نشریه تاریخ و فرهنگ
سال چهل و پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 91، پاییز و زمستان 1392)

The article presented here deals with the issue of takfīr (accusing others of apostasy)، which is an intellectual complexity in the world of Islam. In this respect، a survey of the historical roots of takfīr as a phenomenon and its development course in regard to the originating context and the factors and roots of it occurrence، comprises the main approach to this topic. The article demonstrates that the takfīr problem has always existed since the early Islamic history. This idea has been established on numerous foundations such as ḥadīth، ideology، and prejudice. After identifying these roots، some solutions such as reappraisal of the concept of Islam and delineating the “minimal Islam” are among the solutions presented in this article for modifying and amending Takfirism.

Ḥasan Ṣabbāḥ’s specific leadership style and his followers’ specific style of obedience، because of his followers’ unquestionable and voluntary obedience to him، is one of the most outstanding examples for stylistics studies of leadership and unquestionable obedience. Unquestionable obedience of the Ismā‘īlīs to the leadership of Ḥasan Ṣabbāḥ in a totally voluntary condition and to the cost of their lives، would stimulate the curiosity of any reader to find out the reasons for such an obedience. Examining the reason for this tendency، the present research has tried through a case study to delve into the behavior of the Ismā‘īlī social group during Ḥasan Ṣabbāḥ’s leadership. In this research، first with the use of a descriptive-analytical method of the content analysis type، the reasons for unquestionable obedience to Ḥasan Ṣabbāḥ by his followers are identified. Then، using the MAXQDA software، the early codes have been analyzed and re-examined، and finally، four major indices and 18 sub-indices were identified from among the total data. In the end، by referring to the elites and with the use of Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process، the reasons for the unquestionable obedience of the Ismā’īlīs have been prioritized. The results show that such factors as social status and position of the leader، the leader’s persuading power، and the ability to satisfy the material needs have had the least impact on this group’s unquestionable obedience and such indices as religious leadership، social influencing techniques، and religious bigotry of the followers were among the most important factors affecting this group’s voluntary and unquestionable obedience. Also، among the major indices، Ḥasan Ṣabbāḥ’s special leadership style was known to be the most important factor in the process of absolutely voluntary obedience of the Ismā’īlīs.

Barghawatah were from among the religious Suffriya Berbers، who، relying on the simple-mindedness of the tribes and their dissatisfaction with the political situation established a state in Far Maghrib in the first half of 2nd/8th century by propagating an eclectic doctrinal tenet and claiming Mahdi and continued until mid-5th/9th century. Strategies of doctrinal discourses of Barghawatah’s state based on Mahdism influenced their supremacy (siyāda)، but with the dominance of discourses by the Shī‘as and the Sunnīs، who struggled (waged jahād) against them، they were weakened and finally lost their sovereignty to the Almoravids. This article is intended to explain why and how Mahdism discourse influenced their legitimacy and hegemony by delving into and analyzing the discourse theory of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe.

Besides being applied in various fields such as ethics and history، Sīra of the Apostle of Allah (S. A. W.) has been employed in jurisprudence and is referred to in jurisprudential impressions، as well. The degree of validity of the reports contained in books of sīra in view of the jurists and their rules and methodology of reference to reports of the sīra books is a topic that has attracted less attention of researchers. The present writing seeks to examine the instances of Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī’s (d. 676/1277) reference to the sīra of the Apostle of Allah (S. A. W.) and، thereby، clarify hi jurisprudential method in employing the Prophetic sīra. Thus، by touching upon the works left behind by Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī، especially his Sharāyi‘ al-Islām and Al-Mu‘tabar، he has extracted and analyzed the instances of his reference to the Prophetic sīra. In his scrutiny of the conducts reported about the Apostle of Allah (A. S.)، Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī has been able to trust in and rely upon only some of them، which is due to his suspicion in the issuance of the traditions and the degree of the significance and validity of what had been set forth as the sīra of the Prophet. The uṣūlī rules that Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī has used to confirm the true sīra of the Prophet have made difficult and unreliable the maximal acceptance of what has been known as the Prophet’s sīra. His minimal approach to the reports of the sīra science is to be analyzed and measured from this perspective.

Endowment and its related issues have an age-old history in the history of Mashhad and have continued in various forms in different historical periods. The apex of endowment development in Mashhad has been in the Safavid period، which has been a unique trend in Iran’s history. Endowment in Mashhad has continued in the Pahlavi period and of course it has been the continuation of a historical tradition that has existed since early periods in this city. Given the fact that the endowed properties in dynasties have been subject to the policies of central governments، this trend has continued in Pahlavi regime، too. On the other hand، in respect to some anti-religious measures of the Pahlavi rule some changes were also made in the endowment trend، so that at some points in time endowments have decreased and in some، increased; an incidence that further reveals th importance of the issue. Based on the documents and endowment deeds of the endowment office and Astan Quds Razavi، the present article is intended to specify the dispersion of endowed properties and the kind of intentions of the endowers of this period; and by content and statistical analysis to present a clear portray of the situation of endowment in this period.

Makrān or Mukrān was a vast region in the south eastern plateau of Iran، whose border extended from Kerman on the west to Sind on the east. This extended area was limited to Sistan on the north and Makrān Sea (Sea of Oman) on the south. Makrān، Mākā، Mīkā، Mukrān، Gidruziyā، Zhidruziyā، etc. are the names applied to this region in different historical periods. The expanse of this region’s borders and its special geographical situation next to the Sea of Oman gave rise to some cities with different climates in this area and the ground was prepared for planting various temperate and tropical products. This climate and products variety caused this area to be renowned as little India. Under the title “Historical Geography of Makrān”، this article tries to study the geographical border of Makrān and to give an accurate explanation of the climate condition، products، animals، mines، etc. of this area with a descriptive-analytical method.