نشریه پژوهش های علوم تاریخی
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 10، پاییز و زمستان 1393)

The military domination of Russia on Transoxiana imported, for the first time, the title of Russian Turkestan in political geography in 19 century. What belongs to this territory includes the khanate of Khoqand and some regions of Bukhara, and Khiva. The main difference between Turkestan and two other khanates was their relationship with Russia. While Turkestan was incorporated to Russia the two others were considered as protectorates and lost some parts of their lands. Answering this question “How was the reaction of traditional scholars living in occupied territories toward the abolition of the Islamic government and the process of new Russian order establishment and implementation?” is what we are looking to access in present essay. Our initial response is that despite their early peaceful conflicts and their struggles to find a way to preserve their Muslim identity, they achieved the convergence by Russians eventually. With a little modification the research results show that although the traditional scholars living in the occupied territories initially got the policy of non-conflicting divergence, using some cultural methods to maintain their Muslim identity, but they finally decided to come to a convergence to Russia due to their weakness and the interests of their interaction.

Herāt experienced a considerable boom of culture and art during the reign of Timurids, especially during the long reign of Shāhrokh and Hossein Bāyqārā. Herāt’s cultural life had been influenced by several factors and issues which are going to be categorized in four classes of: promotion of Sharia, Persian language expansion, Iranian-based thoughts, and mysticism to be analyzed beside the character of their patrons, especially Shāhrokh and his son Bysonqor Mirza.

History - narrative interaction is one of the most important issues have being discussed in critical philosophy of history. A historian normally compiles the historical events, as the essential parts of history recording, and imports them besides some connectors through a narrative structure. The existing relation between such a narrative and the reality is of considerable concerns which are explored based on different epistemological approaches. Regardless of inevitable influence of historian’s values on his historiography, it seems possible to evaluate such works with the amounts of fictional elements in the narrative as a measure. To achieve this aim, one should compare various descriptions of a specific historical event, to recognize its historical information out of its fictional layers. This article deliberates the “Nabil Zarandi`s précis History” from this standpoint. As a case study, it concentrates on its narrative style of the first meeting of Mulla Hossein’s Bushrui and Mirza Ali Mohammad Shirazi (Known as Bāb) in 23 May 1844 (the 5th day of Jumada al-Oola 1260 A.H), which is recognized as one of the milestones in the history of Babi/Bahai movements. Comparing this narration with other historical evidences makes it clear that “Nabil Zarandi`s précis History” was organized in five issues of “the reason of Bashrui’s presene in Shiraz”, “his previous acquaintance with Bāb”, “his initial encountering with Bāb’s claims”, “the time they discussed each other”, and finally, “the reason of Mulla Hossein’s trust in Bāb” and contains some differences which can be considered as a good example of historical narration.

Timurid era was a flourishing period of several arts which is in absolute contradiction to the political-military conditions of that period. After the conquest of Iran, Timor decided to gather artists in Samarkand to help him demonstrating his power and superiority and his successors also adopted such a policy which resulted in creation of a thought school in the name of Herāt in Iranian culture. Music is one of the arts experienced great prosperity in that period in a way that musicians stood on a higher situation in comparison with previous periods, the matter which is clearly reflected in reports of primary sources and survived paintings of that period. Using descriptive-analytical method, the present research is to investigate the music and musician status based on historical texts and related figures, especially considering the figures of this era in three governing periods of Timur, Shāhrokh and Hossein Bāyqārā. The evaluation of political motivations and stimulants of Timurid official figures who were interested in music would be naturally accomplished as one part of the study.

Present paper is a translation of the travelogue of Sefer Muratowicz, the Armenian-origin Polish merchant and traveler who made a journey to Persia in 1602. Apart from translation, we would provide, in present article, some codicological information and a content review. Because one of the travelogue versions has been corrected by Tadeusz Juda Krusiński, his footnotes are cited as well. In present article some of the author’s claims, such as the story about accepting christian faith by Shah Abbas I. have been rejected and also there has been attached some of the various Persian names and words written forms were used by Muratowicz and the editors of his work as an appendix.

Religion, as one of the most effective elements of culture and civilization, has had a tangible presence in all human societies from the ancient times up to the present. It has been tried, in this study, to look over Iranians’ religious beliefs from the point of Arabic sources view. The results show that the religious beliefs, especially in the field of politics, had an important role in Ancient Iran, in a way that religion and politics were considered as twin brothers who made the society secure, to the extent that the king was the highest religious authority and everybody knew him as God’s representative on earth. Iranian conviction in God, resurrection, rewards and punishments, trust, anti-esteem, and doing the right things are the other achievements of present research.

The importance of inscriptions as the primary sources refer to historical events is undeniable. Introducing the Shāhugat inscriptions were found near Tābaktal village of Chāhān district around Nikshahr is the purpose of present paper. They refer to the events that occurred in south Iran around the end of the 7 th and the beginning of the 8 th centuries AH., a colorful and turbulent period of its history, some of which can be easily adapted to the historical sources. The invasion of Chagatai Mongols to Shiraz and Hormuz, the conflicts between the rulers of districts and southern islands such as Shiraz, Hormuz, Kish and Qeshm to hold the roads and commercial interests are among the reasons that made some of the people to refuge the highlands of Makrān and subsequently led to these inscriptions.

Iran-Korea historical relation has not a long record. Although the scholars of both countries and other orientalists have conducted many studies on this field, there have still remained some unanswered questions. The publication of “Koushnāmeh” which holds the story of pre-Islamic Iran-Korea relationships made it clear to the researchers that the relation between these two countries dates back to pre-Islamic periods. While in many Islamic records “Silla” is considered as Korea’s old name, it has been mentioned “Besilla” in Koushnāmeh. In the first step the question would be whether there is any difference between Silla and Besilla? and why the old name of Korea had been recorded differently in Persian and Islamic works? Since any independent research has conducted on this issue, this article is to show the results of a research has accomplished, using the manuscripts of Islamic texts, on the causes of the difference between the old recorded names of Korea, as a matter of historical study, and accordingly it would introduce new related manuscripts.