural manucipulity barries, manucipulity problems
  • Alireaza Darban Astane Pages 209-232
    Introduction
    Villages under 20 households that are active in the field of agriculture and related activities, In terms of the economic, environmental and security are important. Integrated management of rural areas in the field of agriculture and exploitation of natural resources is not possible without considering to this settlements. According to statistics, there are 27,906 villages with population in the country that they constitute 43.2 percent of this prosperous country and has a population of under 100 people. This village Due to lack qualify for the establishment of rural municipality and Islamic rural council, are deprived of the rural municipality institution. Establishment of rural municipality in such settlements due to their characteristics, there are various challenges. Such communities tend to be characterized, in relative terms, as sharing some or all of the following attributes:• Their small size, in terms of population, market and labor supply• Their physical isolation from other, and particularly larger, urban centers• Their lack of economic diversification• A weak and declining economic base and limited employment opportunities• High production and servicing costs• A limited range of public and private services• A small, low-density and often declining rural service hinterland
    Methodology
    Methodology of this study based on the purpose is an applied study and based on data gathering techniques, is a documentary research. The data needed to were collected from multiple data sources, existing censuses (1956 to 2011) and spatial data layers. The statistical population of this study, is all the villages in the country and also Analysis Unit is at the village level. Sampling method of this study is census and data are used from Existing censuses. To analysis of data, after its extraction and Preparation, statistical (spss) and GIS (Arc Gis) software were used. Also this approach study based on analysis type, is descriptive analysis. Characteristics of Small villages and village without Islamic council in different periods in Iran were described and analyzed. In addition to understanding with the nature of the studied villages in the Iran and world, used from documentary methods and resources review.
    Discussion
    In the 2011 census, the villages with population were counted 61,724 inhabitants that of this number, 27,906 villages have a population of under 100 persons. In this study village of under 100 persons, in three groups of 1-24, 25-49 and 50-100 persons were studied. The results show that the number of villages with 1-24 persons has reached from 5267 villages in 1956 to 13,310 villages in 2011. The number of villages in this class, from 66,757 persons in 1956 Increased to 162000 in 2011. The number of villages with 25-49 persons has reached from 4688 villages in 1956 to 6078 villages in 2011 and the number of villages in this group, from 173801 persons in 1956 Increased to 221000 in 2011 that show an increase of about 27 percent from the 1956. The number of villages with 50-100 persons has reached from 8420 villages in 1956 to 8518 villages in 2011 and the their population in this group, show an decrease of about 2.7 percent from the 1956. The estimated distribution of villages in the border areas of the border at various depths, shows over 30% of the studied villages are located in the border areas. The main characteristic of this villages, small size and remoteness of their settlements. Low population density and small size of settlements, are closely related to access to Key services such as health and social services, educational and administrative institutions in rural areas. Widespread combined with other factors such as geographic isolation and harsh and difficult path, lack of transport and communications infrastructure. Remote rural areas, generally are face with common challenges such as aging population, low risk-taking culture, inability to participate effectively with economic networks and low levels of education.
    Conclusion
    Despite substantial challenges in rural management services in studied villages, due to high geographical distribution, low demand, lack of infrastructure and manpower, cannot deprived this size of population and considerable territorial area from basic services. However, obviously the services delivery system to this villages will be different with large villages and towns. One of the interesting approaches in the field is the use of shared rural management system between adjacent villages with centrality of a village or town. In This approach, small and scattered villages, can benefit from shared services of rural municipality. However set the threshold distance and demographics, for each rural management services (Administrative, financial, legal, public services, physical, and safety...), requires further study.
    Keywords: Rural municipality, small, scattered village, physical isolation, aging population, Economies of scale