نشریه سخن تاریخ
پیاپی 18 (پاییز و زمستان 1392)

A series of extensive commercial relations were been come into existence between Iran and Egypt, as result of vital role of silk road on economy of Iran and to be closed to seaport of Egypt and Levant, that has been prospered to saljuqi period. But, their political relations were been countered great recession, consequence of fatimid’s competition with the Abbasid chaliphate,saljuqid’s patronage from Abbasians, beside of beginning of the crusades. Therefore, It seems that were been interrupted these relations. There is no much data on these commercial relations in historical sources, but, were been found much too data on this case, in archeological achievements from fustat excavations for scholars. By The analytic method and by comparison about style of the obtained earthen remnants,this article seeks to make much clear, if possible, the quality of Iran- Egypt commercial relations in saljuqi- fatimi’s period. This study shows that, In spite of severe political conflicts, the Iran- Egypt commercial relations have been continued during fifth and sixth centuries, and these relations were not been interrupted thoroughly.

Imam Khomeini made the best endeavors on modern political concepts. But how did he present these modern political concepts in traditional Islamic semantic system from 1340 to 1360 (S.H)? Early researches show that Imam Khomeini, in his method, applied both religion and Ijtihâd (independent reasoning) which are based on considering modern and traditional concepts similar in external form and opposing in conduct. The present paper applied discourse theory in order to answer the raised question of the paper, because it´s been supposed, discourse theory has the ability to analyze extensive and scattered subjects in the process of localization of modern political concepts in Imam Khomeini´s semantic system. This analysis is based on fundamental components like: Nodal point, Domination or Hegemony, Availability and Credibility, Antagonism, Dislocation and etc. The purpose of the present paper is to show the ability of tradition in dealing with modernity. The most important finding of the paper is presenting a new method in analyzing and describing political issues as the tradition (of all Muslims) focused on Shia tradition; (in this method, the author presents a new method which is based on Shia tradition).

Iran contemporary history includes colonial anti-colonial autocracy, antiautocratic. This dialogue affected middle classes. Attitude of classesʼ classes in political, social and economic indicates their reactions differently. So, in oil industry national move ment, most of representatives of these clases have important role, participation, connection with sovereignty; Dr. Mossadeq government and attitude of this. This paper analyses roles of classesʼ aspect of compositive teory about individualism, collectivism and connection both of them. In fact, this teory tells this movement neither individualism, not collectivism, perhaps both of them affected by movement’s results. So, this research presents place of classes in oil industry national movement and role of them in it. Therefore, compositive theory corresponds social forces and middle classes in this era of history contemporary in Iran.

Before Safavid era, Hanafi of Isfahan was one of the main Sunni schools of law in Isfahan. Also before Seljuq dynasty, Hanafi followers were a minority group in society. Having been supported by Seljuq Emperors and commanders, Hanafis find themselves in a strong position, soon they started a rivalry with Shafi’i, and it became one of the main problems in Isfahan through centuries. The present paper is trying to answer the following questions through applying historical method and based on first hand resources: 1. What made the situation prepared for development and growth of Hanafi in Isfahan? 2. What are the reasons and results of the conflicts between Hanafi and Shafi’i? The hypotheses supplied in order to answer the mentioned questions are: - The main reason of the development of Hanafi is the supports from Seljuk Emperors. - The roots of the conflicts between Hanafi and Shafi’i were in political, Social and theological contex; and the main consequent of these conflicts was immediate conversion of people to Shia in early years of Safavid era.

Conflicts and differences are undeniable realities among people. Sometimes tensions raised from these differences can lead to harmful consequences, and will lead society to crisis, if we do not manage them properly. Nowadays management science scholars acknowledge the importance of this issue and they are dealing with the ways of managing the conflicts; while earlier Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) has indicated the techniques that can be applied to manage the conflicts. Prevention is part of this management. The main question of the present paper is: What is the position of prevention and techniques applied by Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) in order to prevent conflicts and tension in Medina. Early studies indicate that prevention is more important than dispute resolution in Sîrat Rasûl Allâh (biography of Prophet Muhammad). He prevented conflicts with vigilance, foresight, unity, law and etc. Describing and analyzing the events of Medina is the way to answer the question. The purpose of the present paper is highlighting and applying Prophet Muhammad´s method in current society. The findings of the paper are: Establishing required institutions of government, providing conflict control mechanisms in times of tension, responsibility, placidity, tolerance and etc.

Simultaneous with rapid industrial developments of European powers in 18th century, signs of weakness and decline became obvious in Muslim Empires. Muslim Empires could not cope with Europeans interference in their affairs; moreover, they were unable to resolve problems caused by western civilization on Islamic domains. Also Indian Mughal, the third biggest Muslim Empire, was not an exemption, and it was on the verge of decline. In addition to numerous domestic and foreign factors, the invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali to India hastened the fall of Mughal dynasty and led to certain events in the region. Therefore, the main question of the present paper is: Considering the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali which led to the fall of Mughal dynasty, what is the role of these invasions in the future of the region and Afghanistan? It is assumed, without considering these invasions, analyzing the current situation of Afghanistan would be tough. The present paper applied a descriptive - analytic research method. The main goal of the paper is: Illustrating the relationship between political - social fate of Muslims and employing it in similar occasions. Also one of the main results of the paper is: Emphasizing on applying historical approach in analyzing current events of Afghanistan.

Prior to the establishment of Abdali government, the cultural conditions of Ghazni Shia Muslims were different and sometimes honorable. However when Abdalis came to power to the time of Abdur Rahman Khan’s invasion to Hazaristan the cultural condition in this area is ambiguous. The question raised here is: How was the cultural condition of Ghazni Shia Muslims from WR $ + L H WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI $EGDOL government to the time of Abur Rahman Khan’s invasion? The hypothesis of the present paper is: Because of hostile policies of Afghan rulers toward Shia Muslims and incompetency of local Emirs and Khans, the cultural condition of Ghazni Shia Muslims is underdeveloped. The present paper applied a descriptive - analytical research method and its purposes are: Illustrating cultural condition of Ghazni Shia Muslims and analyzing the causes of this underdevelopment. The findings of the paper are: Verifying scientific - literal position, cultural centers, influential cultural figures, religious awareness, believing in religion and performing religious ceremonies.