فصلنامه پژوهشهای روستایی
سال دوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 8، زمستان 1390)

IntroductionIn this paper the authors study the relationship between Rural Good Governance Approach and Sustainability of 50 Rural regions at Mazandaran Province. According to the documentary studies, for Good Governance it is necessary to achieve sustainable humane development in a realm of an area so that the process of correct and logical relationship between governors and citizenships leads to Good Governance which its purposes are as follows: improving the general well-being, paying attention to the desirable human lives, and meeting. The needs of rural residents, and supporting the basic laws and citizenship liberty in all places and times. Following of the mentioned attitude, Rural Good Governance includes effective processes in all key rural organs related rural management with all of the mechanisms which load to rural development. With regard to the above description, the extend of Rural Good Governance approach entails that people and rural societies in civil institutions organize to the social small networks for using their potential abilities, aptitudes and creativities and managing them well to days.MethodologyThe methodology of this paper is based on library and survey studies. Three fore, its method is applicable, exploratory and descriptive – analysis. The statistical society of this research contains 50 rural more than 20 households of Behshahr, Chalus and Amol cities that has been divided to 3 groups containing plain lands, mountainous and semi-mountainous Ones. This division is according to the variables such as the number of households the population, distance from the nearest main city, and factors such as having guide plan, civil institutions, etc. The proposed indexes for Rural Good Governance contain: Participation, Responsibility, Accountability, Consensus Oriented, Equity, and Transparency, Rule of Law, Effectiveness and Efficiency, etc. The proposed indexes for sustainability are Environmental, Social and Economical ones. The obtained information have been entered SPSS software and analyzed through the statistical tests, such as Correlation Coefficient, One Sample T test, Multivariable Regression, and so on.ResultsRural Governance position and Sustainability 0f rural studied regions have been determined by production of 3 maps for every rural region at the studied cities. Based on the study, 58 percent of the studied rural are unsustainable, 24 percent are semi – sustainable and 18 percent are sustainable. In other words, 48 percent of the studied rural have weak Governances, 30 percent have average ones, and 22 percent have Good Governances. The results obtained from the research findings indicate that the most rural which have weak rural governance are in a semi–sustainable or unsustainable position. The results obtained from the Pearson correlation test between two variables like rural good governance and sustainability of rural indicate that there is a significance relationship in 95% level between these 2 variables (sig = 0/000) and significance coefficient is 56%. The result of one – sample T test has also accepted the significant relationship between the 2 above variables. In spite of that, survey studies show that rural good governance in a sustainable developed system form a developed approach which focus on multi level decentralization planning system and follow to achieve to the balanced pattern of the space development in network strategic framework. In addition, the finding results of this research show that rural people in a passive position change active position and be responsible in rural good governance and act as the responsible dynamic actors.ConclusionThe result obtained from this research indicates that rural sustainable development extremely obeys the pattern of rural good governance. Moving from the East to the West of rural areas in Mazandaran Province, the rural governance position is being improved; therefore, the sustainability level of rural will increase too. There fore it is observed that the more increase the curve of rural good governance from the West to East, the more increases the curve of sustainability. In other words, if rural increase rural participants in projections and decisions and rural people share their fate determination, the level of sustainability will also increase. In this situation, the process of empowerment and capacity promotion of rural people for selection, the right of fate determination and life wellbeing, promote of people and locality organizations and institutions.

IntroductionRural areas, due to their landscapes, natural attractions and abilities attract tourists. However, there emerge kinds of tourism that with respect to conditions and particularities leave behind different impacts and consequences around that rural set up. In Iran, too, attractions and scenic landscapes as well as suitable ecological condition of some of the villages have caused remarkable growth of tourism over the past few years; hence led to the formation of different tourism patterns. Among these patterns, whose classifications are based on types and length of stay of tourists, include the second homes tourism and the same day visits. Today, these are considered as one of the methods of passing leisure times and refinement energy. Among rural areas, the villages of Shemiranat County in northern Tehran metropolis, have attracted principal forms of tourism i.e. eco-tourism, sports, religious and natural tourism in the forms of second homes tourism and same day visits. In other words, the effects and consequences of these touristic patterns can easily be observed in this area Paying. Attention to these impacts seems necessary, because the sensitivity of this region with respect to the ecological conditions and socio-economic condition. Taking into account the same, the current paper tries to identify economic impacts of the aforementioned tourism patterns, especially by designing a key question, like as follows: “Is there significant differences between economic impacts of same day visits and second homes tourism?” Consequently, with a Sustainable development approach, a comparative study and analysis of the economic effects of the above two patterns are accomplished.MethodologyApplied Methodology in this research is comparative and descriptive-analytical, based on documentation and field study (questionnaires). In order to reach to the objects, 5 villages - including Shemshak, Aahar, Lalan, Afjeh and Lavasanat Bozorg - were selected as sample villages where both second homes tourism and same day visits are prevalent. Statistical population includes 105 heads of the households living in these villages. For comparing effects of the above two patterns, at first step 34 necessary indices were selected based on related literature and their content analysis, and then these were assessed by 35 academic members and tourism experts through Delphi method based on 5 criteria in two stages, and finally 26 indices were accepted. Likewise, to analyze the data, descriptive and inference statistics calculated by SPSS software.ResultsResearch findings show that two tourism patterns of second homes tourism and same day visits in study area, lead to different effects such as creation of employment, increasing incomes, and increase of the buying capacity of local people. Also, there are some negative effects such as increasing the prices of lands and decreasing the agricultural activities. Along these impacts and effects, the most considerable point is that the rural tourism could be effective in boosting women employment, creating economic institutions, investment in tourism-related production activities and investment in education services. The research findings, based on the responses, confirm the effectiveness of the second homes tourism in a way that 74.3% and 25.7% people favored the second homes tourism and same day visits, respectively as a desirable pattern. Also, 71.4% and 28.6% responses introduced the second homes tourism and same day visits as more effective patterns, respectively.ConclusionThe results acquired from a comparison of economic effects of the two proposed patterns indicated that the second homes tourism has been more effective than same day visits. As the study showed, there existed significance differences between the two patterns. Likewise, the viewpoints of residents with regard to their tendencies toward development of the tourism patterns showed that they are more inclined towards the second homes tourism. Along these tendencies, more deep study and data analysis of each of the touristic patterns indicated that although the second homes tourism has more economic benefits, it had more resource consumption compare to same day visits too. As such, the tendency to the second homes tourism turned around to the aspect that had been highlighted by a large number of researchers i.e. “understanding of economic effects in determining desirable tendencies of local residents were much effective to an extent that the undesirable effects and confusion became weaker”.

IntroductionThis study examines the attitudes of residents toward tourism in rural mountain communities in Roodbareghasran district (Shemiranat, Tehran). The objective of this research is modeling host community support for tourism development and the potential of participation based on the factors found to influence reactions towards it. Understanding local communitie's attitudes toward tourism development is vital for the success and sustainability of any type of tourism development. A large number of studies have examined resident attitudes as well as and the factors that are likely to influence them. Most of those studies suggest that the locals tend to have positive attitudes because they see tourism as an economic development tool and personal benefit can affect attitude toward tourism. There have been suggested in many investigations that the resident's attitudes toward tourism may be directly related to the degree or stage of development within the host community. While residents may oppose one type of development, they may be more willing to support another type. Thus a continuing assessment of locals’ attitudes for different types of development may be necessary to assure sustainability and to manage more critical aspects that appear as a tourism destination continues to develop.MethodologyThe research utilized social exchange theory as a foundation to formulate the questions of the research and the tests of structural equation model. Using the literature of tourism supports model Propose several paths that. The model consisted of five latent structures and nine hypothesized paths. By employing a questionnaire survey and focusing on a proposed development was conducted in a rural region with 270 questionnaires by rural residents. This research examines the path relationships between perceptions of benefits from tourism development, the positive and negative impacts of tourism, and the community satisfaction support of tourism development. Data were analyzed by a structural equation modeling methodology utilizing a two-step approach. Reliability analysis was used to evaluate the stability and consistency for measured items of each latent construct.ResultsData for this study were collected from residents of 10 villages of case study. The results support six hypotheses but three of them rejected at p<0:05 levels. Findings indicated one of the most important theoretical contributions of this study: its findings confirm the usefulness of exchange theory principles in explaining resident's attitudes toward tourism. Hypothesized path relationships between personal benefits from tourism development and constructs of perceived negative tourism impacts and overall community satisfaction were rejected. Also hypothesized path relationship between community satisfaction and support tourism development were rejected. The implications suggest that, in this case, personal benefits from tourism are relevant to understanding perceptions of positive impacts. This study found that ‘residents’ community satisfaction’ was closely related to ‘perceived positive tourism impacts’. Both perceived positive and negative impacts were direct causing the attitudes towards tourism development and important relationships between resident's perceptions of tourism impacts and community satisfaction. Community satisfaction may be a useful concept for evaluation of residents’ perception of tourism impacts and attitudes tourism development. In conclusion, community satisfaction was influenced by perception of tourism impacts, and may be useful in planning for tourism development. Overall findings suggested positive relationships between tourism development and perceptions of positive impacts and negative relationships between negative impacts perceptions and support for development. Residents who see tourism as a means for creating positive economic impacts were found to support. This finding is consistent with willing for studies that positive economic impact is one of the main reasons of willing for development in local communities. The findings revealed that the host community support is affected by the level of perceived costs and benefits of the tourism development. While most of the residents were found to be concerned about economic benefits, others were more concerned about specific social, cultural and / or environmental costs. As indicated by the findings, the majority of local residents feel the economy needs improvement. If they believe certain aspects of the development may have negative impacts or certain types of development may not be appropriate, they are likely to support that development. Also the history of tourism or degree of development within a host community may be relevant to understanding residents’ perceptions of tourism. Findings of this study suggested that understanding local residents’ attitudes towards any form of tourism development requires an examination of a set of very complex as well as interrelated factors. Further research needs to address community satisfaction, level of tourism development, and attitude towards tourism development. Discuss integrating community satisfaction with tourism development

IntroductionThere is a wide transformation achieving to sustainable development terms. Sustainable development is not a new concept but it shows the process of transformation of social, economic and natural systems. At the end of 1987s a new paradigm, called sustainability, concluded that scientific evidence demonstrated rapid destruction of air, water, species of flora and fauna, deserts, forests and other ecosystems as well as overuse of natural resources. The Brundtland Commission Report thrust the concept of “sustainable development” into the mainstream of world debate, as the only manner to confront the twin problems of environmental degradation and necessary economic development. The commission’s report defines sustainable development as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. According to the sustainability paradigm, no single sphere should be allowed to dominate a development decision. In fact, each of the spheres should be taken into equal consideration prior to any economic decision. Sustainable development is not envisaged as an ‘end in itself,’ but as a continuous process of development, which leads simultaneously to the improvement of economic, social and environmental goals adopted by each society. New concept of sustainable development has been holistic and includes all aspects of social, economic, cultural and other human needs. In other word, which is the most important attractions in sustainable development, is the holistic view. These terms were as basic concepts in scientific debates during the late of 20th century and affected most of the human contexts such as poverty, inequity, education, sanitation, environment, women and children laws, as well as industry, policy, economic and international cooperation and have a unique solution for the challenges threat the mankind lifes. This approach has been selected as a scale to measure the amount of sustainability. In Iran most of the studies concentrated the rural sustainability' or concentrated in non metropolitan areas. But because of accumulating of nearly to 15 percent of population in Tehran metropolitan areas’ it seems it is needed to study sustainability of this arena. Rural Metropolitan areas are such ones, which have been given different appearances to their rural centers by differed settlemental relationship systems and the presence and flows of forces originating from metropolitan poles. In other words, the main centers of accumulation of market forces in the world - both in developed countries and developing ones - are metropolitan areas which make their neighbor rural areas affected by impact forces and processes and give them distinctive and different socio-cultural, economical and environmental features that make them different from non-metropolitan rural areas. There fore in this study, according to the above mentioned features, going to analysis the role of metropolitan forces process on sustainability or unsustainability of rural settlements that are influenced by these forces and trends, and made distinguish them from other rural areas.Do metropolises make rural sustainable or not? What differences are between small and large cities in the context of rural sustainability?MethodologyThe studies in this research, due to its nature, based upon descriptive and analytical methods. In this study, the required data and information were gathered through extensive survey questionnaires and documentary methods. The whole villages entered in Tehran and Alborz province boundaries which include exceeded 900 villages with 1161935 population considered as rural metropolitan areas make the objective of this study. For selecting sample villages, the study areas divided to 16 sections and 2 villages have been selected as sample villages in each section. Among the sample villages to 480 households have been selected by systematic random methods to fill the questionnaires. ResultsFor measuring the sustainability level of villages, it is needed to classify row data in various aspects of environmental, social, economic and physical dimensions. Several stages are processed as follows:1- Preparation of the raw indexes tables;2- Preparation of coordinated indexes;3- The equivalent indexes table;4- Preparation of the final indexes.In order to evaluate both the environmental and social components of sustainable development simultaneously, the barometer of sustainability has been developed. It consisted of two components, namely ecosystem well-being and human well-being, that both have to be improved for achieving sustainable development. ConclusionThe results of this article show that the metropolitan areas despite of accumulation of population, economic, finance and other resources not only cause to sustainability of their rural but make them unsustainable. The results also show that with increasing distance from the center of Tehran metropolis, the environmental sustainability in rural settlements increases too, but social and economic and physical sustainability decreased.

IntroductionTrends of population in the past half century have witnessed the decline of rural population to urban. General Population and Housing Census Results of Iran in the past fifty years show that the exact proportion of rural population and urban population of the total population reversely changed (85.5 and 31.5 percents in 1335 to 31.5 and 85.5 percent in 1385). It seems that the four major actors in the formation of this phenomenon were: 1 - the mass movement of people (migration) from rural to urban areas, 2 - conversion some villages to the city, 3 - natural population growth in cities, 4 - the physical expansion of cities and consequently the integration of adjacent villages in the city. The spatial expansion of cities, integrating villages and farms in city are the major outcomes of rapid urbanization. In some cases, strengthening economic and social institutions, the increasing population of rural settlements and some government official's decisions are main factors of integration of the villages in the city. There are several effects and outcomes of this phenomenon in merged villages on city. It seems that the effects and outcomes of integration vary in different villages in relation to their distance from the city center. Phenomenon of integration of rural settlements in Iran during the past fifties has increased. The evolution of the rural settlement system of the Iran, especially in villages integrated, multiple effects and outcomes of the study but it remained the unknown in this area can turn to. Considering the above points, the paper tried to study the effects and outcomes of integration of seven villages in Kashan city according to their distance from the city center.MethodologyThis research based on the descriptive and analytical method using extensive field studies and documents, including interview, observation and questionnaires completed by 260 rural households in the villages integrated and local experts and municipal officials. In this study 50 questions were used for assessing effects of integrating villages in the Kashan city. In this research 50 questions in different dimensions of sustainable development was used to measure the effects of integration seven villages in Kashan city. In economic dimensions, variables such as new job opportunities, job opportunities for women, job satisfaction, job stability, income changes and changes in land prices (residential - agricultural, industrial and services), ownership of land and water, access to financial resources, tools and instruments of production, non-productive, consumption and agricultural products, the tendency to the consumption of luxury goods were used. To measure the social effects variables such as; reduce motivation for working in the field of agriculture, changes people's attitude about life style, motivation change of youth for residence and employment in village people's sense of belonging to place, change in rural migration to cities, internal consistency (of integration) and integrated city with a population of factors, including social relations with indigenous people, social relationships with people new to the area, establishing family relationships, assist and cooperate in, participate in public ceremonies (religious feasts and celebration / mourning), social and cultural conflict between village and city merge were used. To investigate the physical impacts, variables such as land use change on agricultural crops, industrial, and residential services, improve access and increase the quality of facilities and services such as water, sanitary piping, telecommunications, communication and transport networks, street beautification, banks, green space, educational services, health services, administrative and recreational areas and sports have been used Data collected has been analyzed by using SPSS software (for descriptive statistics and inferential analysis; Wilcoxon T test and Correlation coefficient) and Geographic Information System (GIS) software.ResultsIntegrated villages have been at different distances from the Kashan city center; Zydy village 3 kilometers, Fin-e Bozorg and Dyzichh 4 kilometers, Fin-e Kochak and Lthour 5 kilometers Tahrabad 12 kilometers and Khzaq 13 kilometers from the city center of Kashan. Results showed that the integration of rural villages in the city has remained several impacts in different dimension. Especially the outcomes that has caused some of the villages in different dimensions such In Zydy physical, social and economic integration in the city are great and some, like Fin-e Bozorg, Fin-e Kouchak and Dyzichh and Lthour two areas are merged in (mergers experienced moderate). Two villages Tahrabad and Khzaq just in the economic merged in the city of Kashan and perhaps the only acceded to Kashan. In other words have the weak integration of the experience.ConclusionThe results showed that there are significant differences between villages in terms of integration and acceptance in the city. So that some of them merely acceded to the city and others have been fully integrated in the city as a neighborhood of the city neighborhoods. Some may even consider just one dimension of sustainable development (physically, economically and socially) and merged in the city. Integration (in physical, economic and social dimensions) between villages in the city and the distance to the downtown is meaningful in statistical tests. So it can be concluded that one of the factors affecting the integration of the villages in cites is distance between the villages with city. In other words, lower the distance to the downtown higher level integration.

IntroductionLivestock is a dynamic activity and a generating employment which after the oil industry has attracted the most investment and most importantly, it is tied with food security and health. Also it is important in human nutrition as one of the main sectors of material production and milk protein. But production. In the livestock sector has some differences with other areas of manufacturing of trade. Among of the most important of them are the risks in the livestock sector. Rural economy of Mahdavyeh and Parydar in Malayer, from the distant past had been based on livestock and livestock appropriate which access to pastures, mountainous area and limited agricultural land and proximity to large consumer markets in the cities of Hamadan and Malayer creates this situation. But in recent decades, gradually farm economy in the villages, has a standstill And livelihoods of rural people especially farmers been greatly affected. The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting the situation and make the downturn in the livestock economy in the villages. Main question is the main causes of the downturn in the farm economy in Parydar and Mahdavyeh. MethodologyThe statistical society of study is farm households living in villages of Mahdavyeh and Parydar in Malayer. The sample consisted of all farm households in two villages with overall sampling. Accordingly the number of sample households is 48 households in Parydar and 71 households in Mahdavyeh (total 119 households). Exploratory research methodology used with a combination of qualitative and quantitative research techniques. First, based on cause and effect model, the authors we identified the causes of economic recession of livestock and in the villages of Parydar and Mahdavyeh. Model of cause and effect with participatory methods indicates the relationship between qualitative attitudes of factors. ResultsThe results of factor analysis is are follows: Among the cultural factors cause vulnerability in animal disease by a factor of 0.891; in social factors, the of rural - urban migration and leaving the work force by a factor of 0.910; in Economic factors operating in the poor villagers can afford to buy animals that have a higher economic efficiency, with a coefficient of 0.805; in managerial factors, Restrictions on transfer of credit and banking facilities for the establishment of new farms in the countryside outside the physical fabric with 0.892, and finally, in environmental factors Vulnerability to severe drought and shortage of operating traditional livestock forage factor with 0.9, have the highest influence on the economic downturn. The rankings were based on the path analysis, due to restrictions on transfer of credit and banking facilities to rural low-income units for the establishment of new livestock, poor management of the rural economy, particularly in the decades after the land reform; rural - urban migration and migration of the workforce from rural areas; and the poor villagers can afford to buy animals that have a higher economic efficiency, respectively in the first place to fourth place.ConclusionThe survey results show that the economic factors can be among the most important factors affecting livestock weakness and recession in the villages and blame of the origin of this situation, poor villagers can afford, resulting in low efficiency in this sector, especially the traditional and social cultural factors. Therefore, the use of public resources to this entry many of the priority and importance in the prevention of livestock slowdown in the villages. Certainly increase productivity in this sector, and subsequently, improve the living conditions of farmers, will be effective in meeting the social and cultural barriers in attracting young people and Resources and attract private capital to farm activities. Promoting the modernization of the existing traditional farm units with regard to the mental process of banking and access to resources for farmers, in addition to economic benefits, has cultural - social benefits and will be promote active persons in this sector in the rural community. Also the raise of awareness and technical expertise of farmers is very important in improving productivity in this sector. Extension classes, with respect to the indigenous knowledge of farmers and cultural and economic limitations in rural areas can be done in this important role. Yet another approach for improving the status of farmers is arranging them in the form of farm cooperatives. This can improve the financial and technical, as well as and validity of livestock sectors in the economy of these villages.

IntroductionExtended use of agricultural chemicals by farmers in transfer of technology model has threatened the safety of agricultural production. Moreover, non- participatory nature of extension classes failed to motivate farmers to use less chemical inputs in the production process. In the early 1990s, participatory approaches proved to be effective in Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The objective of IPM is to keep pest populations at levels where they face with minimum threats before the environment. Although there is a merit in using a general definition of IPM without specifying the types of pests (insects, diseases, weeds) managed or controlled, additional understanding may be obtained by further classifying IPM into 3 groups: insect IPM, disease IPM and weed IPM. Using biological and mechanical controls as means to reduce pest population in crop and orchard production soon became the only logical solution to sustainable development. As a result Farmer Field School (FFS) was introduced in developing countries, so that more farmers would be more inclined to utilize IPM in their farm management strategies. The farmer field school approach is rooted in rural participatory approach. FFSs have been conceptualized between 1970s and 1980s and first implemented in Indonesia in 1989 to deal with the wide spread of pest outbreaks in rice that threatened the security of the country's basic food supplies. The FFS is a non-formal training program for selected farmers within a locality, usually a village. FFS are “schools without walls” where groups of farmers meet weekly with facilitators. So the FFS is a participatory approach in which, the non-formal adult education methods are used based on experimental learning techniques and participatory training methods. This approach shifts from targeting farmers with pre-set extension messages towards building on and improving the farmers capacity to analyze their farming systems and practices, and to develop and test the possible solution, that address their prioritized needs, combining local and scientific knowledge. The FFS approach emphasizes on learning by doing. The learning process takes place in the field and is normally designed to last for a full growing cycle. This makes the farmers enabled for participate fully in implementation of all components of the technology from planting to harvesting. The learning process accords farmers an opportunity to observe and reflect the merits and demerits of the technologies and thereby makes informed decisions of whether to adopt them or not. The primary objective of the FFS was growing a “healthy crop” and the experiential learning approach, a cornerstone of FFS, was adhered to in covering additional topics including pest and disease identification, agro-ecological interactions, and implementing participatory field trails. MethodologyThe field school syllabus was modified to focus on the demonstration and dissemination of crop specific IPM strategies. After years of successful FFS in most South American and African countries, it was introduced in Iran in 2008 among rice farmers. In Farmer Field School, 15-25 farmers were met on a regular basis to share their knowledge in controlling pests. During FFS, farmers learned to identify any damageable pests and with the help of facilitator, they came to conclusion on how to integrate best practices. The main advantage of FFS is that farmers act as researchers and instead of being passive in most traditional models, they are active and therefore enjoy the FFS session. There has been extensive study on effectiveness of FFS in most developing countries. Therefore, the purpose of this causal comparative study has been determining the effectiveness of FFS among orchard farmers in Dallahoo Township in terms of KASA. A post-test design was used to assess the effectiveness of FFS among 97 participants and 97 none-participants. A researcher-made questionnaire was designed based on extensive literature review and focus group interview with farmers not targeted in the study. The content validity of the questionnaire was reviewed by IPM specialists in Agricultural Experiment Station and faculty members in department of Agricultural Extension and Education in College of Agriculture at Razi University. Reliability of the instrument was tested using Cronbach’s alph a coefficient. An alpha coefficient of 0.86 showed that the questionnaire was reliable in gathering required data. ResultsResults show that FFS is effective in knowledge, attitude, skill, and aspiration (KASA) of farmers concerning IPM. However, most FFS studies in Iran have focused on knowledge gain of participants with less attention to attitude, skill, and aspiration. Results revealed that FFS participants gained more IPM knowledge than non-participants. Moreover, post-test results showed that orchard farmers in FFS held a more positive attitude towards IPM than their non-participating counterparts. In addition, using IPM techniques has been more prevalent among FFS participants than non-participants. ConclusionFinally, farmers’ aspirations in continuing IPM technologies were higher than farmers not attending FFS sessions. The results of this study include implications for rural sustainable development. The development practitioners should provide the opportunity for farmer participants to play the role of FFS facilitators. This in turn would increase FFS sites and thus bring environmental awareness among orchard farmers. Moreover, the diffusion of IPM would bring about a safer production among orchard farmers and therefore sustainable horticultural development would be more reachable in the very near future.