نشریه سخن تاریخ
پیاپی 21 (بهار و تابستان 1394)

Throughout history, a large number of Muslim poets were fascinated by the characteristics and virtues of Prophet Muhammad (s). They have been praising Prophet Muhammad (s) in their poems. (Brief History) However, there is not enough information on similarities and differences of Prophet Muhammad’s virtues in the poems composed about him. (Problem) Although praising the virtues and characteristics of Prophet Muhammad (s) is quite common in poems, no research has ever been done on comparing virtues of Prophet Muhammad’s life based on the poems of Shahriyar and Shawqi. (Background) Therefore, the question of the present paper is about analyzing different aspects of Prophet Muhammad’s life in the poems of Shahriyar and Shawqi. (Question) Scientific assumptions show Shahriyar and Shawqi have paid attention to the events of Prophet Muhammad’s life regardless of the differences between Shi’a and Sunni differences. (Hypothesis) The purposes of the present paper is: Representing the prominent figure of Prophet Muhammad (s) in Jahiliyya (ignorance) era, in the poems of Shahriyar and Shawqi, as modern Muslim poets. (Purpose) By means of applying a descriptive – analytical approach on first hand sources this paper will try to answer the raised question. (Methodology) The ability to create literary techniques in deep studying of virtues of Prophet Muhammad (s) shows the significance of regarding poems of Muslim poets more than any other time. (Finding)

After the fall of Shi’ite Buyid government, Sunni Seljuk government came to power which declined the influence of Twelver Shi’a Muslims. Seljuks were also harsh on Shi’a Muslims. (Brief History) However after a while, Shi’ite agents (bureaucrats) gained influence and power; they were appointed as minister, official writers and were in charge of small Shi’ite cities. (Problem) Nevertheless, no comprehensive research has been done on the way Shi’a Muslims came to power and how they helped Shi’ism. (Background) The way Shi’a Muslims succeeded in gaining influence over government and also their function in the time of Seljuk government will be analyzed in the present paper. (Question) Studying political and cultural changes in this era of history of Twelver Shi’a Muslims will provide valuable achievements in exploring and understanding the dynamism of the history of Twelver Shi’a Muslims. (Hypothesis) Therefore, the present paper will represent the situation of Shi’a Muslims in Seljuk government (purpose) by means of a descriptive – analytical approach. (Methodology) As it will be represented, flexibility of Shi’ism in most of the difficult situations through history along with insisting on religious beliefs were the reasons behind survivor of Shi’ism. (Finding)

Researchers have been studying the current identity of Iranians for half ofcentury, which is formed since the Safavid dynasty. At first these researcheswere focusing on different elements of Iranian national identity, while laterthey were considering the role of Safavid dynasty in the evolution of nationalidentity of Iranians. In order to study both of these types of researches, thepresent paper will regularly regard the travel accounts which were writtenon Iran. (Brief History) However travel account of Chardin, which has paidconsiderable attention in studying Iran, was not regarded highly in previousresearches. (Problem) Except for the article, “Reflections of cultural identityof Iranians in travel accounts of Safavid and Qajar eras” which has studiedIranians identity, there is no other research that has studied this subject bymeans of travel accounts. (Background) Therefore, the question of the presentpaper is: How Iranian national Identity was reflected in Chardin’s travelaccounts? (Question) It was assumed Shi’ism was regarded among the mainaspects of Iranians national identity in this travel account. (Hypothesis) Thepurpose of the present paper is: Analyzing and explaining different elementsof Iranian national identity in Chardin’s travel accounts. (Purpose) The presenthistorical research, is carried out by means of a descriptive – analyticalapproach. (Methodology) According to the findings of the paper, hypothesis isproved factual and also it illuminated crucial details on this subject. (Finding)

The peace treaty between Imam Hasan (a) and Muawiya is among the main events of early period of Islam which took place after the death of Uthman in 35 (A.H), when rallies were formed by followers of Uthman in seeking his revenge in Sham and Iraq. (Brief History) But the role of Gharat battles on the peace treaty is not explained yet, although the importance of other factors on this event is not ignored. (Problem) It is clear that no research has been done on this issue, then the raised question here is: Did Gharat battles have consequences in facilitation of the peace treaty between Imam Hasan (a) and Muawiya? (Question) It is assumed the number of Gharat battles have made Iraqi people worried which along with their internal problems led to their decline. As a result, these battles and constant pressure in the six-month caliphate of Imam and its consequences are among the main reasons behind the peace treaty between Imam Hasan (a) and Muawiya. (Hypothesis) The present paper tries to explain the role of Gharat battles on the peace treaty (Purpose) by means of collecting relative data and applying a descriptive – analytical approach. (Methodology) The strategies of Muawiya in Gharat battles along with vulgar behavior of his official agents disordered the balance between martial groups and people of Iraq which led to the downfall and confusion among people. (Finding)

The books of Awai’l and Guinness were both written for similar purposes of scientific necessities, in west and east. (Brief History) However their similarities and uniqueness and the way they provide information is not clear and noticeable to researchers. (Problem) which is still remained unanswered. (Background) Therefore, the present paper will try to answer the raised question: Which of these books was written first and what are their differences and similarities in the aspect of their content and methods? (Methodology) It seems their content and appearance have both similarities and differences, however Awai’l is regarded superior to Guinness in terms of its rich information and the time it was written which represents the elegance and significance of Islamic culture and civilization. (Hypothesis) The present paper will try to prove the superiority of Awai’l comparing to Guinness in Islamic world. It also tries to represent and introduce its rich content comparing to western works. (Purpose) The present paper will apply a comparative method, and along with analyzing recent and classical sources, the evolution and characteristics of both books of Awai’l and Guinness with be presented. (Methodology) As it is proved, Awai’l was written and used before Guinness among Muslims, and their similarities and differences in the aspects of content and method will be explained for the first time. (Finding)

The book of deeds of Ardashir, a Sassanid king, and the will and testament of Al-Mansur, an Abbasid caliph, are regarded as historical works. They were both inspired by religious beliefs and social situation of society and they were written for the purpose of reforming governmental and administrative affairs. (Brief History) However the relations between these two works have been always unidentified (Problem), which has not been studied or analyzed so far in any research. (Background) Therefore, the present paper will try to answer the raised question: Is it possible that Al-Mansur was inspired by Ardashir, because of his curiosity about the life of Sassanid kings. (Question) It seems Al-Mansur, an Abbasid caliph, tried to follow the book of deeds of Ardashir, in administrating his government and then wrote his will and testament based on it. (Hypothesis) As the books of deeds and wills are precious and inseparable part of every cultural, political, social and economic system, analyzing and comparing them would help us in recognizing the culture, ideology and beliefs of that time; as they contain common discourse of the time. (Purpose) Historical aspects of the book of deeds of Ardashir and the will of Al-Mansur will be analyzed by means of a descriptive – analytical approach. (Methodology) After analyzing and comparing these two historical works, it can be expressed that administrative systems of Al-Mansur and Ardashir had numerous similarities. (Finding)