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پژوهشهای روستایی - پیاپی 4 (زمستان 1389)

فصلنامه پژوهشهای روستایی
پیاپی 4 (زمستان 1389)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1390/04/01
  • تعداد عناوین: 7
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  • عبدالرضا رکن الدین افتخاری، داوود مهدوی، مهدی پورطاهری صفحه 1
    مفهوم پایداری در صنعت گردشگری، طی چند دهه گذشته یکی از اصلی ترین و در عین حال مباحثه انگیزترین مفاهیم توسعه گردشگری و به عنوان چارچوبی برای فهم روندهای توسعه اقتصادی_اجتماعی و مدیریت منابع طبیعی و گردشگری در سراسر جهان مطرح شده است. این در حالی است که از یک سو پیچیده و غامض بودن این مفهوم و از سوی دیگر نحوه عملیاتی کردن و اندازه گیری پیشرفت به سوی پایداری در صنعت گردشگری، آن شاخص ها و معرف های دقیق و جامعی که بتواند با در نظرگرفتن همه جوانب، پایداری گردشگری را اندازه گیری کند و توسعه پایدار گردشگری را میسر سازد، ضروری به نظر می رسد. از سوی دیگر در وضعیت کنونی گردشگری روستایی کشور و با توجه به جوان بودن بسیاری از مقاصد گردشگری روستایی، ضرورت در اختیار داشتن مجموعه ای مناسب از شاخص های توسعه پایدار گردشگری روستایی بومی شده برای ارزیابی وضعیت و ترسیم مسیر آینده، امری بسیار حیاتی و راهبردی تلقی می شود. چراکه به باور بسیاری از دانشمندان «اطلاعات خوب پایداری»، زمینه ساز تصمیم سازی و برنامه ریزی بهینه برای پیشرفت در مسیر توسعه پایدار گردشگری روستایی در آینده خواهد بود. از این رو در مقاله حاضر نیز پرسش اصلی تحقیق این بوده است که شاخص ها و معیارهای مناسب برای اندازه گیری پیشرفت به سوی پایداری توسعه گردشگری روستایی کشور کدام اند؟ و چه فرآیندی شاخص ها و معیارهای مناسب اندازه گیری پایداری توسعه گردشگری روستایی کشور را به دست می دهد؟ بدین منظور مقاله حاضر با استفاده از روش توصیفی _ تحلیلی و پیمایش و نظرخواهی از استادان، خبرگان و متخصصان امر به شیوه دلفی به ارائه شاخص ها و معیارهای مناسب (بومی شده) برای اندازه گیری پیشرفت به سوی پایداری گردشگری در ایران پرداخته است. بر اساس یافته های تحقیق در مجموع تعداد 80 شاخص برای ارزیابی پایداری گردشگری روستایی به دست آمده که از این تعداد 22 شاخص برای ارزیابی پایداری اجتماعی، تعداد 24 شاخص برای ارزیابی پایداری اقتصادی و تعداد 34 شاخص برای ارزیابی پایداری محیطی گردشگری روستایی بوده که مناسب با ساختار روستاهای ایران و سازگار با محیط روستاهاست.
    کلیدواژگان: گردشگری، شاخص های پایداری، بومی کردن شاخص ها، توسعه پایدار گردشگری روستایی
  • فضیله دادورخانی، مسعود نیک سیرت صفحه 43
    توسعه روستاهای نواحی بیابانی مستلزم تدوین و ارائه راهبردهای مناسب و مختص این نواحی است. این روستاها از لحاظ اقتصادی با فقر منابع آب و خاک مواجه اند و از جمله فعالیت های اقتصادی ای که دستیابی به توسعه اقتصادی را برای آنها میسر می کند، طبیعت گردی است. این پژوهش با هدف تدوین استراتژی یا راهبرد مناسب برای توسعه طبیعت گردی روستاهای نواحی بیابانی انجام شده است. روش تحقیق، توصیفی و از نوع پیمایشی است. سه گروه (ساکنان روستا، گردشگران و مسئولان) در انجام این پژوهش مشارکت داشتند و دیدگاه های آنها در مورد قابلیت های طبیعت گردی در قالب سه عامل زیست محیطی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی و فرهنگی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. جامعه آماری روستاییان را 435 نفر تشکیل می دهد که با استفاده از فرمول کوکران، تعداد نمونه آماری آن 120 نفر به دست آمد. تعداد نمونه جامعه گردشگران نیز به روش نمونه گیری در دسترس 100 نفر در نظر گرفته شد. این پژوهش نقاط قوت و ضعف، فرصت ها و تهدیدهای طبیعت گردی را به شیوه SWOT مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار می دهد و به ارائه راهبرد برای توسعه این فعالیت در روستاهای نواحی بیابانی می پردازد. نتایج تحقیق بیانگر این است که با وجود جاذبه های طبیعی و بیابانی در روستای مورد مطالعه، گردشگری در این روستا عمدتا متکی بر جاذبه های تاریخی و فرهنگی بوده است. با وجود 41 نقطه قوت و فرصت شناسایی شده، در مقابل 35 نقطه ضعف و تهدید، می توان گفت که روستا دارای پتانسیل طبیعت گردی است. در تحلیل دیدگاه های سه گروه، بین نقاط قوت و فرصت همگرایی وجود داشت، و بین نقاط ضعف و تهدیدها نوعی واگرایی مشاهده شد. در نهایت با استفاده از ماتریس کمی برنامه ریزی راهبردی (QSPM) و با در نظر گرفتن امتیاز نهایی راهبردها، راهبرد نهایی، «هم راستا کردن برنامه های گردشگری تاریخی روستا با برنامه های طبیعت گردی» انتخاب گردید.
    کلیدواژگان: برنامه ریزی راهبردی، طبیعت گردی، طبیعت گردی بیابانی، گردشگری روستایی
  • زهرا گلشیری اصفهانی، محمدحسین سرایی * صفحه 73

    تداوم بحران های محیط زیست، انسان را به ضرورت بازنگری در شیوه برخوردش با محیط زیست در جریان توسعه یافتگی واقف ساخت. بدین ترتیب با تغییر پارادایم توسعه از کلاسیک به امروزین، توسعه پایدار و از جمله مقوله های زیست محیطی به ارکان اصلی توسعه بدل شده اند و دستیابی به توسعه پایدار در گرو شناخت کامل از محیط زیست و منابع طبیعی و برنامه ریزی دقیق و راهبردی در این خصوص است. برنامه ریزی راهبردی از مناسب ترین شیوه ها برای دستیابی به اهداف مورد نظر به شمار می آید. در مقاله حاضر با توجه به هدف گذاری صورت گرفته برای توسعه نظام زیست محیطی روستا در بخش گندمان شهرستان بروجن در افق 10 ساله، برنامه ریزی راهبردی با تکیه بر مدل تجزیه و تحلیل SWOT مبنا قرار گرفت. در پایان به طور سیستماتیک، با در نظر داشتن نقاط ضعف و قوت (توانایی ها و منابع) و همچنین فرصت ها و تهدید ها (عوامل خارجی و جریانات تاثیرگذار) الگوی تهاجمی به عنوان الگوی اثربخش برای نظام زیست محیطی اتخاذ و راهبردها و اهداف کمی اولویت دار با توجه به این الگو شناخته شد و بین آنها پیوستگی برقرار گردید.

    کلیدواژگان: برنامه ریزی راهبردی، SWOT، توسعه پایدار، نظام زیست محیطی، روستا
  • حسین میرزایی، غلامرضا غفاری، علیرضا کریمی صفحه 99
    توانمندسازی به عنوان یکی از اجزای توسعه پایدار، هم می تواند عامل این نوع توسعه باشد، و هم معلول آن. در واقع توسعه پایدار بدون توانمندسازی مردم مفهوم ناقصی است. از مواردی که بر توانمندسازی تاثیر می نهند، ویژگی های زمینه ای افراد و همچنین پیامد های طرح ها و پروژه هایی است که با هدف توانمندی مردم به اجرا در می آیند. مقاله حاضر در کنار ویژگی های زمینه ای افراد، به بررسی رابطه صنعت ذوب آهن با توانمندی ساکنان دهستان یالغوزآغاج شهرستان قروه در استان کردستان می پردازد. توانمندی روستاییان از سه بعد توانمندی اقتصادی، اجتماعی و روانی مد نظر بوده است. یافته های این تحقیق که به روش پیمایش به دست آمده حاکی از آن است که به جز متغیر بعد خانوار که با هیچ یک از ابعاد توانمندسازی مرتبط نیست، سایر متغیرهای زمینه ای بررسی شده، تاثیراتی متفاوت بر ابعاد مختلف توانمندی نهاده اند. در مورد صنعتی شدن منطقه مورد مطالعه نیز باید گفت که اجرای این طرح، تفاوتی را در هیچ یک از ابعاد توانمندسازی روستاییان به وجود نیاورده است. بر اساس بررسی حاضر دلیل این امر کمترین میزان استفاده از نیروی کار روستایی در صنعت مورد مطالعه و عدم تعامل کارکنان صنعت با روستاییان منطقه بوده است؛ و به عبارت دیگر فقدان ارتباط ارگانیک صنعت ذوب آهن منطقه با جامعه روستایی و برون زا و جدا افتاده بودن آن از جامعه روستایی سبب بی تاثیربودن آن بر توانمندسازی جامعه پیرامون صنعت گردیده است.
    کلیدواژگان: توانمندسازی، صنعت، عوامل زمینه ای، جامعه روستایی، توسعه پایدار
  • لیدا شرفی، کیومرث زرافشانی صفحه 129
    وقوع خشکسالی های اخیر در ایران و شدت خسارت های وارد شده، از ادامه آسیب پذیری کشاورزان حکایت می کند. در زمان حاضر مدیریت خشکسالی در کشور ما، بر مبنای مدیریت بحران صورت می گیرد و بدین ترتیب به کاهش تاثیرات و آمادگی در برابر خشکسالی توجه چندانی نمی شود. با توجه به اهمیت موضوع، هدف از این مطالعه سنجش آسیب پذیری اقتصادی و اجتماعی خشکسالی در بین کشاورزان گندم کار از سه منطقه با شدت های متفاوت خشکسالی بوده است: بسیار شدید، فوق العاده شدید و بحرانی در شهرستان های کرمانشاه، صحنه و روانسر. در این مطالعه از روش پیمایشی استفاده شد و داده ها از 370 کشاورز گندم کار با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری طبقه بندی چندمرحله ای جمع آوری گردید. به منظور جمع آوری داده ها از مصاحبه حضوری با کشاورزانی که با خشکسالی در سال های 88-1386 مواجه و دست به گریبان شده بودند، بهره گرفته شد. پس از مرور و مطالعات مقدماتی، شاخص های اجتماعی– اقتصادی آسیب پذیری استخراج شدند. برای سنجش آسیب پذیری اجتماعی- اقتصادی کشاورزان گندم کار از فرمول می بار و والدز (2005) استفاده شد. یافته های پژوهش حاکی از آن اند که کشاورزان گندم کار در شهرستان روانسر بیشترین آسیب پذیری را داشته اند، و کشاورزان گندم کار در شهرستان کرمانشاه با کمترین آسیب پذیری اقتصادی و اجتماعی مواجه بوده اند. دستاوردهای این مطالعه می تواند مسئولان مدیریت خشکسالی استان کرمانشاه را در تخصیص اعتبارات با توجه به میزان آسیب پذیری مناطق یاری برساند.
    کلیدواژگان: آسیب پذیری، خشکسالی، کشاورزان، مدیریت ریسک، استان کرمانشاه
  • محمد سلمانی، علی طورانی، محمد امین خراسانی صفحه 155
    آب، از اصلی ترین نیازهای بشر و مایه حیات و علت شکل گیری بسیاری از سکونتگاه های روستایی در سطح زمین است. کمبود آب آشامیدنی سالم به ویژه در کشورهای جهان سوم از جمله کشور ما به عنوان معضلی اساسی شناخته می شود. عدم کنترل کیفیت و میزان برداشت و مصرف بی رویه آب می تواند معضل کمبود آب را تشدید کند و تهدیدهای جدی به بار آورد. از این رو لازم است ضمن اعمال سیاست های اصولی، به جنبه های مدیریتی مختلف این منبع حیاتی توجه شود. پژوهش حاضر با شناسایی و سطح بندی ریسک هایی که مخازن و شبکه توزیع آب آشامیدنی را در مراکز روستایی بخش مرکزی مینودشت تهدید می کنند، اقدام به اولویت بندی و سطح بندی این مراکز بر اساس میزان ریسک موجود در نگهداری و عرضه مخازن و شبکه توزیع آب آشامیدنی آن کرده است. از آنجا که یکی از وظایف دهیاران تامین آب آشامیدنی سالم و نظارت بر سلامت آب آشامیدنی روستاییان است، روش تحقیق در پژوهش حاضر توصیفی تحلیلی به شیوه پیمایشی انجام شده است. نمونه آماری مورد مطالعه، روستا هایی است که دارای دهیاری هستند. نهایتا این روستاها با استفاده از مدل تحلیل سلسله مراتبی AHP و رتبه بندی بر اساس تشابه به حل ایده آل (Topsis) اولویت بندی شدند و به پنج سطح شامل: روستاهای با ریسک بسیار بالا، روستا های با ریسک بالا، روستاهای با ریسک متوسط، روستاهای با ریسک کم، و روستاهای با ریسک بسیار کم، تقسیم شدند.
    کلیدواژگان: آب آشامیدنی، مدیریت ریسک، نواحی روستایی، مینودشت
  • موسی اعظمی، هما سروش مهر صفحه 179
    اکثر نظریه پردازان توسعه معتقدند که منابع انسانی هر جامعه ای عامل تعیین کننده خصوصیت و روند توسعه اجتماعی و اقتصادی آن جامعه است و زنان به عنوان نیمی از جمعیت انسانی نه تنها موضوع و هدف هر نوع برنامه توسعه ای هستند، بلکه عامل پیشبرد اهداف توسعه اقتصادی و اجتماعی جامعه نیز به شمار می آیند. در این زمینه مشارکت زنان روستایی در امور زندگی شان، به ویژه در فعالیت های جمعی مانند تعاونی های تولیدی با هدف ارتقای توانمندی های آنان، رهیافت بسیار مناسبی برای کاهش فقر به شمار می آید. در این خصوص، مطالعه حاضر به بررسی تاثیر متغیرهای فردی و اقتصادی بر مشارکت زنان روستایی در تعاونی تولید توپ های ورزشی (شرکت تعاونی توپ دوزی پاوه) پرداخته است. به منظور تشخیص معنی دار بودن روابط بین متغیرها از آزمون های همبستگی و همچنین برای علت یابی متغیرهای فردی و اقتصادی زنان در چگونگی مشارکت آنان در تعاونی تولیدی از مدل تحلیل مسیر بهره گرفته شده است. نوع تحقیق کاربردی، و به صورت توصیفی و همبستگی- علی است. اطلاعات مورد نیاز از استان کرمانشاه (شهرستان پاوه و اورامانات) به وسیله پرسشنامه به دست آمد و با استفاده از روش کوکران، 96 نفر از زنان عضو تعاونی به روش احتمالی و نوع سیستماتیک انتخاب شدند. ضریب آلفای کرونباخ (88/0=α) در قسمت اصلی پرسشنامه (میزان مشارکت)، نشان داد که وسیله تحقیق قابلیت زیادی برای جمع آوری اطلاعات دارد. یافته های تحقیق حاکی از آن اند که بین مشارکت زنان و مؤلفه های فردی-اقتصادی رابطه مثبت و معنی داری برقرار است. متغیرهای وارد شده در مدل تحلیل، در مجموع 61 درصد از تغییرات مشارکت زنان را تبیین کردند. نتایج تحلیل مسیر بدین ترتیب است که از بین سیزده مؤلفه فردی-اقتصادی، سه متغیر میزان سابقه عضویت، بهبود وضعیت اقتصادی خانواده و سابقه مدیریت، به ترتیب بیشترین تاثیرات علی را بر مشارکت زنان روستایی داشته اند. در پایان راهبردهای متناسب با نتایج مطالعه، به منظور بهبود وضعیت مشارکت زنان روستایی ارائه گردید.
    کلیدواژگان: عوامل فردی، اقتصادی، مشارکت، تعاونی توپ سازی، زنان روستایی، پاوه و اورامانات
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  • Eftekhari A.R., Pourtaheri M., Mahdavi D Page 1
    Introduction The concept of sustainable tourism industry has been discussed over the past decades as one of the most important as well as contentious debates of tourism development and as a framework for understanding the socio-economicdevelopment procedures along with natural resource management and tourism all over the world. This concept has been identified as a delicate balance in a triangular relationship between the host community and the land on the one hand with the guest community on the other hand with the tourism industry at different local, national and world levels. Complexity and problematic nature of this concept and its implementation method along with methodology to measure the progress toward sustainability in tourism has turned it to a challenge for many scientists and researchers; so applying indicators and indices capable in estimating tourism sustainability and enabling sustained tourism development seems to be necessary.On the other hand, regarding the present situation in rural tourism in the country andrecent establishment of many rural tourism destinations, having an appropriate set oflocalized indicators of sustainable development of rural tourism for assessing thesituation and sketching the future course is vital and strategic. Many scientistsbelieve that "good sustainability information" will pave the way for optimumdecision making and planning progress towards the course of sustainabledevelopment of rural tourism in the future. Hence, in this the paper also the keyresearch questions have been as follows: 1. What are the appropriate indicators andcriteria for measuring progress towards sustainable development of rural tourism inthe country? 2. Which process provides for the appropriate indicators and criteria tomeasure sustainable development of rural tourism in this country?Therefore, this paper has dealt with representing appropriate indicators and criteria(localized) to measure progress towards sustainability in tourism industry in Iranusing analytical and descriptive survey and field interviews of teachers, experts andspecialists by using Delphi method.MethodologyThe main purpose of the article has been to achieve a series of appropriate and indigenous sustainable development indicators in rural tourism of Iran. Hence, it attempts to realize this target by using analytical-descriptive methods withdocumentary style (reading many books and articles in libraries and searching inInternet) and survey (padding of experts and professionals). For analyzing the data,statistical methods such as variance and Mean and various and software such asExcel and SPSS have been used.FindingsBased on research findings, a total of 80 indicators have been obtained to assess sustainable rural tourism out of which 22 indicators have been used to assess social sustainability, 24 indicators to assess economic sustainability and 34 indicators toassess environmental sustainability. All of these are suitable for structure of Iranianvillages and they are environment friendly as well.ConclusionLocalization process of indicators according to international experiences and views of local experts in addition to extracting indicators of sustainable development of rural tourism in the country led to another result which is mentioned below: Possibility of operational criteria of empirical tests: Selected Indicators according tothe conditions and requirements of state land, the realm of space tourism andinformation gathering systems etc. have been produced in the country, and theproper factors are considered to measure the stability and those are quality testingand operational capabilities in the country rural.Sustainable development tourism and Localization of indicators: Sustainable tourismdevelopment has created appropriate methods to explain the Localization of tourismsustainability indicators and measurement that show its use in extracting indicatorsrural tourism is now considered to have an inevitable necessity.Internal and external adjustment of indicators: Designing and organization of ruraltourism sustainability indicators adopted a unified approach from themethodological view point and include all aspects of rural tourism destinations lifeand geographical context of their lives as well. Hence selected indicators from thefollowing content and spatial foundations of thought, planning and administrativestructure requirements in full and together they complement each other and the otherwith its external environment are compatible.
  • Dadvarkhani F., Niksirat M Page 43
    IntroductionThis research was conducted in village Kharanq. The village has located in arid areas of Iran. Iran itself is among arid the countries and semi arid more than 68 percent of the areas in this country have arid and semi-arid climate, and more than7/43 million hectares of its ecosystems are desert areas. About 32 percent of thepopulation live in the rural areas, on more than 90 percent of natural resources andcultivated lands. So their activities have more effect on natural resources, includingarid areas. The major problems that facing the villagers are economic ones, such asshortage of available jobs, limit access to new resources of income and low incomesamong farmers and other occupation of rural population. Also, these villagesencountered with shortage in water resources and arable lands to develop agricultureand animal husbandry activities. Therefore, in order to eliminate these problems, thediversification and more access to new jobs and income generation through neweconomic activities in these villages are necessary. These new economic activitiesshould also create new budget and income for protection and reclamation of naturalresources for achieving to rural sustainable development in the arid regions. Theecotourism is an appropriate option that can create new economic resources toachieve the above mentioned goals.MethodologyBecause rural planning and development is more sensitive in desert areas, it requires to establish appropriate and specific strategies. This research has established to evaluate strategies for planning in the field of ecotourism in arid rural areas. The method of research that has conducted is descriptive and it was a survey in one ofthe villages in arid area. Participants in the research have been divided to threegroups including rural residents, tourists and rural managers. The attitudes ofresearch participants in these three groups have been investigated through threemain factors. These factors include environmental, economic and socio-culturalones. In these study 75 indicators has been studied. These indicators were identifiedthrough interview with villagers, local officials and the experts as well. In this studythe Statistical Society - with 435 persons - was studied. On the base of Cochraneformula, the authors we chose the random sample of 120 persons. Due to lack ofaccurate statistics for the number of tourists, 100 participants have been selectedthrough accessibility method. The other required data in this research, are gatheredthrough interviews with 15 people that targeted because of their authority anddecision making power, such as rural mayor (Dehyar), Village Islamic Council,manager of county and cultural heritage, and the members of Handicrafts andTourism Organization of Yazd province. Knowing that a diversity of standpointsoften exist in cases of tourism effect, an effort was made to capture input aboutstrengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of ecotourism by applying SWOTanalysis method and investigate its potentials, to find appropriate strategies forimproving ecotourism activities in arid rural areas.ResultsThe results indicate that despite the natural attractions of these areas, tourism development has been related on historical and cultural attractions. It seems thatnatural attractions of village were ignored in tourism planning. The research findingshow that on the basis of strategic analysis, there are 41 items that indicates onstrengths points and opportunities. In contrast, 35 items have identified asweaknesses and threat points. So the authors recognized that the understudiedvillages have proper potential for ecotourism development. Further analyses indicatethat there are a kind of convergence between the strengths and opportunities andalso divergence in the weaknesses and threats in three research participant groups.FindingsFinally, the applied Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) to find the final score or grade of the each strategy. Eventually, the "combination of historicaltourism programs, by accompany with ecotourism programs in villages" have beenknown as a proper strategy to develop tourism in the area. Finally research hasproposed many solutions to develop the rural tourism:- Diversification in the case of economic activities on the village andextension of handicraft production depending on tourist's demands andtheir interests.- Considering the appropriate rule for protecting the cultural heritage andnatural resources by rural residents.- The study of environmental Feasibility in order to create and extendecotourism in arid rural areas.
  • Golshiri Esfahani Z., Saraei M.H Page 73

    IntroductionContinuing environmental crisis, human was aware of the necessity for revising the methods of dealing with environment during the development. Therefore, changing the development paradigm from classical to modern, sustainable development and environmental issues have become the major pillars of development and achieve sustainable development depends on the complete recognition of environment and natural resources as well as accurate and strategically planning in this regard.MethodologyStrategic planning of the best methods to achieve the goals could be considered. This paper was conducted to determine the development goals objectives of rural environment system in Gandoman County, Borojen Township in a 10- year perspective. SWOT Analysis Model was utilized for strategic planning.According to the strengths and weaknesses (capacities and resources) as well as theopportunities and treats (external factors and effective process), the invasive modelas an effective model for environmental system has been adopted, and based on it,the strategies and quantities preferment goals have been determined and thecoherence between them have been established.ResultsIn order to analyze the rural environment systems in Gandoman County, first of all,the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the system were identified as follows.Strengths; having ecotourism potential and attractions, existence of two permanentrivers, numerous springs, suitable aquifers, high quality of water resources andmineral water springs and a number of Qantas, being moisture more than half of theyear, there are nine plain rural for Agricultural Development and highland rural forhorticultural development, existence of wild medicinal plants in the region, etc.Weakness; lack of Watershed activities, the risk of water erosion and the naturaleruption, earthquake and flood, law quality of health centers, many activities againstnatural disasters, environmental and sound pollution of gas station, surface waterand groundwater pollution, and landscape pollution because of deficient system ofwaste collection and landfill.Opportunities; increased consumption of mineral water producers and developmentpolicies in the category of mineral waters in Iran, suitable markets for medicinalplants, increasing importance of tourism, the policies of natural hazards anddetrimental health pollution, existence divers germ plasma and crop varieties in thecountry and the existence of oil and gas resources in the provinceThreats; being surface water management outside the province, negative balance ofunderground waters, poor crisis management, lack of proper and completeimplementation of sustainable development policies, shortage of funds for dams,watershed management and construction of irrigation networks and deficientsystems of waste collection and landfill in rural areas.ConclusionIt should be noted that internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) of the status have been extracted from reviewing the regional environment system through the Library Reviews documents and field studies as well; and the external factors of region (opportunities and threats) also have been extracted from reviewing the documents of this field in the country as well as the province.The significance of coefficient of each internal and external factor was calculated bysoftware Expert Choice based on the Delphi method and according to experts usingpaired comparisons. The basis of paired comparisons was Thomas L. Saatyimportance coefficient (rather identical (important 1) until quite preferable(important 9)). The important coefficienties were standardized through divided byaverage (total coefficients standard for internal and external factors is equal toone).To determine the final weight, a rate of points between each strength,opportunitiy, weakness and threat, a rate of points between 1 to 4 based on theimportance and final weight of internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) wascalculated 3.08 and external factors (opportunities and threats) was calculated 3.53.Finally, these weights were pointed in SWOT diagram and aggressive pattern wasdetermined as an effective model for environmental systems of Gandoman. Thispattern for achieve the main objective (sustainable environmental development inthe region) selects the strategies that apply the available regional strengths for usingthe identified opportunities. Therefore, sustainable environmental developmentstrategies of Gandoman County are as determined as follows:- Management development, conservation, restoration and sustainableexploitation of natural resources as well as environmental ones;- Developing public participation in a development process, conservation,restoration and sustainable exploitation of natural resources and environmental,- Mineral Water Industry Development,- Developing and strengthening the tourism industry with emphasis onecotourism and rural tourism,- Improving crisis management in order to prevent the consequences of naturaldisasters and deal with it them villages,- Reducing hazards and detrimental to human health and the environmentpollution.Obviously, in order to achieve the determined strategies and according to themain goal, objectives should be defined. These objectives in 3 levels, internals areperiods such as: long term (10 years), medium term (five years) and short-term (2-1years) goals. The short-term objectives include increasing of public awareness onnatural disasters, promotion of rural outreach skills, safety principles in buildingnew homes, familiarize farmers with the principles of sustainable agriculture,identify species of medicinal plants in the County pasture, preventing theindiscriminate cattle grazing in pastures, improving exploitation model of waterresources, inhibition of seasonal surface water, especially flowing waters,identifying the potentials of tourism in the region, familiarizing farmers with theimportance of Aquifers and Watershed Management, predispose for publicparticipation in forestry activities, improving knowledge and skills of villagers topreserve watersheds and aquifers, the identification qualities and quantitiescapabilities of regional water to develop mineral water industries, studies aboutsanitary waste collection and burial in the rural area.

  • Mirzaie H., Ghaffari Gh.R., Karimi A Page 99
    Introduction Today empowerment has been turned into one of the main concepts of sustainable development. Three types of relationship between empowerment and sustainable development are as follows: 1- Empowerment is a component of sustainable development 2- Empowerment is the cause of sustainable development3- Empowerment is the result of sustainable development. Therefore it is not possible achieve a sustainable development lacking empowerment of villagers. Empower the villagers is affected by many factors, such as: background variables and Effects of plans and projects implemented in rural areas. This article studies the background variables of individuals as well as the effects of a steel factory on the empowerment of villagers. The study area is an industrialized rural district of Yalghuz Agaj in Qorveh county. Different definitions have been presented about the concept ofempowerment. This is due to two factors: 1- Empowerment is a multidimensionalconcept; and. 2- Empowerment is used in various fields such as management,psychology, geography, agriculture, sociology, etc. Empowerment as the wardshows is a process to empower people through which they can overcomes feelingsof their helplessness and inabilities. There are many advantages to empower such ashaving access to the basic needs, satisfaction, self - esteem, sense of belonging andcommitment, reducing the costs when increasing the profits, increasingparticipation, etc. Empowerment has many dimensions that they can be classified inthe six dimensions of economic, political, mental, social, legal and cultural. Theeconomic empowerment, as well as the social and mental one is more important thanthe others. Various factors are involved in the process of empowering the villagersthat background variables of individuals act as an important factor. Different studiesshow the influence of background variables on empowerment through differentfactors such as employment, income, education, gender and age. In addition to thementioned variables, empowerment of individuals is influenced by developmentpolicies. The opinions are about the social and economic benefits of industry in ruralareas can be stated as follows. From the viewpoint of economy, industrializing therural areas includes many advantages such as, increasing farmer's incomes,employment opportunities and job security as well. Such a process could acceleraterural economic empowerment and thus cause non - agricultural job opportunities,reduce the income gap between rural and urban households and between the ruralhouseholds the meselves. Development of rural industry from the viewpoint ofsocial and mental factors lead to increased subjective and objective welfare,increasing of trust and development of social relationships that causes positiveresults like increased social and mental empowerment of villagers.MethodologyIn this study, survey method has been used to the issue. The study population of case – study two rural districts Yalghuz Agaj and Qaslan in Qorveh county, Kurdistan province. These two rural districts are similar in many aspects and characteristics such as geographical location, the number of villages under the authority,population, language, religion, possibilities and services etc. The main difference isa steel factory which is located in Yalghuz Agaj that turned the district to anindustrial one, with Qaslan lacks it. Using the Cochran formula 136 households wereselected were selected from Yalghuz Agaj rural district and 121 households from theother, Qaslan. In each household an individual was selected in the range of 25 to 65years old, as a sample.ResultsAmong the studied background variables in rural empowerment the relationships between the factors of age, education, income and job have been confirmed; but relationships with other background variables (sex, family size and number of employed people in household) have not been confirmed. Relationship betweenrural economic empowerment have been approved with five background variablesincluding age, education, income, occupational status and the number of employedindividuals in household. Relationship between social empowerment have loinconfirmed with four background variables (age, education, and income and jobstatus) and mental empowerment is related with three background variables (age,education and job status). The important finding is that the regional industrializationhas not influenced any aspect of rural empowerment.ConclusionThe steel factory in Yalghuz Agaj lacks the local labor and there fore the interactions between the workers and villagers are at the lowest possible level. Infact, the industry is as an isolated part of rural community, so the factory has noimpacts on it. The results show that the established industry in the region does notact an effective role on rural empowerment. In other words, the primary purposes ofmanufacturing industry have not been achieved in the rural district. Ruralindustrialization requires a careful study of characteristics of industry and village.Rural industrialization requires compatible industries with the needs and necessitiesof rural community, so the villagers could work there.
  • Sharafi L., Zarafshani K Page 129
    IntroductionDrought is a slow-onset disaster that has economic, social, and environmentalconsequences. In Iran, drought is a re-current phenomenon. The current droughtmanagement strategies in Iran are based on crisis management. For example, whendrought becomes visible in different parts of the country, a state of emergency isdeclared and thus all resources are mobilized in that particular region. However, thistype of drought management strategy is proved to be ineffective. Therefore, riskmanagement seems to be the most effective drought management strategies ifdrought-prone areas in Iran are to recover from the so called man-made disaster.Studies show that a prerequisite to drought risk management is vulnerabilityassessment of drought affected population. Once vulnerable groups are identified,drought policy-makers can then focus their attentions toward the most vulnerableareas. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to categorize the mostvulnerable areas in rural areas of Kermanshah. Specifically, this paper sought toinvestigate the socio-economic vulnerability among a sample of wheat farmers inKermanshah, Sahne, Ravansar townships in Kermanshah province. The selection ofthese townships was based on a recent drought zone classification provided byprovincial Meteorological Center in Kermanshah. Moreover, the selected townshipswere severely affected by drought during the years 2006-2008. In addition, threedrought intensities were identified as "Very high drought intensity", "extremely highdrought intensity", and "critical drought intensity". These intensities were based onmapping concentration from Meteorological Center in Kermanshah Province.MethodologyUsing multi-stage stratified sampling, 370 farmers across three townships wereselected to participate in the study. A semi-structured questionnaire was designed tocollect data. A researcher based instrument was designed to collect the data. In orderto collect rich data, deep interview was conducted by the researcher. During theinterview, retrospective questions were asked so that farmers could go back to thepast and gradually see the present with the aim of visioning the future. In order totest for internal validity, a panel of experts from Department of AgriculturalExtension and Rural Development reviewed the research instrument. In addition,extension specialist from Agricultural-Jihad Organization provided further feedbackto the questionnaire. Drought vulnerability assessment techniques were reviewedduring extensive literature search. Among vulnerability assessment techniques, aformula suggested by Me-Bar and Valdez (2005) was considered appropriate for thisstudy.Results and DiscussionResults revealed that farmers in Ravanasar who experienced highest droughtintensities were most vulnerable in socio-economic aspects while farmers inKermanshah Township with lowest drought intensity were least vulnerable in socioeconomicaspects. In addition, Sahne Township experienced drought with intensitysomewhere between Ravansar and Kermansha Townships felt in the middleregarding socio-economic vulnerability. The interesting conclusion that can be madeis that there is a relationship between drought intensity and vulnerability levelamong study areas. The result of this survey study has implications for droughtpolicy-makers as well as drought vulnerability research in Iran. First, identifyingvulnerable regions help policy-makers to give priority to vulnerable groups whenplanning for drought mitigations. Furthermore, an up-to-date vulnerabilityassessment assists extension agents to plan more effective content for theireducational program. In addition, risk management becomes a dominant strategy formanaging drought impacts. Unlike crisis management, risk management alleviatesthe harmful effect of drought more effectively. The result of this study has alsoimplications for drought vulnerability literature. Most drought studies have focusedmore on impact of drought with less attention being paid on vulnerabilityassessment. By using the formula proposed in this study, it is hoped that moredrought researchers use this formula which in turn adds to external validity of theformula.FindingsThis study had its limitations too. For example, vulnerability is a social concept thatvaries in different areas contexts. A farmer who buys crop insurance to cover thelosses due to drought may feel less vulnerable in one area than a farmer in anotherarea with the same insurance coverage. For this reason, one needs to be morecautious when generalizing the findings of this study to a larger population. Anotherlimitation worth mentioning is getting farmers to respond to retrospectivequestionnaires like the one used in this study. Farmers are reluctant in providinganswers to the events that have occurred in the past. For this reason, it is suggestedthat interviewers spend more time with farmers and be patient when dealing withretrospective studies.
  • Salmani M., Toorani A., Khorasani M.A Page 155
    IntroductionAccording to world population growth that is over 6 billion people, drinking water supply in cities and villages is one of the concerns of politicians and residents, so the 21st century is named century of water stress or hydrological stress. One of the goals of World Water organization will be supplying the drinking water for all until 2025. It is worth mentioning that highest population had no access to safe drinking water live in Asia and Africa and are living in villages. In Summary, the concept of risk isknown by probability of loss or uncertainty and the concept of risk managementimplies risk assessment and strategies adopted for risk management. In ideal riskmanagement, there is a prioritization process in order to consider the most loss riskswith highest probability at the beginning and risks with lower probability and lowerrisks at the end. Also searching and site selection risks before their problem is one ofthe steps in this approach. The main purpose of this study is reviewing and studyingof the situation of drinking water resources, identifying and classifying risks to theseresources in phase of maintenance and supply drinking water and finally graded andprioritized rural centers based on the mentioned risks. The study areas in thisresearch are villages located in central district of Minoodasht Township.MethodologyResearch study is descriptive-analytical in survey way. Statistical Societies of study are villages located in central district of Minoodasht and the study sample is those villages that have a governmental body named Dehyary. Required information through the library studies, direct observations and questionnaires completed by 63 Dehyars (head of Dehyary) were collected. Dehyars group was selected because innew system of rural management in our country, Dehyary is considered as aninstitution of rural management, the institution that participation in providing andkeeping safe drinking water is considered as part of its tasks. According to thetheoretical framework, the risks of maintenance and supply drinking water resourcesare categorized in five groups of human agents (management), natural factors,location of source and reservoir, source and reservoir characteristics and risksrelated to water quality. For risk assessment of each class as questions weredesigned in form of Lycret range that total points of them show the situation of eachvillage in that group of risks. It should be noted that about risks related to waterquality due to lack of accurate and complete information about chemical andbacteriology for all the villages inevitably this indicator was not considered andsince this study accent on risks relating to maintenance and supply of drinking waterresources only the physical quality of water from viewpoint of Dhyars considered.The weight of each group as the main indicators of risk in drinking water isconsidered by using AHP model and Expert Choice. Then, according to the weightobtained in this way and the risks of water resources, rural centers were graded andprioritized by using the TOPSIS model.ResultsFrom the 12 villages in the level "a" that their risks are very high, 10 villages are under the authority of Water and Sewage Company. Also from 10 villages in level "e" 9 villages under covered by Water and Sewage Company and also a village isenjoyed from urban water. So it could be said that covering all villages in the regionby the Rural Water and Sewage Company should be considered as an effective stepin reducing risks related to drinking water resources.ConclusionWith attention to obtained results Asefrenjan village has the highest risk and Jangaldeh has the lowest. Also rural centers with attention to risk classification,categorized to very high risk rural centers, high-risk rural centers, rural centers withmoderate risk, low-risk rural centers, very low-risk rural centers groups. Accordingto this scheme, low and very low risk rural centers are under the cover Rural Waterand Sewage Company. This shows the importance of controlling and monitoringthese resources is vital. Certainly aware of the status quo of rural drinking watersources is an important aid to more accurate planning in villages by Dhyars. Finally,it is recommended to identify the status of villages in terms of risk types related todrinking water sources and evaluate them, should design warning systems to beinformative, while it is essential that consistently and in all conditions, continuousmonitoring and control the risks to be considered. Also one should prepare a plan foradvance the health status of rural drinking water supplies with an emphasis on riskmanagement approach and rely on people's participation and attendance as theoperation and in many cases, the main perpetrators water pollutants.
  • Aazami M., Soroushmehr H Page 179
    IntroductionSince the introduction of development to countries after the World War II, this process has been the most significant issue, especially in developing countries. The realization of development demands exploiting the talents, capacities and active participation of people in different stages of development process, so thatdevelopment and participation are considered to be interwoven and the process issucceeded when it is concurrent with the increase in people's participation especiallylocal individuals.MethodologyConcerning people's participation (PP) in participatory activities, in particular, propounding the subject of participatory approaches like PRA and RRA was theresult of dissatisfaction and lack of success of rural development (RD) activitiesbefore the 1980s. During that time, the dominant thought and direction of RD wasbased on two essential principles: 1) emphasizing the role of ‘individuals outside thesocial system’ as the planners and decision-makers of the main projects andactivities of RD. 2) The thought “we know and they do not know” where ‘we’referred to the outsiders and experts and ‘they’ referred to local people, shows thatthey ignored indigenous knowledge. Considering the failure of many RD projectsand programs in the period before the 1980s, impressions, attitudes and ideas inrelation to RD were changed during the subsequent three decades. The issue of‘project ownership’ and local NGOs gained significance up to date. It was realizedthat rural people had to have a sense of ownership of development process to followand achieve the desired results. Before the 1980s, existing approaches to RD paidlittle attention to the active role of local people in RD, especially the marginalizedgroups (women) in rural areas. Therefore, in this period, decision-making andallocation of resources were carried out mostly by outsider experts of RD (i.e. in thecapital or in the local governmental organizations) in developing countries, andpeople’s involvement in making decisions on RD projects was insignificant. Inaddition, local people’s ideas about their needs and problems related to theirenvironment were rarely enquired.ResultsBased on the recent statistics released from the UN, 23% of Iranian women participate in the economic sector in contrast with 77 % of men's participation, ofwhich 34% of women attend the agricultural sector versus 24% for men. The ruralwomen as the half of human population in rural areas play a significant role in socialand cultural realms along with economic roles. Accordingly, it is important to payattention to how can us increase their participation and involvement in developmentprocess, especially because past research efforts, so often ignored or misrepresentedthem. Most of the women are illiterate or less educated and often unable to attend orcontinue formal training courses, social or economic services. In these conditions,rural women remain inactive with less chance to develop their own abilities. As aresult, this situation has caused the women to be the most vulnerable group in ruraldevelopment programs. In spite of their active role in socio-economic aspects,promotion of rural women's status, having participated them in formal economicsector is of greater importance and regarded to be the necessary condition forsustainable development in developing countries. To recognize the manner ofwomen's participation in development and the influential factors, during 1970s theterm “women in development”, and in the 1980s “Gender and development” wereapplied in resources and discourses (Ellis & Biggs, 2001). Thereafter, in mostdeveloping countries, strategies for active participation of women in developmentput into practice to remove or reduce existing barriers and obstacles. Yet, mostplanners of rural development policy believe erroneously that farmers and ruralworkers are mostly men.ConclusionIn recent decades, social scientists focus on the importance of individual, economic and social factors that affecting women's life, directly or indirectly, to provide an environment for the promotion of their participation in rural development process. The co-ops established in rural areas are the main institutions as NGOs which could enhance rural communitie's capacity through applying unique practices andapproaches subsequently, attention to rural women's situation, attempt to recognizeand evaluate their activities and remove the main barriers of improving theirparticipation in different formal institutes at village level, including co-ops are thenecessary steps towards sustainable rural development. The logic beyond thisattempt is the necessity of using all the potential human resources towarddevelopment goals. The aim of this study is to explore some socio-economic factorsaffecting woman's participation in co-op from member's point of view. The paperbegins with an overview of the theoretical concepts on the issue of participation,especially on the case of rural women, and follows by a description of methodologyof the study, and then findings are presented following by conclusion andrecommendations