نشریه سخن تاریخ
پیاپی 19 (بهار و تابستان1393)

Telling lie was common everywhere especially in Iran in time of Naser al-Din Shah. However the social influences of this phenomenon were not studies sufficiently, as a result the question of the present paper is: What are the bases of lying, especially its prevalence in the time of Naser al-Din Shah? Autocratic nature of Qajar government and megalomaniac and oppressive politicians led to the prevalence of lying in Naseri era. Achieving the reasons of telling lies in order for preventing this phenomenon in social domain would be an important goal. The present paper has applied analytical – descriptive method in historical research to reach the answer of the raised question, which is based on finding data from primary resources in order to examine them within the analytical framework of the process of changes, after collecting and processing information. The findings indicate that the autocratic Qajar government, deliberately or unintentionally, exacerbated moral iniquities including flattery, lying, delusion and superstitions in the bulk of government and all over the society, in order to vindicate the legitimacy of the ruling system, escalating determinism, eliminating the productive personnel and comforting the mental pressure of defeat.

Hanbalis or the followers of the religious laws within the Sunni Islam presented by Ahmad ibn Hanbal, were living in Baghdad in the three early centuries of Islam. They reached their maximum power through the fourth and fifth the centuries with obvious and stealthy support of Abbasid caliphs, which was employed to make disagreements between Shiites, Christians, Jews and Shafi’is. However no research has studies the social challenges caused by Hanbalis in Baghdad through the fourth and fifth centuries. Therefore, the question is: What were the influences of Hanbali followers in making social disorders in Baghdad through the fourth and fifth centuries? The intellectual and doctorial attitudes of Hanbalis along with the supports of government led to the social abnormalities and insecurities. Analyzing the functions of Hanbalis in Baghdad, through the fourth and fifth centuries will demonstrate the condition of Shia Muslims in a course of history in the heart of the Abbasid Caliphate. Historical analysis method is the proper method to find the answer, examine the hypothesis and reach the goal of the present paper. Reliance on their intrinsic abilities, Shia Muslims were able to stand against the numerous historical pressures exposed on them, which is the secret of the social permanence of Shia.

Ashura is considered one of the most important events in history of Islam, in which the infant child of Imam Husayn was martyred. Name, age and martyrdom of the child were presented differently in historical reports, which were not analyzed precisely until the fifth century. So the question of the present paper is: How the martyrdom of the Imam Husayn’s child was explained in historical reports prior to the fifth century? Inaccuracy and exaggeration of historians and making references to other historians are the main reasons of different historical reports. Presenting a real and clear picture of the present subject made the authors of the present paper to analyze the changes in historical reports to acknowledge the true report. The present paper has applied a descriptive – analytical method for examining historical reports and their transformation on the martyrdom of Imam Husayn’s infant child. The findings of the present paper indicate the name of murderer and the martyrdom of the child are obvious in resources, while the name and age of the child were not clear. However the birth of the child in Ashura and requesting water for the child by Imam Husayn were stated only for emotionalizing the story.

Emergence of young generation is one of the most important changes in Islamic world in recent century. If their vital mental and intellectual needs are not taken into consideration by Islamic societies, it will lead to disastrous consequences and deviations, including tendencies toward West and depersonalization of young people which can be presented through different forms. The present subject was not analyzed accurately in previous researches, they mostly emphasized on insufficient statistical aspects; therefore, the question of the present paper is: Why young Muslim people have tendencies toward West? Domestic elements and mostly the role of post-colonization along with characteristics of young people are the main reasons of their tendency toward West. Acknowledging the reasons of tendencies toward west among young people and more importantly, finding a proper solution to make the best use of the potential among them in development are the main goals of the paper. Historical study along with analytical examination are the applied methods in achieving the goals. The necessity of applying a strategy, prevention, planning and behavioral modeling are the findings of the paper.

The emergence of Kharijites in battle of Siffin and their continual presence led to formation and growth of new issues in different religious subjects. Raising doctrinal, political and social issues on problem such as the verdict of committing deadly sins, political thoughts, social opinions, religious beliefs and women’s issues led to disagreements and divergence of Kharijites into different sects including Azariqa, Najadat, Safariyyah, Abadiyyah, Waqifiyyah, Akhnasiyyah and Shabibiyyah. Therefore, some issues and innovations among different sects of Kharijites regarding women remained vague and with partial knowledge, for instance: sanction or prohibition of stoning and permitting or banning marriage with unbelievers, especially among Shabibiyyah. Thus, the question of the present paper is: What are Kharijites’ attitudes, especially Shabibiyyah, toward different issues regarding women? It seems they have innovated many religious laws regarding women, like other religious issues. In the present paper the attitudes of Kharijites on women will be presented in order to reach a deeper understanding of them in the history of Islam. The applied methodology is an analytical – historical method which led to these Women’s presence in social affairs, having the right to become Imam for women and the condition of Hijarat (migration) in marring women.

Constitutional Revolution is considered a huge movement in the contemporary history of Iran; however it’s necessary to conduct new and accurate researches on the relationship between the constitutional revolution and religious clerics. This subject was always written about in journalist texts so the reasons of Sheik Fazlollah opposition, one of the early supporters of the revolution need to be explained. Therefore, the question of the present paper is: Why Sheikh Fazlollah, the early supporter of the revolution, became the enemy of the constitutional revolution. Considering the ijtihad (diligence) of Sheikh Fazlollah, his early support and his late opposition to the constitutional revolution were the results of Sharia (religious law). He was charged with supporting Muhammad Ali Shah and disregarding Iranian Marja’s of Najaf. The purpose of the paper is to resolve the ambiguities regarding Sheikh Fazlollah and The constitutional revolution. Also a descriptive – analytical method was applied in examining the primary resources regarding the constitutional revolution. The findings of the paper are: Initiating the constitutional revolution which helped the formation of tendencies toward west and Islam and the ultimate success of Islamic thoughts in Islamic revolution (of Iran), despite an early defeat were the influences of Sheikh Fazlollah.