نشریه سخن تاریخ
پیاپی 10 (پاییز 1389)

Salahuddin Ayyobi maintaining the characters of courage and sagacity that can be believed as Ayyobi's familial merit could gradually introduce himself as a competent soldier and a proficient commander to society. Due to the political position of his father and uncle he did thrive easily and achieve rapid successes. Noor al-Deen Mahmoud Zangi was Seljuk's chancellor and was appointed on their behalf as governor of Damascus the place where Ayyobi's family used to serve him. He in order to rescue "al-Azid" a Fatimidcaliph from his treacherous minister called "Shawor Asadi" waged war against him; for he was about to have coalition with the Christians paving their way to Egypt. The military commander in chief of Damascus at that time was Ayyobi's uncle called Asad al-Deen Shirkoh Ayyobi and he took the young Salahuddin Ayyobi with himself in Egypt and entrusted him the commanding position of a part of the army. His victory in simultaneousdefeat of Christians and Shawor Asadi earned him satisfaction of caliph and giving the Sunni Shirkoh the Fatimid ministry position. A few months have not passed that Shirkoh passed away and the Fatimid caliph due to some special reasons from amongst all the political figures chose the young inexperienced Salahuddin Ayyobi as a minster. Thisproceeding not only earned him his expectation but also caused that some sort of tension should be created between Salahuddin and Ismailia Fatimid in particular and amongst the Shiite in general; ultimately the Fatimid caliphate that had lasted for centuries ended by this Sunni caliph. After the extinction of Fatimid caliphate, some sort of negative interactions and religious and political tension have risen between the Sunnites led by Salahuddin and the Shiites with the leadership of Ismailia in Egypt. The isolation of the Shias, and the Ismailia Shiite's thought and dominance of Abbasid and the Sunnite were the conclusions of this interaction in that Islamic region which hascontinued until today.

The existence of a missionary and preaching organization by the name of "Dawah institution" was one of the factors Ismailism had developed and progressed well. It has eventually ended to establishment of one of the great Islamic empires of Fatimid in the fourth century in Morocco and Egypt. Its sophisticated constituents and the unique structure and mechanism it had enjoyed were the factors this institution operated highly efficient. From the main constituents that can be highlighted are Daie (he who invites), Daie Al Duat and Mustajeeb (he who responds) or invitee. In the very article the attitudes, characteristics, duties, concept, nicknames and titles, status and the familial rank of Daei of this institution is going to be observed and studied. The way they were financially provided with will be conversed about too.

The establishment of Safavid reign in 907 of (A. H.) prompted a crucial economic competition between Iran and Ottoman. In the tenth and eleventh centuries (A. H.) the leaders of both the countries have extensively and constantly exploited the economic affairs as a pressure tool against each other resulting to some sort of miserable consequences for the two countrie's resident. The moment Shah Ismael Safavid was at the threshold of gaining power Iran was governed in the form of local administrations. Every emir and prince here and there in various forms was claiming to possess anindependent administration. The pioneer of the Safavid dynasty could rapidly overthrow all the rivals from the scene and establish a strong central government instead. This incident triggered an extreme displeasure of the Ottoman authority in particular when the Safavid large groups of adherents have constantly migrated from the Asia Minor to Iran. It made them to be fully concerned of the new emerged administration. In this article the issues such as dominance on the commercial routes, important economic centers, military booties, and some other related issues of economics would be propounded briefly that have played the background of tension between Safavid and Ottoman. The result of the article can pave the background for unity and solidarity amongst the Muslim countries and be a due historical pattern so that with application of such a symbol the appropriate decisions must be taken for creation of solidarity between Islamic countries and resisting the foreign states.

The Kaysaniyyah split is the first Shiite division who came into being in the late first century and brought about many important developments in the history of Islam. This sect is counted to be the first of its kind that has made claim related to the promised Mahdi. This religious clique has not continued for a long period rather due to several ramifications and many other reasons has gradually dissolved into other sects such as the Imamiya and Ghulat and has finally wiped out.

The book with the title of "defending the Holy Prophet against those who undervalue his position" is made exclusive of observing and reviewing the accounts of the European and orientalists concerning the Holy prophet of Islam and automatically about the religion of Islam. This writing tries to introduce and review the foregoing book with presenting some brief indications on the shortcomings it suffers. This book generally succeeds affording an almost fluent and expressive picture of the Westerner's accounts on the holy prophet of Islam (P.b.u.h). The European world comprising of Christianity and Judaism in long lasting centuries have had a hostile sight on Islam based upon some vulgar and faulty perceptions. Such a style of sight has prompted that they should be led to some mythical notions and legendary conclusions in respect to this creed and he who brought thisdoctrine. Such an approach has remained dominant until 17th century but with the appearance of new thinkers in Europe they removed the curtain of suspicions with their scientific researches relying emphatically on Islamic sources. This action of theirs could pave the way for further cognition of Islam for the western masses without being trapped to biases and prejudices.

The writer of the present article has tried to spell out Martyred Mutahari's standpoint on regularity of the history after observing his point of views in respect to the nature of society, the role played by accident and the principle of causality in the historical developments. The necessity of the subject is drawn from the fact that he has dealt with the issue of the regularity of the history from a religious perspective using valid sources such as the holy Quran and has studied closely their generality and their all-embracing nature in relation to the past and the future. With getting full acquaintance with his standpoint a host of questions and queries propounded in regard to philosophy of history can be religiously responded. Furthermore, keeping the regularity of the history in mind he has suggested the scientific nature of the history too. Professor Mutahari after accepting and passing the level of regularity of the history in the long run has declared predictability, evolution and purposefulness of history which are based on its regularity and scientific nature. At the end these characteristics are closely bound and have their tight-fitting association with the promised universal government of the religions.

This article is devoted to shed light on the events that have occurred between Joseph and Potiphar's wife (Zolaikha) from different angels. The events like the variety of tales in relation to her initial introduction to Joseph and her tremendous interest and absorption to him. It will also talk about her repeatedly expressed appeals for creating anintimate and lovely relation with the divine prophet Joseph. In a part of this writing where a bunch of theological arguments are debated it will touch the accusations made against the Joseph. Moreover, the standpoints of the historians and the exegetes from both the major sects of the Shiite and the Sunnite along with the related writings of other divine books are compared with one another.Finally, after having a close eye on the historical cases and a Hadith oriented observation, the later incidents, which took place after the release of Joseph from jail, will be dealt with too; such as his marriage with Zolaikha, conversion of Zolaikha and the miracle that she once again secured her youthfulness.