نشریه سخن تاریخ
پیاپی 6 (پاییز 1388)

Since the Successession of the holy prophet Muhammad (PBUH) has been one of the continual and conflicting issues amongst the Muslims, various views have been presented in this regard throughout the history. Even the non-Muslims scholars in particular the western researchers have not kept silence and uttered their view of this subject.Though the present article tries to draw western researcher’s opinion, but to cover the issue from multifarious dimensions, the Shiite and Sunnite opinion of the subject have also been presented. Since the western researchers studied this subject on the Sunnite opinion, some of their views have been criticized. Moreover, the most important reasons of the Shiites about Successession of Ali (a. s) are also presented, as: the verse of EnzareAshirah, Hadith and the event of Ghadir, Hadith of Thaqalain, Hadith of Manzilat, dispatching of Usamah’s corps, Hadith of pen and ink

and had remained under the domination of outsiders for more than six centuries. Generally, the Muslim rulers’ reign there lasted for about five centuries (from late 12th century to the early 18th century A.D). Finally, it came under England’s dominance from the middle of 19th century to the middle of 20th century A.D. Amongst the invaders, the English ones stood on the pick in terms of plunder.England with the pretext of having trade entered India in the year 1009 A.H. equivalent to 1600 A.D. and established a corporation called eastern Indian company. Eventually, the company’s mangers have published an announcement on 1097 A.H. equivalent to 1686 A.D. describing that the English eastern Indian company has decided to set up an English colonial settlement for an everlasting period. Having a short glance at this territory,still some of the English works, structures, and in particular their graveyards have left behind as their memorial. The statue of Indian sir Hardnich was elevated in Calcutta with pride and honor, is right now stationed in England for his sons and grandsons’ garden. Similarly, the statue of the Queen Victoria stands on her feet at hall of Farrar in Karachi gazing at Muslims territory.

Today’s Otrapradesh used to be called avadeh before this time. This region in India has a distinguished privilege from the historical, political and cultural perspectives and it can be claimed that from this region the science, thought and culture has spread throughout India. The present writing tries to research the political history of avadeh from 1132 to 1274 A.H. When the Mongolian kings got weak in India and encountered withvariety of political crises, the background was provide for different rulers and governors of different regions to get powerful. However, the Mongolian kingdom was also concerned of the outsider invasions. Moreover, some of the commander in chiefs defied the central government and established their own autonomous reigns, they gradually diminish their interaction level with the central government and Delhi

There is a lot of different opinions on number of Imam Kazem’s daughters. In general, all of them possessed knowledge and virtues but amongst them, Fatima Maasomah whose tomb is located in Qom, has a considerable standing. There are many traditions from Imam Reza (A.S) and Imam Jawad (A.S) describing the virtues of her visit. Except a precise biography of Fatima Maasomah which is reflected in the course of historicaland traditional sources, the biographies of others are not distinct. In many cities of Iran the tombs and shrines are being ascribed to them where no valid documents stand behind these ascriptions. These shrines are ascribed to them in the recent centuries. The only valid shrine from Imam Kazem’s daughters, is Fatima Maasomah’s tomb, that located in Qom

The propagating of Islam in Kashmir started by clergymen and Sufis from Iran and central Asia. Mir Shamsuddin’s arrival from Khorasan to Kashmir and his activities prompted a widespread of Shiism there. Considering the history of Shiism in Kashmir – with all ups and downs - the period of the Shiite Checks is deemed as a golden and exceptional period. Hitherto the Shiite of Kashmir in comparison to the other existent sects and religions areback warded in all aspects. The main reason behind their backwardness is their split in variety of groups and factions.

The historians pay attention to the role of Imam Ali in some of the Prophet Muhammad’s wars against the infidels, and they didn’t research one’s particularly and in a distinctive way.The existing essay would deal the following subjects as: Imam Ali’s combativeness, fearlessness and bravery in the war of Badr and the prophet’s prayer for his sake, Imam Ali’s devotion in the battle of Uhod and his selfsacrifices for the sake of securing the prophet Muhammad (PBUH), Imam Ali’s bravery in the battle of Ahzab and the historical assertion of the prophet in respect to Imam Ali (a. s), the unique combativeness of Imam Ali in the battle of Khaybar.

The Alavids have played a pivotal role in socio-political and cultural currents in the first age of Abbasid caliphate. The Zeidy Alavids’ revolts were the main trouble for Abbasid caliphates on the first of their rule. These revolts had their remarkable function in formation of historical currents of this era.The Alavids revolts more or less were welcomed by the people in Khorasan, Hijaz, Iraq and elsewhere and a few people accepted their invitation. The love of the household of the prophet and the oppressions of Abbasids had a major role in this current; hence they invited the people to the al Reza men al mohammad (A.S) and the resist against injustice of Abbasids, So the people joined them as soon as possible. Ma’mun decided toquell and overcome Alavids revolts by the motto of choosing Imam as his successor. But this policy caused his government to face with a serious trouble. The matter of Successession is the turning point in the Shiite history.